青年学的知识体系、方法建构与发展进路(下)

青年学有自已独特的学理根基与知识体系。青年学的研究对象是青年及其发生发展过程;研究的逻辑起点是青年及其本质;研究的学术范畴是揭示青年身心发展的规律,青年与社会相互作用的规律,青年特殊需求的发生与引导的规律。青年学这门新兴的综合性学科,必然要吸纳众多学科理论研究青年的成果,对青年学研究应防止故作高深的苛求,让后来者视综合性研究为畏途。青年学的研究方法也应是各种科学研究方法在青年学学科建设中的综合,在综合中形成自己的方法论,应提倡在综合中创新,避免眼中只有某一种方法的单学科思维的局限。     

新时代青年学理论的普及应用、学术张力与反思

我国青年研究从1988年出版第一部《青年学》教材以来,历经30多年的艰辛探索和发展,走的正是基础理论研究与普及应用双双并进之路。在当今青年研究中,有一种"轻普及应用"的倾向。新时代,要在青年学研究中形成基础理论研究与普及应用双双并进的共识,必须从基础研究与应用研究、学与术、普及与提高三对关系上提高认识,才能够更深一层地认识到青年学的存在价值:青年学理论的力量,归根结底在于应用。新时代加强青年学理论普及应用有五大着力点:提升青年自我认知能力、引领青年全面发展、强化青年工作理论思维、培养青年工作专门人才、科学制订青年政策。为此,如何扩大学术张力,这已成为党中央关于群团工作学科新的要求、加强青年学学科建设不容忽视的一个攻关课题,应当在反思的基础上,补足短板与缺项,进一步扩大青年学的社会影响力。     

青年学：走向自我完善的新兴学科

青年学是一门新兴的综合性学科，学科的基本框架是以青年学为基础性学科，重在揭示青年的本质特征、身心发展、个性变化和社会互动等方面的理论。而其他一些相关的学科如青年政治思想教育学、青年组织学、青年心理学、青年人才学、青年行为学则为应用性学科，组成了一个以青年学为中心的学科群。青年学作为一门学科应有历史、理论和应用三大部分。青年学应属于社会学的范畴，成为社会学的一个分支。     

论青年学的学科独立性

改革开放以来,由于青年理论工作者的艰辛努力,已经发表了不少青年研究方面的文章,出版了一些由我国学者自己编写的青年学教材或专著,几乎所有团系统的院校都开设了青年学课程,使这门学科在我国得到了较快发展。但是,笔者认为,青年学在我国青年科学体系中并未真正牢固确定它的地位。事实上,青年学的学科独立性在我国仍是一个有待确定的课题。青年学的学科独立性在我国面临的挑战来自青年社会学、青年文化学、青年人类学、青年未来学等学科,并分析其产生的原因。在此基础上,提出了构建一门独立学科的青年学的建议及思路。     

学术批评:青年研究亟待填补的洼地

学术批评是青年研究学术积累、学术提炼、学术提升的重要途径,应该始终伴随青年研究、青年学学科建设和发展的全过程。但当下学术批评常常处于低语甚至失语状态,成为青年研究领域的一块学术洼地。造成这种状态的原因主要包括对"问题导向"理解片面、学术焦点尚未聚集、学术视野狭窄、批评武器匮乏、"好人主义"盛行等。提升青年研究学术水平,促进青年学学科建设,需要形成和完善学术反思机制,使学术批评常态化和制度化。     

青年学的知识体系、方法建构与发展进路(上)

我国的青年研究,发端于20世纪初的新文化运动时期,20世纪80年代进入到学科化发展的新阶段,运用多学科知识对青年作综合性研究的青年学,在社会需要的推动下,应时而兴。青年研究是青年学赖以发展的理论之源头和学科创建之根基,青年学是青年研究学科化的学术结晶,反过来又可以为青年研究的深化提供学理的指导和规律性引领。青年学所具有的运用多学科知识研究青年的综合性,有别于其他任何一门单学科。青年学在青年研究学科化中无可替代的地位,已是不争的事实,难以逆转的历史必然。     

关于青年研究学科化的思考

本文通过对我国20世纪80年代以来青年研究发展的简要回顾，从知识体系和方法论两方面评述了青年研究的学科化现状。研究认为，青年研究的学科化的标志．应该是独立研究对象及其知识体系以及方法论的确立；不论是青年学还是青年社会学．目前仍然处在科恩所说的前范式阶段。文章从知识体系方面对西方学术成就的借鉴、经验研究方法的规范化，及研究队伍的整合等方面阐述了对青年研究学科化的看法。     

青年学批判、认知与前行——青年学后时期的学术包容与学科“创造”

中国青年学研究在“沉寂”了近20年之后，在新老两代研究者的互相交流中渐渐“复苏”。本文对这一“复苏”称之为青年学后时期，这主要是针对20世纪80年代轰轰烈烈的青年研究及其学科化建设而言。“复苏”伊始。学者们仍有不能见“大雅之堂”的谦涩，并自阻于方法论、认识论、意识形态等问题不甚统一的烦恼。企盼着能取得理论的共识。但实际上，这是不可能的，也是不必要的。笔者认为，学术的不统一恰恰是其发展的动力来源。任何一门学科，包括被认为是主流的哲学、经济学、政治学、社会学、法学等，其实都是在对立的争辩、甚至分裂中得到突破性发展的．都走过了一条“无休止”的“内讧”与“裂变”之路。     

