Internal knowledge generation: the research laboratory and innovative productivity in the pharmaceutical industry

As firms face increasing pressures associated with new forms of knowledge-based competition, researchers have begun to focus on knowledge acquisition strategies to the point of ignoring knowledge creation strategies. This paper investigates the impact of research centers in the pharmaceutical industry upon this neglected form of knowledge creation–innovation productivity. We find that firms with separate research facilities are more innovative than firms without such facilities. The results diverge when locational distance of the laboratory is considered for patent versus drug innovations, and vary across diversification types. These findings suggest that managers and researchers need to consider the relationship between the research center and corporate headquarters — and the role of the corporate headquarters — when developing knowledge generation strategies.     

不确定需求下的冷链分销商最优决策

针对新鲜产品供应链 (冷链) 中分销商, 引入保鲜努力刻画分销商投入的保鲜工作, 考虑新鲜产品到达市场的数量与质量, 分析冷链分销商的最优决策问题.与前人研究相比, 本文使用加法形式需求函数刻画市场需求, 并使用相关企业数据验证加法形式需求函数合理性, 完善了冷链分销商决策问题的相关研究.研究发现, 当保鲜努力外生时, 分销商的最优订货数量和最优零售价格只与保鲜努力有关;当零售价格外生时, 分销商的最优保鲜努力与产品实际单位成本关于保鲜努力函数的一阶最优条件有关;当订货数量外生时, 分销商制定的零售价格随保鲜努力增加而增大, 所获得的利润也随保鲜努力递增, 但边际利润随保鲜努力递减.最后, 将所得结论应用于中国500强民营企业卓尔控股有限公司旗下的小雪冷链 (武汉) 物流有限公司, 为该公司提供相应的保鲜努力投入策略.     

The need for knowledge modification in technology change: a framework to consider changes in domain complexity,knowledge and productivity

This paper researches productivity in relation to domain complexity and the present knowledge capacity in an organisational context. The study is based on five very different case studies. Three studies are conducted in Denmark, Germany, Mexico and China and are related to knowledge transfer in the relocation of manufacturing facilities. Two studies investigate operation and automation of oil and gas production in the North Sea. The case study method involves semi-structured interviews, surveys, an analysis of historical production data and observations. Based on the findings from the field studies, the paper develops a conceptual framework that management can use for discussions of productivity, development of knowledge and design of learning programmes when considering changes in the complexity of a domain or a change in knowledge.     

制造商应对强势零售商的战略反应及对我国零售业开放的启示

在渠道关系中,制造商与零售商的利益往往是相互冲突的,制造商面对强势零售商时处于弱势,而面对弱势零售商时则处于强势。基于不同时期零售商零售成本对称与不对称, 以及强势零售商向制造商规定供货价格而弱势零售商接受制造商的供货价格这两个前提进行分析,通过图形和数学模型来分析制造商的2种战略行为——定价战略和促销战略,以及制造商如何通过这2种战略使其利润最大化。同时,结合中国零售业完全开放的国情,讨论在零售成本非对称的情况下,制造商的2种战略行为对增加其自身利益的有效性及对中国零售业的启示。     

基于制造商建议零售价的供应链定价策略

为了阐述制造商建议零售价格对供应链定价策略的影响,以其作为消费者的参照价格,引入到供应链系统中。采用博弈论的方法进行研究,结果表明：当制造商建议零售价格较低时,零售商将采用最低参照价格策略,当制造商建议零售价格较高时,零售商将采用最高参照价格策略,当制造商建议零售价格介于两者之间时,零售商将采用价格保持策略。在此基础上,研究了相关参数对上述三种策略的影响,以及三种策略之间的差异。不仅指出最低参照价格策略或者最高参照价格策略都有可能使制造商的收益最大化,还给出了选择的条件。最后,用数值分析比较了不同策略下的供应链系统收益,指出在最高参照价格策略下的系统收益是最优的。相关结论为制造商建议零售价格制定提供了理论依据。     

知识管理战略、组织能力与绩效的关系实证研究

本文在文献研究的基础上归纳出描述和测量知识管理战略的六个主要维度:外部导向、内部导向、显性导向、隐性导向、探索导向和利用导向.基于397家中国企业的问卷调查所得数据,本文检验了知识管理战略、组织能力和企业绩效三者的关系,发现知识管理战略能显著地提升组织能力,而组织能力对企业绩效有显著的促进作用,组织能力在知识管理战略与企业绩效的关系中起完全中介作用.     

