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1.
A substantial body of research has explored the extent to which the race of offenders and victims influences who receives a death sentence for capital crimes. Little is known about how race and ethnicity might pattern death-row outcomes. Drawing upon evidence from male offenders sentenced to death in Texas during the years 1974 through 2009, we extend recent research by examining whether the race and ethnicity of offenders and victims and a number of offender, victim, and crime attributes influence the likelihood of executions and sentence relief (whereby prisoners leave death row). Cox regression analyses are used in conjunction with a multiple-imputation method for handling a modest amount of missing data. The results show that cases involving minorities—with black or Latino offenders or victims—have lower hazards of execution than cases in which both offenders and victims are white. Victim and offender race and ethnicity have little to no independent effect upon the hazard of sentence relief. 相似文献
2.
A. J. Thieblot 《Journal of Labor Research》2003,24(1):169-177
In the Winter 1999 issue of the Journal of Labor Research (“Prevailing Wage Laws and Black Employment in the Construction
Industry”), I reported a significant inverse relationship between the strength of states’ prevailing wage laws and the prospects
for black employment in the construction industry. My conclusions are challenged by Azari-Rad and Philips in “ Race and Prevailing
Wage Laws in the Construction Industry,” in this issue. This reply responds with new evidence reinforcing the previously asserted
relationship: black employment ratios in construction are better in states that don’t have prevailing wage laws than in states
that do, and they lessen as the strength of those laws increase. Furthermore, prevailing wage law repeal has apparently benefited
black employment opportunities in the construction industries of the states where it has occurred. 相似文献
3.
The “finesse point” introduced here extends the notion of a core; it is a position that minimizes what a candidate needs to
do to counter moves that are made by an opponent. The definition, which is motivated by the “chaos theorem” as well as by
the dynamics of positive and negative political campaigning, is also used to define a “malicious point,” which is an optimal
location from which a candidate can engage in “negative campaigning.” 相似文献
4.
Eleanor Townsley 《The American Sociologist》2006,37(3):39-66
This article takes the “public intellectual” trope as a theoretical case study, and traces how it has been used in the elite
public sphere of the contemporary United States since its coining in 1987. The analysis challenges the notion that the “public
intellectual” is primarily about broad democratic publics. It documents instead how the trope is used to frame meaning and
practice within specific intellectual publics, namely science, higher education, and journalism. By focusing on the play of
tropes around the “public intellectual” and examining the authoritative cultural members who use the trope, the trope analysis
identifies principles and strategies under contest in the journalistic, academic, and political fields of the contemporary
United States. 相似文献
5.
This paper considers the possibility that early sociological interest in the integrative role of mass communication may have
been undermined (1) by the short-run study of media “campaigns,” and the declaration that such persuasive efforts have only
“limited effect”; (2) by the wrangling over theories of “mass society”; and (3) by a quasi-journalistic emphasis on “media
events.” In spite of the theoretical basis for reconciling these traditions, the rift over the academic locus of communications
research has not been repaired. 相似文献
6.
Jan C. Schmidt 《Poiesis & praxis》2011,7(4):249-274
Among others, the term “problem” plays a major role in the various attempts to characterize interdisciplinarity or transdisciplinarity,
as used synonymously in this paper. Interdisciplinarity (ID) is regarded as “problem solving among science, technology and
society” and as “problem orientation beyond disciplinary constraints” (cf. Frodeman et al.: The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity.
Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010). The point of departure of this paper is that the discourse and practice of ID have problems with the “problem”. The objective
here is to shed some light on the vague notion of “problem” in order to advocate a specific type of interdisciplinarity: problem-oriented interdisciplinarity. The outline is as follows: Taking an ex negativo approach, I will show what problem-oriented ID does not mean. Using references to well-established distinctions in philosophy of science, I will show three other types of ID that
should not be placed under the umbrella term “problem-oriented ID”: object-oriented ID (“ontology”), theory-oriented ID (epistemology),
and method-oriented ID (methodology). Different philosophical thought traditions can be related to these distinguishable meanings.
