中国省际人口迁移区域模式变化及其影响因素——基于2000和2010年人口普查资料的分析

文章通过对2000和2010年两次人口普查数据的比较分析发现,20世纪90年代以来中国省际人口迁移的区域模式具有相当的稳定性,但也出现了一些明显的局部性变化。如人口迁出和迁入的分布都呈一定集中趋势,且迁入集中趋势尤为明显;人口迁出呈"多极化",迁入则更加集中化;一些重要的人口迁出地和迁入地的迁出和迁入强度表现出强者恒强、强者更强的特征。人口迁入重心北移,长三角都市圈取代珠三角都市圈成为21世纪以来省际人口迁入的主要地区。省际人口迁移区域模式及其变化,主要是迁入地城镇收入水平等经济因素的吸引作用明显增强所致,并与空间距离等恒定因素的影响相对弱化有关。     

1987年全国及各省的省际间人口迁移

一、问题的提出 人口迁移是人口研究的一个重要课题。1987年以前,我国没有进行过全国范围的人口迁移调查,每年公布的全国人口迁移数据是根据公安部门的户籍登记情况汇总得到的。根据《中国人口统计年鉴(1989)》提供的解放以来主要年份人口迁移数据,北京市1987年迁入人口为181757人,迁出人口为126313人,迁入率和迁出率分别是18.47‰和12.84‰,净迁入     

教育发展差异对人口迁移的影响——基于城市化发展的视角

改革开放以来,在制度改革和经济转型的双重作用下,我国人口迁移规模不断扩大,在影响迁移的因素当中教育水平是一个非常重要的影响。研究结果表明:教育在我国人口迁移过程中确实发挥显著的作用。从全国总体来看,教育对人口的迁入与迁出均呈现反向作用关系;城市教育水平与迁入及迁出也均呈现反向作用关系;然而,县教育水平与迁入及迁出均呈现正向作用关系。这反映出,我国目前的人口迁移是一种层级递进式的迁移情况。这种层级递进的模式实质上是我国城市化进程的反映,在这个过程中教育的作用不可忽视。     

中国人口迁移与区域经济发展关系之分析

经济因素,历来是影响人口迁移的重要因素。根据这一点,本文主要从区域经济发展角度,应用空间相互作用模型,定量考察和分析了中国80年代后半期区域经济因素中经济收入与经济规模对省际人口迁移的影响关系及其特征。研究发现:经济规模因素对人口迁移(量)的影响比较大,经济收入因素的影响相对比较小;经济规模因素主要是影响人口的迁出,经济收入因素主要是影响人口的迁入;经济规模因素对迁出人口的供给及迁移量的大小具有决定性影响,经济收入因素对人口迁移的流向选择及其分布模式具有重要的导引、定型作用。     

中国省际人口迁移的地缘效应与驱动机制:男女有别吗?

文章基于空间OD模型和“六普”人口省际迁移流数据,研究中国人口省际迁移流的地缘效应、驱动机制与男女差异.文章得出的主要结论:(1)中国人口迁移流内含显著的空间依赖,其中迁出、迁入地独立的空间自相关效应促进人口迁移,而迁出地-迁入地交互的空间自相关效应阻碍人口迁移.(2)总体上,中国人口省际迁移流受迁出地推力作用弱于迁入地的拉力作用,表明人口迁移更多是出于对迁入地的“美好预期”,而非对迁出地的“过度抱怨”.(3)人口迁移流的驱动机制有显著的性别差异:女性迁移流受驱动因子的影响强于男性,女性的失业风险、就业歧视更为明显;男性在人口迁移的空间选择上受空间依赖的影响强于女性,这与性别禀赋和社会环境有关.     

长三角地区人口迁移特征及其空间差异

本文根据第五次人口普查数据,从年龄、性别、受教育程度等角度分析了长江三角洲地区人口迁移的社会学特征,以及迁移人口对长江三角洲地区人口发展的影响,此外还从人口迁移量的分布、省际迁入人口对迁入目的地的选择以及省内人口迁移流向选择等几个方面,系统考察长三角地区人口迁移的空间模式及其特征,为进一步加快长三角地区城市群的建设和发展提供了参考依据。     

中国人口迁移流动的变化特点和影响因素——基于第六次人口普查

本文以第六次全国人口普查汇总数据为基础,就中国人口迁移流动的选择性、区域性以及人口迁移流动的影响因素进行了系统分析。研究发现:中国的人口迁移流动主要是受经济和家庭因素的驱动;中国的人口迁移流动具有非常明显的向东部沿海地区聚集的地理空间特点,空间距离虽然与人口迁移流动有一定的关联,但在选择空间距离的测量指标时,应该充分考虑到交通时间缩短的影响;省际人口迁移流动的影响因素中,迁移流动信息、收入水平差、人口数量差是影响省际人口迁移流动的正向指标,而城乡分布和空间距离是影响人口迁移流动的负向指标。研究结果对于正确理解我国人口形势的过去和现在,科学地预见和适应未来具有重要的意义。     