Managers' Perceptual Errors Revisited: the Role of Knowledge Calibration

Insights from the stream of research on knowledge calibration, which refers to the correspondence between accuracy and confidence in knowledge, enable a better understanding of consequences of inaccurate perceptions of managers. This paper examines the consequences of inaccurate managerial knowledge through the lens of knowledge calibration. Specifically, the paper examines the antecedent role of miscalibration of knowledge in strategy formation. It is postulated that miscalibrated managers who overestimate external factors and display a high level of confidence in their estimates are likely to enact strategies that are relatively more evolutionary and incremental in nature, whereas miscalibrated managers who overestimate internal factors and display a high level of confidence in their estimates are likely to enact strategies that are relatively more discontinuous and disruptive in nature. Perspectives from social cognitive theory provide support for the underlying processes. The paper, in part, explains the paradox of the prevalence of inaccurate managerial perceptions and efficacious performance. It also advances the literature on strategy formation through the application of the construct of knowledge calibration.     

补偿激励下双渠道供应链协调的合同设计

针对电子商务环境下传统零售与网上直销并存的双渠道模式,在促销-价格敏感需求与促销补偿激励等条件下构建了模型,分析、比较了集中式与分散式决策下供应链最优的促销投入、促销补偿投资与定价策略,研究了促使双渠道达成协调的合同设计.研究发现:单独利用两部定价合同不能有效地协调双渠道供应链;而两部定价合同与促销水平补偿合同的组合能够实现供应链协调和渠道成员双赢,且满足这种条件的组合合同有无穷多个.     

投资者行为对IPO抑价影响的比较研究

运用行为博弈理论,研究了潜在需求不确定情况下,发行人、机构投资者和散户三个参与IPO主体行为对IPO抑价的影响,并对投资者性行为进行抑价比较分析。分析表明,机构投资者和散户对新股及价值评估不存在分歧时,只存在有意抑价,IPO抑价相对较低;机构投资者和散户对新股及价值评估存在分歧时,既存在有意抑价,也存在无意抑价,IPO抑价较高,且投资者的分歧越大,IPO也抑价越高。最后,论文通过实例模拟为文本的结论提供了定量支撑。     

中小制造企业在线直销与传统分销双渠道定价决策研究

针对传统渠道中处于非主导地位的中小制造企业开展双渠道销售时存在的价格冲突问题,考虑产品数字属性对渠道需求的影响,构建了制造商与零售商独立决策和制造商占非主导地位两种情况下的双渠道定价决策模型,给出了两种情况下的双渠道最优定价,并分别考察了产品数字属性变化以及决策权利结构不同对最优定价的影响。研究结果表明,处于非主导地位的中小制造企业应采用依从强势零售商的定价策略,该策略有利于制造商和零售商以及渠道整体收益的增加;随着产品数字属性的增大,制造商的最优定价相应地提高,而零售商的最优定价则相应地降低;制造商占非主导地位时的双渠道最优定价高于制造商与零售商独立决策时的双渠道最优定价。     

面向网络零售平台的合作广告策略研究

制造商通过第三方网络零售平台开展直销渠道已经成为普遍模式。除价格策略外，广告宣传是企业获得消费者最常用的策略之一，已有研究表明，合作广告策略可有效协调供应链冲突和优化绩效，但在新零售模式中，传统渠道和网络渠道的特点使得网络零售平台和传统零售商的广告宣传对不同销售渠道的影响更加复杂和有趣，因此本文研究网络零售平台的参与对制造商合作广告策略的影响。在文中通过数学建模的方法比较制造商的四种不同策略：不合作策略、制造商仅与传统零售商合作的策略、制造商仅与网络零售平台合作的策略和制造商与两者均合作的策略，通过对不同策略中渠道成员的利润进行比较，可得以下结论：1）制造商的最佳策略为同时与传统零售商和网络零售平台合作；2）当两渠道的广告存在相互"搭便车"行为时，渠道成员之间最优策略一致；3）当网络、传统渠道的广告宣传为竞争关系时，渠道成员的最优策略不一致，但存在"相对"最优策略：传统零售商和网络零售平台同时与制造商合作，该策略下传统零售商、网络零售平台的利润可能会降低，但降低比例为最小。     

Joint Ordering and Pricing Strategies for Managing Substitutable Products

Starr and Rubinson (1978) develop a model to establish the relationship between product demand and relative prices. The notion of relative prices motivates us to consider a situation in which a retailer would either charge the same retail price for all products if he adopts a ‘fixed’ pricing strategy or charge different prices for different products if he adopts a ‘variable’ pricing strategy. In this paper, we develop a base model with deterministic demand that is intended to examine how a retailer should jointly determine the order quantity and the retail price of two substitutable products under the fixed and variable pricing strategies. Our analysis indicates that the optimal retail price under the variable pricing strategy is equal to the optimal retail price under the fixed pricing strategy plus or minus an adjustment term. This adjustment term depends on product substitutability and price sensitivity. We also present two different extensions of our base model. In the first extension, our analysis indicates that the underlying structure of the optimal retail price and order quantity is preserved when there is a limit on the total order quantity. The second extension deals with the issue of retail competition. Relative to the base case, we show that the underlying structure of the optimal retail price and order quantity is preserved in a duopolistic environment. Moreover, our analysis suggests that both retailers would adopt the variable pricing strategy at the equilibrium.     