I will then clarify the notion of “problem” by looking at three systematic elements: an undesired (initial) state, a desired
(goal) state, and the barriers in getting from the one to the other. These three elements include three related kinds of knowledge:
systems, target, and transformation knowledge. This paper elaborates further methodological and epistemological elements of
problem-oriented ID. It concludes by stressing that problem-oriented ID is the most needed as well as the most challenging
type of ID. 相似文献
7.
James T. Bennett 《Journal of Labor Research》1991,12(1):1-12
Conventional wisdom holds that private sector labor unions are in “crisis” due to the loss of millions of members over the
past two decades which has resulted in a dramatic decline in their economic viability and political power. Financial data
for selected years between 1960 and 1987 are analyzed to show that, contrary to prevailing opinion, private sector unions
are financially prosperous despite membership erosion. Evidence is also presented which indicates that union political efforts
and influence have increased rather than declined in recent years. Resources have been allocated to political advocacy to
obtain a more favorable public policy environment for labor organizations and to achieve gains that have eluded unions in
collective bargaining.
The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance of Ms. Sybil Jones at the National Institute for Labor Relations Research. 相似文献
8.
Chichilnisky (1997) claims that another variant of her condition limiting arbitrage is necessary and sufficient for existence
of equilibrium and nonemptiness of the core in an economy with short sales allowing half lines in indifference surfaces. Her
proof, however, is based on a proposition purporting to relate her notion of “global cone” (see Chichilnisky (1997) for references)
to the Page-Wooders “increasing cone.” In this paper, we present a counterexample showing that parts (i) and (ii) of Chichilnisky's
proposition are false. Thus, Chichilnisky's claimed result is without proof.
Received: 18 August 1997/Accepted: 30 January 1998 相似文献
9.
John Godard 《Journal of Labor Research》1997,18(4):621-639
I use IR theory to identify five roles that have been associated with unions in North America and then report the findings
from a 1995 survey of employed Canadians, asking them their beliefs about the amount of effort unions place on each of twenty-four
activities associated with these roles, the amount of effort unions should place on each, and the amount of success unions
have on each. Basically, Canadians want unions to continue to perform their traditional activities, and they view unions as
having an important conflict role, but they also want unions to place more effort into more consensual workplace democratization
and participation activities. These results are consistent with the notion of “adversary participation,” and are interpreted
as suggesting a new “model” of unions, one which enables workers to have greater control over their working lives.
Jack Fiorito, Joe Rose, and Corliss Olson made valuable comments on an earlier draft of this paper. Toni Ostroman was primarily
responsible for the data collection. 相似文献
10.
In this article, I attempt to address some enduring problems in formulation and practical use of the notion of structure in
contemporary social science. I begin by revisiting the question of the fidelity of Anthony Giddens’ appropriation of the idea
of structure with respect to Levi-Strauss. This requires a reconsideration of Levi-Strauss’ original conceptualization of
“social structure” which I argue is a sort of “methodological structuralism” that stands sharply opposed to Giddens’ ontological
reconceptualization of the notion. I go on to show that Bourdieu’s contemporaneous critique of Levi-Strauss is best understood
as an attempt to recover rather than reject the central implication of Levi-Strauss’ methodological structuralism, which puts
Bourdieu and Giddens on clearly distinct camps in terms of their approach toward the idea of structure. To demonstrate the—insurmountable—conceptual
difficulties inherent in the ontological approach, I proceed by critically examining what I consider to be the most influential
attempt to resolve the ambiguities in Giddens structuration theory: Sewell’s argument for the “duality of structure.” I show
that by retaining Giddens’ ontological focus, Sewell ends up with a notion of structure that is at its very core “anti-structuralist”
or only structuralist in a weak sense. I close by considering the implications of the analysis for the possibility of developing
the rather neglected “methodological structuralist” legacy in contemporary social analysis. 相似文献
11.