青海人口省际迁移的规模与类型

人口的省际迁移,是指青海人口与全国各省、市、自治区之间的人口迁移,以改变迁移者常住户口所在地为标志,迁移对象是指全体人口,凡是在省与省之间定居性的人口迁移,以转移户口为界线,一律称为省际人口迁移。它意味着人口常住地在省与省之间地理空间上的变动。一、省际人口迁移的总量与阶段青海人口的省际迁移,历年的统计资料不完整。1954年到1979年的25年中,只有人口迁入与迁出总数,没有区分省际之间与省内地区之间人口迁入与迁出的具体数字。1980年到1986年,省公安厅人口年报中,划分了省际人口迁移与省内人口迁移的具体界线,分别列出了具体数字,所以这七年的统计数字是比较正确的。     

北京地区近三年迁出人口的调查与分析

人口迁移是人口学研究的重要内容。人口的迁出活动通常是指一个特定社区内的人口向该社区以外的变动过程。与人口迁入活动相对应,人口迁出活动是人口迁移过程中一个不容忽视的方面。 为研究北京地区迁出人口的社会经济特征,探讨人口迁出的主客观原因,估测这种迁移活动的发展趋势和方向,进而探索我国特大城市人口迁移规律,我们对北京1980年至1982年非农业常住人口的迁出情况进行了一次抽样调查。     

建国以来新疆人口的省际迁移状况分析

新疆人口总数中。省际迁移人口占有重要的地位。文章分析了建国以来新疆人口迁移特点，结果表明：新疆人口迁移活动主要表征为国家有计划的迁移和人口自发迁移。迁移过程具明显的时间阶段性；迁入人口以文化素质较低的农村男性青壮年为主：人口迁入地区主要为开发程度高、经济发展快、交通便利的地区；人口迁入主因是国家政策及大量土地资源的吸引．人口迁出主因是区域经济发展不平衡、产业结构调整，祖籍亲缘关系、户籍管制的放松；省际人口迁移促进了新疆的经济发展以及新疆与其他省区的交流，但同时也带来了一些不刺影响。     

Sweden faces zero population growth

In this discussion of Sweden as it approaches zero population growth, focus is on the following: population growth in perspective, fertility trends (childbearing concentrated and cohort versus period fertility), marital status (non-marital cohabitation, out-of-wedlock births, and divorce), women's changing status (increasing education and increasing employment), constraints and supports for women's dual role (family allowances and housing), birth control (contraceptive methods and practice and abortion), mortality trends, changing age structure and the elderly (average population age and proportion of elderly and cost of elderly support), international migration (from emigration to immigration and demographic impact of immigration), immigration policy, recent population debate (immigration issues and facing zero population growth). Since 1900 the primary features of Sweden's demographic history are a continuing decline in the birth rate to very low levels -- relieved by some upward movement in the 1940s and 1960s -- and a marked shift in the migration balance from emigration to immigration. It is almost entirely because of immigration that Sweden's population growth rate has not yet turned negative. If Swedish women were to continue to bear children at the rate that all women in the reproductive ages actually did in 1978, each women would end up with an average well below the level necessary to exactly replace each adult in the population leaving migration out, an annual total fertility rate of 2.1 children per woman would have to be sustained for births and deaths to be in balance under the low mortality conditions prevaling in Sweden.     

The Sources and Diversity of Immigrant Population Change in Australia, 1981–2011

Australia has one of the largest percentages of immigrant populations in the developed world with a highly regulated system of immigration control and regular censuses to track their changes over time. However, the ability to explain the population change through the demographic components of immigration, emigration, and death by age and sex is complicated because of differences in measurement and sources of information. In this article, we explore three methods for reconciling the demographic accounts from 1981 to 2011 for the Australia-born and 18 foreign-born population groups. We then describe how the immigrant populations have changed and what has contributed most to that change. We find that the sources of immigrant population change have varied considerably by age, sex, country of birth, and period of immigration. Immigrants from Europe are currently the oldest and slowest-growing populations, whereas those from elsewhere are growing rapidly and exhibit relatively young population age structures. Studying these patterns over time helps us to understand the nature of international migration and its long-term contributions to population change and composition.     

