基于心理契约关系的IT外包项目控制模式建构:多案例研究

基于控制和心理契约理论,本论文研究IT外包项目中客户与供应商双方心理契约匹配情境对于控制模式的影响.本文是一个包括五个IT外包项目的多案例研究,对象是国内一家著名通信设备制造商,它在其中两个项目中以供应商的角色出现,在另外三个项目中则作为客户方.根据本文第一作者参与这些项目的亲身经历和多次追踪访谈以及其它相关资料,本研究识别出项目双方心理契约关系的四种匹配模式--相互交易、客户弱势、供应商弱势和相互忠诚,及其各自对应的关系特征.研究结果显示,在相互交易情境中,客户对供应商执行更多的结果控制;相反,相互忠诚的情境涉及更多的非正式控制.此外,在客户与供应商心理契约不匹配的情况下,客户倾向对供应商施加更多的行为控制.     

控制,吸收能力与知识转移——基于离岸IT服务外包业的实证研究

离岸IT服务外包是一个知识密集过程,从海外客户到国内供应商的有效知识转移是成功的关键。然而,针对客户的不同控制模式和供应商的吸收能力对显性和隐性知识转移的不同影响,以及这两种知识转移对绩效影响的实证研究还极其有限。本文基于一项问卷调查,发现客户的正式控制对显性知识转移的影响比非正式控制的作用更强。隐性知识转移比显性知识转移更依赖于供应商的吸收能力,显性知识转移对隐性知识转移有积极促进作用。研究还显示,正式控制对离岸IT服务外包绩效有直接影响,但知识转移对外包绩效的影响并不显著。     

边界跨越对IT外包绩效影响的实证分析

 IT外包组织边界跨越活动的作用日益凸显,而与之相对的是相应研究却不多。在先前的研究中我们发现这一现象确实存在于中国IT外包企业中,因此,本研究通过特别的研究设计,对边界跨越做进一步实证分析。2010年在西安、北京、上海三地的20家IT外包企业进行问卷调查,对回收到的292份有效问卷运用SPSS17.0和AMOS17.0进行统计分析。本研究证实:边界跨越具有很大的灵活性,可以直接或间接影响IT外包绩效;知识共享具有很强的中介作用,边界跨越及与之相关的技术创新和关系规范都通过知识共享的中介作用影响IT外包绩效;边界跨越、关系规范和知识共享对IT外包绩效影响力较强,而技术创新的影响较弱。     

劳动契约、员工参与与相互投资型劳动关系

以劳资互信和相互投资型劳动关系对组织绩效的积极作用为背景,以中国民营企业中的劳资关系为例,基于中国情境设计相应的测量量表,通过对中国28个省754名员工的问卷调查,借助SPSS和LISREL统计软件,研究劳动契约、员工参与、纵向信任与劳资相互投入的直接效应和中介效应。研究结果表明,劳动契约对员工的超额付出有积极作用,员工参与对企业的额外投入有积极作用。加入纵向信任后,劳动契约对认知信任、员工参与对情感信任有积极的促进作用,纵向信任在劳动契约、员工参与与相互投资型劳动关系之间具有部分的中介作用。因此,实现相互投资型劳动关系需要外部社会保障系统与企业内部管理制度双管齐下。     

离岸软件外包项目成功的研究综述

本文通过对相关文献的梳理,从研究方法、研究内容、项目归属地与研究者国籍四个方面,阐述了当前离岸软件外包项目成功的研究现状,并重点对离岸软件外包项目的成功标准和成功因素进行了分析,得出近几年来离岸软件外包项目成功研究的主要特点以及离岸软件外包成功因素的基本特征,最后提出了相应的建议及今后研究的方向。     