In this article, we provide a general model of “quaternary” dichotomous voting rules (QVRs), namely, voting rules for making
collective dichotomous decisions (to accept or reject a proposal), based on vote profiles in which four options are available
to each voter: voting (“yes”, “no”, or “abstaining”) or staying home and not turning out. The model covers most of actual
real-world dichotomus rules, where quorums are often required, and some of the extensions considered in the literature. In
particular, we address and solve the question of the representability of QVRs by means of weighted rules and extend the notion
of “dimension” of a rule. 相似文献
12.
Lisa Stampnitzky 《Qualitative sociology》2011,34(1):1-19
“Terrorism” has proved to be a highly problematic object of expertise. Terrorism studies fails to conform to the most common
sociological notions of what a field of intellectual production ought to look like, and has been described by participants
and observers alike as a failure. Yet the study of terrorism is a booming field, whether measured in terms of funding, publications,
or numbers of aspiring experts. This paper aims to explain, first, the disjuncture between terrorism studies in practice and
the sociological literature on fields of intellectual production, and, second, the reasons for experts’ “rhetoric of failure”
about their field. I suggest that terrorism studies, rather than conforming to the notion of an ideal-typical profession,
discipline, or bounded “intellectual field,” instead represents an interstitial space of knowledge production. I further argue
that the “rhetoric of failure” can be understood as a strategy through which terrorism researchers mobilize sociological theories
of scientific/cultural fields as both an interpretive resource in their attempts to make sense of the apparent oddness of
their field and their situation, and as schemas, or models, in their attempts to reshape the field. I conclude that sociologists
ought to expand our vision to incorporate the many arenas of expertise that occupy interstitial spaces, moving and travelling
between multiple fields. 相似文献
13.
Mike Forrest Keen 《The American Sociologist》1992,23(2):43-51
Passed in 1966, The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) has provided nearly thirty years of access to government information
virtually unmatched throughout the world. Used heavily by the media, it has been virtually ignored by sociologists. Nonetheless,
it promises access to a potential wealth of data for sociological research. Following a brief discussion of the history of
federal information policy and the FOIA, some suggestions for possible research applications are made. Implications for further
research are presented, including the emergence of two new classes, information “haves” and information “have-nots,” indicating
a new dimension for stratification research in contemporary society. 相似文献
14.
Johanna Foster 《Sociological Forum》1996,11(3):523-547
Despite the many angles from which the biological phenomenon now known as “the menstrual cycle” has been addressed, no work
explicitly focuses on how social groups actually draw lines around and mentally partition these complex biological processes
into discrete temporal units. This paper examines not the meaning of “the menstrual cycle,” per se, but hegemonic Western
culture's intersubjective notions of how to carve up this inherently unstructured phenomenon in the first place. Although
sociologists of cognition have still to consider this sociomental structuring of “the menstrual cycle” as a case of mental
cartography, and sociologists of time have still to consider “menstrual time” as a case of sociotemporality, I conclude that
the mental mapping out of what constitutes the elements of this rhythm is a highly social act with serious implications for
women's lives. 相似文献
15.
Choosing subsets: a size-independent probabilistic model and the quest for a social welfare ordering
“Subset voting” denotes a choice situation where one fixed set of choice alternatives (candidates, products) is offered to
a group of decision makers, each of whom is requested to pick a subset containing any number of alternatives. In the context
of subset voting we merge three choice paradigms, “approval voting“ from political science, the “weak utility model” from
mathematical psychology, and “social welfare orderings” from social choice theory. We use a probabilistic choice model proposed
by Falmagne and Regenwetter (1996) built upon the notion that each voter has a personal ranking of the alternatives and chooses
a subset at the top of the ranking. Using an extension of Sen's (1966) theorem about value restriction, we provide necessary
and sufficient conditions for this empirically testable choice model to yield a social welfare ordering. Furthermore, we develop
a method to compute Borda scores and Condorcet winners from subset choice probabilities. The technique is illustrated on an
election of the Mathematical Association of America (Brams, 1988).
