基于自组织算法的改进型GAANN预测模型

在传统的基于GA算法人工神经网络的基础上作了改进,将训练集分为两部分,在前一训练集训练后获得的网络基础上使用后一训练集进行进一步的训练获得更为优化的网络结构。针对复杂系统建模输入节点难以确定的问题,提出将其与自组织理论相结合,首先使用GMDH方法获得神经网络的初始化节点,然后使用训练好的神经网络模型进行预测。最后,将由此建立的预测模型应用于国家粮食产量预测,取得了令人满意的效果。     

基于修剪平均的神经网络集成时序预测方法

由于复杂时序存在结构性断点和异常值等问题，往往导致预测模型训练效果不佳，并可能出现极端预测值的情况。为此，本文提出了基于修剪平均的神经网络集成预测方法。该方法首先从训练数据中生成多组训练集，然后分别训练多个神经网络预测模型，最后将多个神经网络的预测结果使用修剪平均策略进行集成。相较于简单平均策略而言，修剪平均策略不容易受到极值的影响，能够使集成模型获得鲁棒性强的预测效果。在实证研究中，本文构造了两种神经网络集成预测模型，分别为基于修剪平均的自举神经网络集成模型(Trimmed Average based Bootstrap Neural Network Ensemble, TA-BNNE)和基于修剪平均的蒙特卡洛神经网络集成模型(Trimmed Average based Monte Carlo Neural Network Ensemble, TA-MCNNE)，并采用这两种模型对NN3竞赛数据集进行预测，结果表明在常规和复杂数据集上，修剪平均策略比简单平均策略具有更好的预测精度。此外，本文将所提出的集成模型与NN3的前十名模型进行比较，发现两种模型在全部数据集上均超过了第6名，在复杂数据集上的表现均超过了第1名，进一步验证本文所提方法的有效性。     

基于OSA算法和GMDH网络集成的电子商务客户流失预测

电子商务客户流失预测是一种典型的高维、非线性、数据不平衡问题,传统的方法已很难提高其预测精度。本文将自组织数据挖掘方法(SODM)引入电子商务客户流失预测,提出一种基于客观系统分析(OSA)和数据分组处理(GMDH)网络集成的电子商务客户流失预测模型。首先利用OSA算法自动选择出重要的电子商务客户流失关键属性,然后将训练样本送入GMDH网络进行学习与训练,进而对测试样本客户流失状态进行预测。为了提高预测精度,本文还利用向上采样法进行数据平衡化,使得流失类和非流失类客户数量大致相等。应用该模型对某网上商场客户流失状态进行预测,并将预测结果与神经网络、SVM等方法得到的结果进行了比较,验证了该模型的有效性及实用性。     

基于粗糙集理论-神经网络-蜂群算法集成的客户流失研究

针对电信客户流失问题的复杂性,融合粗糙集理论、神经网络和蜂群算法的优势,提出了一种新的客户流失预测模型——基于粗糙集理论、神经网络和蜂群算法线性集成多分类器的客户流失预测模型。首先利用自组织神经网络(SOM)对连续属性值进行非监督离散化处理;接着使用粗糙集方法(RS)对离散属性进行约简;然后分别使用BP神经网络、RBF神经网络、ELMAN神经网络和广义回归神经网络(GRNN)在约简属性集上建立4个子分类器;最后使用模型集成法对4个子分类器进行线性集成,并采用人工蜂群(ABC)算法优化线性组合的权重。将该模型应用于某电信客户流失,实验结果表明该集成方法是可行且有效的。     

基于贝叶斯神经网络短期负荷预测模型

本文提出了基于贝叶斯神经网络(BNN)短期负荷预测模型。根据气象影响因素和电力负荷的样本数据,针对权向量参数的先验分布分别为正态分布和柯西分布两种情况,应用混合蒙特卡洛(HMC)算法学习了BNN的权向量参数。由HMC算法和Laplace算法学习的贝叶斯神经网络以及BP算法学习的传统神经网络分别对4月 (春)、8月 (夏)、10月 (秋)和1月(冬)每月25天的每个整点时刻的负荷进行了预测。这些神经网络的输入层有11个节点,它们分别与每个整点时刻和的气象因素、上一个整点时刻的气象因素和时间变量相对应,输出层只有一个节点,它与负荷变量对应。试验结果表明HMC算法学习的BNN的预测结果的百分比平均绝对误差( MAPE)和平方根平均误差( RSME )取值远远小于由Laplace 算法学习的BNN和BP算法学习的人工神经网络的 MAPE和RMSE。 而且,HMC算法学习的BNN在测试集和训练集上的预测误差MAPE和RMSE的相差很小。 实验结果充分说明HMC算法学习的BNN具有较高的预测精度和较强的泛化能力。     