软件外包项目复杂性下的交互记忆系统与知识转移

针对软件外包项目团队中如何有效知识转移问题,构建交互记忆系统、项目复杂性和知识转移绩效之间关系的概念模型,基于25家软件外包承接企业中107个软件外包团队的问卷调查数据,运用偏最小二乘法对数据进行分析。研究结果表明,专长度和可信度对团队知识转移绩效和协调度有显著的正向影响,软件外包项目结构复杂性对专长度与知识转移绩效的关系有显著的正向调节作用,软件外包项目动态复杂性对专长度与知识转移绩效的关系有显著的负向调节作用。研究结果揭示了项目复杂性条件下交互记忆系统与知识转移绩效之间的作用机理,推进了软件外包知识转移理论发展,并为软件外包团队有效地进行知识转移提供管理启示。     

任务模块化和流程整合对离岸信息技术外包项目绩效的影响

基于离岸信息技术外包情景,分析了任务模块化、内部流程整合和外部流程整合对项目绩效的单独影响,同时探讨了任务模块化同两种流程整合的交互对项目绩效的影响.研究数据源于对西安、苏州、大连三地163个离岸信息技术外包项目的问卷调研.分层回归结果表明,任务模块化、内外部流程整合单独正向影响项目绩效.同时任务模块化削弱外部流程整合对项目绩效的影响,但不能削弱内部流程整合对项目绩效的影响.     

IT外包中企业绩效的影响因素实证研究

在已有文献的基础上,识别了关系治理的三个维度：良好冲突处理、相互依赖和关系规范,并从关系治理角度出发,构建了IT外包企业绩效影响因素的概念模型。通过对北京、上海和西安三地20多家外包企业进行问卷调查,利用结构方程模型进行实证分析。实证结果表明：信任、承诺和知识共享对企业绩效有显著的正向影响,其中信任和承诺对企业绩效的影响既有直接的影响又有间接的影响,知识共享对企业绩效有直接的影响;信任、承诺和知识共享具有很强的中介作用,良好冲突处理和相互依赖以信任、承诺和知识共享为中间变量间接影响企业绩效,关系规范以承诺和知识共享为中间变量间接影响企业绩效。     

营销渠道中双边专用性投资对合作创新绩效影响的实证研究

本文在资源基础理论拓展分析基础上,研究渠道伙伴之间双边专用性投资对合作创新绩效的影响.通过对国内340家制造商相关数据的实证分析,结果表明,双边专用性投资有利于合作双方正式契约的实施和关系信任的形成.同时,正式契约和关系信任与彼此之间的关系学习呈正相关关系,进而促进了合作创新绩效.另外,关系信任本身也促进了合作创新绩效.但是,正式契约与合作创新绩效之间的关系不是十分明显,必须通过关系学习这一中介变量才能对合作创新绩效产生影响.而且,与正式契约相比,中国企业应更加看重与合作伙伴关系信任的发展.本文的结论对于发展在中国情境下营销渠道的合作具有重要的意义.     

信息不对称下医药营销服务外包契约设计

为了缩减销售成本,一些制药企业将营销服务外包给合约销售公司(contract sales organization,CSO).由于CSO的营销努力不可合同化,制药企业需要基于市场销量来激励CSO的营销努力.然而,市场销量受制药企业定价决策的影响,因此CSO将面临制药企业提高定价的道德风险.此外,药品营销难度信息可能是CSO的私人信息,这使得制药企业面临逆向选择问题.当制药企业将营销服务外包给多个CSO时,由于制药企业针对同一药品在不同市场的售价相同,其定价决策对多个CSO所服务市场的销量具有共同的影响.相对绩效的激励契约能够消除共同不确定因素对代理人产出的影响,从而更有利于激励代理人付出高水平的努力.因此依据信息甄别的博弈模型,分析基于个体绩效与基于相对绩效的激励契约的有效性.研究发现:1)药品营销难度信息对称时,基于相对绩效的激励契约占优于基于个体绩效的激励契约,且可以获得全局最优的营销努力和期望利润;2)药品营销难度信息不对称时,两种激励契约均不能获得全局最优的营销努力和期望利润.数值分析表明,药品营销难度的先验概率,市场价格敏感性和高低类型药品营销难度差异的变化会影响制药企业的契约选择,较高的市场价格敏感性和较低的高低类型药品营销难度差异使得基于相对绩效的激励契约更有效.     