Received: 18 August 1995 / Accepted: 13 February 1997 相似文献
16.
Anita Ilta Garey 《Qualitative sociology》1995,18(4):415-437
Based on in-depth interviews with hospital nurses, this article examines the way in which employed women with children use
the night shift to support a construction of motherhood which closely resembles that of mothers who are not in the labor force.
Interview data reveal that a salient function of night shift work is the reconciliation of some of the structural and conceptual
incompatibilities of being “working mothers.” Night-shift nurses construct themselves as “stay-at-home moms” by limiting the
public visibility of their labor force participation, by involving their children and themselves in symbolically-invested
activities, and by positioning themselves in the culturally-appropriate place and time: at home, during the day. All of these
strategies work to highlight their visibility as mothers.
An earlier version of this article was presented at the American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, August 13–17, 1993,
Miami Beach, Florida. Funds for this research were provided in part by the University of California and by the National Institute
of Child Health and Human Development. 相似文献
17.
Keith Doubt 《The American Sociologist》1989,20(3):252-262
A short story titled “‘Color Trouble’” by Harold Garfinkel was published inOpportunity in 1940,The Best Short Stories 1941, andPrimer for White Folks in 1945. Garfinkel wrote this short story before World War II while a research fellow at the University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill under Howard W. Odum, the founder ofSocial Forces “‘Color Trouble’” narrates poignantly the racial victimization of a young black woman traveling on a public bus through the
State of Virginia. The short story provides sociologists with a different medium through which to examine the seminal interests
of ethnomethodology’s founder. In a literary form, the short story depicts such ethnomethodological concepts as the breaching
experiment, the “et cetera clause,” “ad hocing,” and the status degradation ceremony. Garfinkel’s “‘Color Trouble’” also suggests
the way in which ethnomethodology overlaps with, as well as diverges from, Erving Goffman’s dramaturgical perspective.
He received his doctoral degree from the graduate program in sociology at York University, Toronto, Ontario. His article “Autonomy
and Responsibility in Social Theory” will appear inCurrent Perspectives in Social Theory, Volume 10. 相似文献
18.
19.
Education's Effects on Psychological Well-Being 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Data from the 1973–1978 General Social Surveys were usedto estimate, by means of multiple regression analysis, the effectsof years of school completed on eight dimensions of psychologicalwell-being for white men, white women, black men, and blackwomen. Estimates are provided of total effects, effects netof socioeconomic variables, and effects net of socioeconomicvariables, family situation, and frequency of attendance ofreligious services. There is little evidence for negative effects,the only statistically significant negative coefficient beingthat for satisfaction with community among white men. Thereis some evidence that education has positive effects on psychologicalwell-being in all subpopulalions except black men, the strongestevidence being for white women. Dummy variable regression estimatesof the effects of different increments of education indicategreater effects from four years of high school than from fouryears of college. There is tentative evidence that mothers'education may have an important positive effect on their offspring'spsychological well-being. . The data reported here are from the 1973–1978 GeneralSocial Surveys conducted by the National Opinion Research Center(James A. Davis, principal investigator) with funds from theNational Science Foundation. The authors are solely responsiblefor the analyses and interpretations presented here. The dataset was obtained from the Roper Center at the University ofConnecticut. We are indebted to the management of the San AntonioCollege Computer Center for providing computer time for thisproject. 相似文献
20.
Marta Bordignon 《Transition Studies Review》2009,16(2):556-559
After a long development based on tourists from former Communist countries, the actual tourist economy will focus on the importance
of increasing “tourism GDP” in the next years, through a national cultural policy aimed to improve the international perception
of Ukraine and to simplify the visa system. In order to achieve this objective, the Ukrainian government has adopted some
laws connected to the improvement of the tourism and cultural services, together with an initiative of the Council of Europe
to support the National Culture Development Programme 2008–2013, that includes even the implementation of laws regarding the
Ukrainian tourist framework.
相似文献