基于GRA和PCA的BP神经网络应用研究

运用BP神经网络方法对复杂系统建模的过程中，经常遇到指标多、历史数据不足而降低网络泛化能力的情况。为了提高神经网络的泛化能力，本文从简化网络规模的角度出发，运用灰色关联分析法和主成分分析法对原始数据集做降维预处理，达到减少神经网络输入节点个数的目的。将由此建立的预测模型应用于我国粮食产量的预测，与一般的BP神经网络模型和基于主成分的BP神经网络模型相比，该预测模型明显简化了网络结构，提高了预测效率，同时较大地提高了预测精度。     

基于时间序列与机器算法的工商银行股票预测分析

股票市场在国家经济发展中发挥着重要作用,对于投资者来说,其有可能获得超额收益,也有可能遭受巨大损失。因此,如何合理地对股票未来发展作出预测,是投资者关心的问题。文章基于支持向量机、逻辑回归及BP神经网络3种机器学习算法建立分类预测模型,对工商银行股票下一个交易日的涨跌走势进行分析预测,并使用时间序列ARIMA模型进行预测,综合考虑训练模型,分析比较时间序列模型与机器学习对工商银行股票的预测能力。     

基于多分类器动态选择与成本敏感优化集成的电信客户流失预测研究

针对不同样本在特征空间中具有不同的区域特性和不同分类算法之间的预测互补性,在电信客户流失预测理论基础上,融合多分类器动态集成理论和成本敏感学习理论,建立了电信客户流失多分类器集成预测的利润函数,并提出了一类新的基于多分类器动态选择与成本敏感优化集成的电信客户流失预测模型.首先使用K均值聚类法聚类训练样本成多个分区;接着使用NaiveBayes算法、多层感知机算法和J48算法在各分区样本上构建客户流失预测子分类器;最后使用改进人工鱼群算法分别对各分区的子分类器进行成本敏感优化集成.实验结果表明,所提出的基于多分类器动态选择与成本敏感优化集成模型的分类性能不仅优于由训练集全体样本所构建的3个单模型,也优于基于改进人工鱼群算法优化集成这3个单模型而得到的集成模型.     

基于蚁群算法的成本敏感线性集成多分类器的客户流失研究

针对电信客户流失预测问题的复杂性,融合自组织神经网络良好的连续属性值离散化优势、粗糙集理论出色的属性约简功能和蚁群优化算法全局的随机搜索特点,在模型集成技术和成本敏感学习理论的基础上,提出了一种新的基于蚁群算法的成本敏感线性集成多分类器的电信客户流失预测模型。构建该集成模型可分为4个阶段:(1)连续属性值的离散处理:利用自组织神经网络对连续属性值进行非监督离散化处理;(2)原始属性集的约简处理:使用粗糙集理论按属性重要性原则对离散属性进行约简;(3)子分类器的建立:分别使用NaiveBayes、Logistic回归、多层感知器和决策树等4种差异性很大的分类技术在约简属性集上建立4个对应的客户流失预测子分类器;(4)子分类器的集成:基于成本敏感学习理论,构建了4种不同的线性集成模型,采用蚁群优化算法求解集成模型的最优线性组合权重系数。将该模型应用于某电信客户流失预测,其实验结果表明该集成方法是可行且有效的。     

具有最优学习率的RBF神经网络及其应用

传统固定学习率的RBF神经网络在金融时间序列预测方面已经有比较成功的应用,但网络学习率的选择问题却给传统RBF神经网络的使用带来了不便.利用梯度下降法及优化方法推导出了RBF神经网络的动态最优学习率并将其应用于网络学习算法,具有最优学习率的RBF神经网络能够在保证网络稳定学习的同时兼顾网络的收敛速度.为了检验具有动态最优学习率的RBF神经网络的预测效果,对沪深300指数波动率进行了预测实验.实验结果表明,具有动态最优学习率的RBF神经网络比传统的固定学习率的RBF神经网络有着更快的收敛速度,同时也避免了人为选定学习率的不便.     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.