上海市人户分离状况的空间特征分析——基于“六普”数据

＂六普＂数据显示,近几年上海市人户分离状况呈现出新的空间特征,主要表现在：人户分离人口的规模和迁移率在空间分布上呈现出严重的不均衡;大部分区县人户分离人口的来源地及迁居目的地集中化程度高,具有＂近邻优先＂的特点;逐步形成由中心城区县流向近郊区区县和中心城区县之间相互流动的两大迁移圈;中心城核心区、边缘区、近郊区、远郊区等四大区域之间的人户分离人口流动呈现出三大迁居主流。本文在总结这些空间特征的同时,就如何解决上海市人户分离问题提出了几点建议,以期上海市内户籍人口的迁移能科学健康有序进行。     

基于人口迁流特征的环洞庭湖区县域城镇化的类型分析

改革开放以来,我国人口迁流带有明显异地城镇化的性质,这种跨大区域的异地城镇化对人口移人区和人口移出区的影响是不同的。文章以环洞庭湖区为例,在第六次人口普查县域资料的基础上,定量分析了人口净移出区县域人口净移出率与城镇化率之间的空间关系：按县域人口内移指数——城镇人口净移入与农村人口净移出之间的比例关系,将本区城镇化划分为主动型城镇化、内移为主的被动型城镇化、外移为主的被动型城镇化和衰退型城镇等类型;并探讨了各类城镇化的人口迁流特征、动力机制和综合效益：在此基础上,提出了环洞庭湖区合理推进城镇化的对策。     

Stochastic Forecasting of Labor Supply and Population: An Integrated Model

This paper presents a stochastic model to forecast the German population and labor supply until 2060. Within a cohort-component approach, our population forecast applies principal components analysis to birth, mortality, emigration, and immigration rates, which allows for the reduction of dimensionality and accounts for correlation of the rates. Labor force participation rates are estimated by means of an econometric time series approach. All time series are forecast by stochastic simulation using the bootstrap method. As our model also distinguishes between German and foreign nationals, different developments in fertility, migration, and labor participation could be predicted. The results show that even rising birth rates and high levels of immigration cannot break the basic demographic trend in the long run. An important finding from an endogenous modeling of emigration rates is that high net migration in the long run will be difficult to achieve. Our stochastic perspective suggests therefore a high probability of substantially decreasing the labor supply in Germany.     

不同年龄组流动人口劳动生产率的差异 ——基于2015年中国流动人口动态监测调查数据的分析

基于2015年中国流动人口动态监测调查数据,采用明瑟工资方程研究了受教育程度和工作经验对不同年龄组流动人口劳动生产率影响的差异问题。结果表明:不同年龄组流动人口的劳动生产率呈倒“U”型分布,30—34岁年龄组的流动人口劳动生产率最高;从总体上看,受教育程度几乎对各个年龄组流动人口的劳动生产率均具有显著的正向影响,且对25—29岁年龄组的影响最大,随着年龄的上升,受教育程度对流动人口劳动生产率的影响呈先递增后递减的趋势,对55岁及以上年龄组的影响不再显著;工作经验仅对15—24岁年龄组流动人口的劳动生产率具有显著的正向影响,对30岁及以上年龄组的影响则显著为负,且工作经验与部分年龄组流动人口的劳动生产率呈“U”型关系。此外,性别、户口类型、流动范围、就业身份、婚姻状况和职业属性等社会基本特征变量对大部分年龄组流动人口的劳动生产率均具有显著的正向影响。     

Population Policy in a Prosperous City‐State: Dilemmas for Singapore

Singapore has achieved one of the highest levels of per capita income in the world, through sound economic planning and a stress on building its human capital. Yet its enviable living conditions are at risk of being enjoyed by fewer citizens, and indeed themselves placed in jeopardy, by the continued very low fertility levels. Ultra‐low fertility and growing reluctance by citizens to accept an increasing share of foreign‐born pose difficult dilemmas for population policy, given the planning scenario of reaching a resident population of 6.5 million. A range of pro‐marriage and pronatalist policies has failed to raise fertility substantially, while past success in modifying population trends and structure through migration has now encountered the twin problems of political constraints on the volume of immigration that is acceptable and a possible increase in emigration of Singapore citizens.     

A Gendered Assessment of Highly Skilled Emigration

Although women form a large and increasing proportion of international migrants, women's mobility has generally been overlooked in the literature. Quantifying and characterizing female migration should lead to a better understanding of the forces that shape international migration. We build an original data set providing gender‐disaggregated indicators of international migration by educational attainment for 195 source countries in 1990 and 2000. We find that women represent an increasing share of the immigration stock in the OECD countries and exhibit higher skilled emigration rates than men.