对“青年优先发展理论”的思考

"青年优先发展理论"伴随着社会演变,逐步从传统的青年学科理论研究体系中显现出来,且赋予了更多现代化属性。新常态下社会创新理论内涵的极大丰富,不仅使得青年发展相关研究的目标更加明晰,还源源不断地推动着青年学开放理论积极发展,值得当下青年学者持续深入探究。     

当前青年学者的精神追求与文明使命

青年学者的困境虽然受到多方关注,但关注的焦点却主要是青年学者的收入待遇、工作压力、职业生涯与社会地位,鲜少关注他们作为青年学者的理想与尊严。实际上,青年学者的根本困境不只是谋生艰难,更是"精神幻灭"。青年学者的困境反映和加剧着学术、社会与文明之间的恶性循环,因而青年学者在生存与毁灭之间如何抉择,对于学术理想的坚持与否,将是抵制和扭转这一恶性循环的关键环节,否则学术堕落、社会溃败与文明危机将会愈演愈烈。     

国际青年权益法的起源和发展

国际青年权益法的起源 可以说,任何国家的文明发展史事实上也是各国青年人争取自己的合法权益、反对成人一代制定的各种陋俗的斗争的历史,国际青年权益法就是在这两代之间的斗争与反斗争中孕育并初露端倪。早在１１５８年意大利的国王弗雷德瑞克·巴巴罗沙就曾批准过“学生阶层”的权利和特权,而学生的教育、思想自由、演讲、结社、集会、旅行等权利被正式得到任可并在整个欧洲盛行开来则是在中世纪时期,１３６５年,鲁道夫四世（ＤｕｋｅＲｕｄｏｌｐｈ Ⅳ）正式颁布《维也那大学联合会规则》,它其中就有这样的法律条款：学生代表有选…     

The Spirit and the Flesh: The Rhetorical Nature of The Last Temptation of Christ

In this article I examine the rhetoric of Martin Scorsese's The Last Temptation of Christ. Using Kenneth Burke's (1962) concept of "consubstantiality," I argue that the film exceeds traditional notions of character–viewer identification by constructing a spectatorial dilemma that resembles the character's dilemma in limited but consequential ways. I then suggest that this dynamic may be why so many Christian viewers were drawn to a character they understood to be in conflict with the biblical Jesus.     

The journey of dually-involved youth: The description and prediction of rereporting and recidivism

Dually-involved youth refers to youth that are simultaneously receiving services from both the child welfare and juvenile justice systems. The current study focused on a sample of dually-involved youth (N = 1148). The study examined the characteristics of dually-involved youth and reported and predicted the incidence of subsequent maltreatment and re-offending. We found that 8% of dually-involved youth had at least one arrest before entering child welfare system, 32% experienced new reports of maltreatment referrals subsequent to arrest, and 56% were charged with a second offense (i.e., recidivated). The court outcomes received in delinquency court were associated with both rereporting and recidivism. These findings support the development of a shared services model for child welfare and juvenile justice systems.     

The couch and the clinic The cultural authority of popular psychiatry and psychoanalysis

This paper examines the discourse produced by psychiatrists and psychoanalysts who wrote for non-professional audiences. As professionals who reached out beyond their professions, their writing raises questions about the authority they invoked. The two factions in this popular psychology, psychiatry and psychoanalysis, staked out cultural authority using systematically different types of appeals. The psychiatric approach involved a ‘pure’ professionalism, invoking psychiatry’s similarities to medicine. The psychoanalytic approach involved an explicit dissociation from medical authority, and claimed a difference from medical expertise as a mark of intellectual transcendence. What becomes clear is that these standpoints were constructed through discourse as types of strategic positionings. Concluding notes address the idea that Antonio Gramsci’s labels of ‘organic’ and ‘traditional’ are not only types of intellectuals; they are also stakes in the game amongst competitors for cultural authority. This insight is then applied to broader considerations regarding public intellectuals.     

The Institutionalization of Solidarity and Globalization: The Case of Darfur1

This article uses the suffering in Darfur and the world's responses to it to discuss how contemporary solidarity and globalization is characterized by an institutionalization that contains elements of both extension and limitation. The extension thesis is supported by the involvement of international institutions such as the UN, the EU, and the AU. It also draws support from the involvement of civil society organizations. The limitation thesis is supported by observations of state activities, which do not always adhere to cosmopolitan norms. The limitation thesis is also strengthened by the fact that civil society organizations played a relatively marginal role in the debate and that those who did take part were a small group of large professional organizations. This leads to the conclusion that solidarity and globalization risk becoming de-popularized and de-democratized. On the other hand, it is also remarked that this institutionalization of civil society responses is an advance because it allows a routine professional response to distant suffering.     

青少年犯罪的环境因素与预防矫正制度--来自日本的启示

近年来,日本青少年犯罪问题凸现,逐渐成为日本的主要社会问题之一.本文一方面分析了日本青少年犯罪严重的原因,另一方面也提出借鉴日本在青少年犯罪的预防和矫正领域的经验,警示与借鉴并重,完善我国的相关制度.     

The development and validation of The Inquiry Science Observation Coding Sheet

Evaluation reports increasingly document the degree of program implementation, particularly the extent to which programs adhere to prescribed steps and procedures. Many reports are cursory, however, and few, if any, fully portray the long and winding path taken when developing evaluation instruments, particularly observation instruments. In this article, we describe the development of an observational method for evaluating the degree to which K-12 inquiry science programs are implemented, including the many steps and decisions that occurred during the development, and present evidence for the reliability and validity of the data that we collected with the instrument. The article introduces a method for measuring the adherence of inquiry science implementation and gives evaluators a full picture of what they might expect when developing observation instruments for assessing the degree of program implementation.