R&D (Re)location and Offshore Outsourcing: A Management Perspective

The paper reviews and systematizes the management literature directly and indirectly related to (re)location of research and development (R&D), in the form of both insourcing and outsourcing. The focus in particular is on R&D offshore outsourcing and its main drivers, including locational constraints and opportunities, motives, strategic decisions and managerial challenges. The analysis synthesizes and links the main propositions and findings of the theoretical and empirical work to build an original management and strategy centred framework which looks at R&D (re)location from a client–vendor perspective. In this case, the client is the offshoring company, and the vendors are the firms located in the host country. The characteristics of the firms and locations considered vis‐à‐vis the offshoring firm's goals are examined, the strategies implemented, the management and organizational challenges that R&D offshore outsourcing entails, and the ways in which offshoring impacts on both home and host locations are investigated.     

The Role of Contracts on Quality and Returns to Quality in Offshore Software Development Outsourcing

In this study, we examine how the different incentive structures inherent in two primary contract types—time and materials (T&M) and fixed price (FP)—influence the quality provided by the vendor in the software development outsourcing industry. We argue that the incentive structure of FP contracts motivates a vendor to be more efficient in the software development process, which results in higher quality as compared to projects executed under a T&M contract. We thus argue that vendors consistently staff FP projects with better trained personnel because they face the most risk on these contracts, resulting in better outcomes on these projects. We extend our analysis to propose that providing higher quality is associated with higher profit margins for the vendor only for FP contracts. We develop and test these hypotheses on data collected from 100 software projects completed by a leading Indian offshore vendor. The results provide strong support for our fundamental thesis that the drivers of and returns to quality vary by contract type. We discuss the implications of our research for both researchers and practitioners.     

软件外包中社会资本对知识共享的影响研究

基于已有文献提出软件外包中结构资本、认知资本、关系资本与知识共享之间相关关系的概念模型,并提出假设。通过对西安软件园14家软件外包企业中管理者的访谈及相关员工的问卷调查,用结构方程模型方法、SPSS 16.0等软件对数据进行验证,实证结果表明:结构资本与知识共享没有显著关系;认知资本与知识共享有正相关关系,但并不显著;关系资本与知识共享有正相关关系,也不显著。对结构方程模型进行简化后,社会资本对知识共享有着显著的正向影响。     

IT外包关系质量研究

建立高效率的关系,对于企业IT外包活动的成功有着重要的影响。营销学中的关系质量概念对于有效衡量IT外包关系以及关系的绩效,起了很强的推动作用。在文献梳理的基础上,通过结合当前研究的最新趋势,对IT外包中的关系质量研究现状做一述评,并在此基础上提出有关管理实践和研究的建议。     

Transaction‐Specific Investments,Relational Norms,and ERP Customer Satisfaction: A Mediation Analysis*

Integrating the perspectives of transaction cost economics, the resource‐based view, and resource dependency theory, this study analyzes the institutional settings of enterprise resource planning (ERP) implementations in China. Specifically, it examines how bilateral transaction‐specific investments (TSIs) and relational governance mechanisms influence customer satisfaction with ERP implementations. The model is empirically tested using data from on‐site interviews with 208 ERP customers in China. The results demonstrate that the effects of vendors’ and customers’ TSIs on customer satisfaction are facilitated by multiple‐stage micromediational chains. The influence of TSIs on customer satisfaction is mediated by relational norms, and the impact of relational norms on customer satisfaction is bridged by perceived service quality and customer trust. Furthermore, the influence of vendors’ TSIs is stronger than the influence of customers’ TSIs. The findings contribute to business research and practice by providing valuable insights into how ERP vendors and customers should strategize TSIs to enhance relationship performance.     

不确定条件下的IT外包时机选择问题研究

IT外包的业务环境、技术环境和需求的不确定性往往会引起IT服务成本的不确定性。针对IT服务成本的不确定性和IT外包投资的不可逆性,运用传统净现值方法和实物期权方法比较固定价格合同、成本加成定价合同和收益共享合同3种常见合同的外包临界值,分析3种合同下客户企业的等待价值,并讨论客户企业推迟外包情形时的等待时间。研究结果表明,实物期权方法得出的外包临界值高于净现值方法得出的外包临界值;等待价值随无风险利率的增大而减小,随漂移率、变动率的增大而增大;当漂移率与变动率平方的比值大于二分之一时,客户企业选择外包的期望等待时间受无风险利率、漂移率和变动率的影响,其他情形下客户企业的期望等待时间不受无风险利率、漂移率和变动率的影响。研究结论为不确定条件下客户企业外包与否和外包时机的选择提供理论支持和实践指导。     

不对称信息下创新产品研发外包的甄别契约设计

在创新产品研发过程中,许多企业会将部分研发模块外包,而接包方能力水平和成本信息的不对称,会给发包方带来收益风险。对此采用委托代理理论中的信息甄别模型,将研发的接包方分为高成本系数和低成本系数两类,由创新企业设计包含固定支付和收益共享系数两个参数的外包甄别契约,来推断其真实能力。通过考虑创新研发成功的概率因素和技术成果转化后的市场收益分成,以激励接包方做出最优的努力。研究结果表明：高成本系数接包方的收益共享系数将被向下扭曲,低成本系数接包方既获得了保留效用,还会得到额外的信息租金;契约中两类参数的取值受到不同类型接包方所占比例的影响,随着市场中高成本系数企业数量的增加,发包方的期望收益降低。     

Outsourcing to emerging markets: Theoretical perspectives and policy implications

Creating value through outsourcing has emerged as a popular competitive strategy for firms in various industries. In order to survive in the domestic and international marketplaces, firms, especially in developed countries, are seeking opportunities offshore, which is one focus of globalization. Offshore outsourcing has emerged as a popular competitive strategy and emerging markets have become increasingly attractive locations. As firms in developed countries (e.g., the US) continue to face enormous challenges to sustain competitive advantage, outsourcing to emerging markets is becoming an increasingly important source of business renewal and corporate transformation.In spite of the growing strategic significance of sourcing, we have limited knowledge of offshoring and outsourcing to emerging markets. The objectives of this review are fourfold: (1) to provide a better understanding of the concepts of offshoring and outsourcing business models, (2) to discuss relevant theoretical perspectives related to outsourcing, (3) to present a taxonomy of outsourcing strategies drawing on the extant literature, and (4) to discuss public policy implications. Conclusions and direction for future research are provided.     

Capability,Quality, and Performance of Offshore IS Vendors: A Theoretical Framework and Empirical Investigation

Information systems (IS) offshoring has become a widespread practice and a strategic sourcing choice for many firms. While much has been written by researchers about the factors that lead to successful offshoring arrangements from the client's viewpoint, the vendor's perspective has been largely scarce. The vendor perspective is equally important as offshore IS vendors need to make important decisions in terms of delivering operational and strategic performance and aligning their resources and processes in order to meet or exceed targeted outcomes. In this article, we propose and test a three‐level capability–quality–performance (CQP) theoretical framework to understand vendor outcomes and their antecedents. The first level of the framework represents three vendor capabilities: relationship management, contract management, and information technology management. The second level has three mediating variables representing process quality: partnership, service, and deliverable quality. The third level has three dependent variables representing vendor outcomes: operational performance, strategic performance, and satisfaction. The model was tested with 188 vendor firms from India and China, the two most popular destinations for IS offshoring. Results support the CQP framework; vendor capabilities are significant predictors of intermediate quality measures, which in turn affect vendor outcomes. Implications of the study findings to both theory development and IS offshore vendor strategic decision making are discussed.