Emerging trends in US retailing

This article examines the trends shaping the retail environment as we enter the next century. A modified delphi approach was used to access managerial perceptions of the changing retail landscape. Changes in consumer markets, price and branding strategy, store formats, retail institutions and applications of technology were derived from the analysis. From this, a series of managerial considerations are proposed to focus retail managers on developing new strategies to position themselves effectively in the new global marketplace.     

基于“搭便车”行为的双渠道供应链库存竞争和促销策略

本文建立了由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的双渠道供应链模型，研究了随机需求下"搭便车"行为和渠道间缺货替代行为对供应链库存竞争与促销决策的影响。结果表明：分散式决策下，网络渠道替代率越高，零售商的最优订购量越大，同样的零售渠道替代率越高，制造商会为网络渠道提供更多的库存；而"搭便车"行为对零售商与制造商订购量的影响则取决于渠道替代率的变化，但"搭便车"行为会降低零售商促销努力水平。数值分析发现：分散式决策下，零售商最优订购量随"搭便车"行为的增加而减少。然而制造商的最优库存量并非随着"搭便车"行为程度的增加而增加，不同的是制造商网络渠道最优库存量取决于市场需求对传统零售渠道促销努力水平的弹性系数，即制造商网络渠道最优库存量随"搭便车"行为的增加先增加后减少。通过比较发现在不同的"搭便车"行为程度、传统零售渠道替代率、网络渠道替代率下，集中式决策下供应链期望收益大于分散式决策下供应链期望总收益。     

Strategic reactions to the abolition of duty free:: Examples from the European airport sector

The abolition of duty free and tax free sales to intra-EU passengers on June 30 1999 curtailed the opportunity for airport authorities to generate retail related income. Prior to abolition, approximately 40 per cent of all duty free sales were between European Union countries. Since the abolition, airport authorities have had to identify alternative ways in which revenue could be generated.The paper is based upon interviews conducted with key decision-makers in the European airport industry. It details the strategies pursued by the industry prior to abolition and highlights the range of initiatives undertaken by the industry since July 1999. Finally a series of conclusions are drawn as to the future of the duty free industry within Europe.     

Japanese Retailing Through the 1990s: Retailer Performance in a Decade of Slow Growth

The development of Japanese retailing through the 1990s is used to illustrate the applicability of a Europe-based growth model in a recessionary market. Through the 1990s the Japanese economy suffered low growth and periods of recession, after strong growth through the 1980s. Retail sales in the 1990s increased only slightly whilst floor-space developments begun in the 1980s and the result of retailer expansion strategies generated increased retail capacity. Large retailers pursued strategies of opening more stores in order to generate sales, but this proved disastrous and resulted in lower productivity, high levels of debt, low levels of innovation and consequential need to restructure. General merchandise and department-store retailers were slow to see the need to restructure and innovate. In contrast, three groups of retailers obtained competitive advantages from the recession, namely retailers who responded quickly to emergent market segments, foreign retailers and e-retailers. The strategic responses to recession and the reasons behind these responses are illustrated and suggestions made on how the experiences of the 1990s will affect development in the early 2000s. Implications of the retailers' behaviour are indicated for retailer strategies, the restructuring of the sector and for research on strategy and structural change.     

两级再制造的S-M闭环供应链的决策与绩效分析

供应商是再制造战略研究中不可忽视的决策主体之一,因为制造商的产品回收再制造战略会对供应商的零部件供应决策产生影响,而且处于强势背景的供应商也有选择是否参与零部件的回收再制造的权利。为了探讨产品和零部件的两级再制造战略对供应商和零售商的定价决策及收益的影响,本文运用Stackelberg博弈,对供应商强势背景下供应商选择参与和选择不参与零部件的回收再制造的两种Supplier-Manufacturer闭环供应链模型进行了研究,并对两种情形下的定价决策与收益进行了对比分析。最后得出以下结论:再制造战略对批发价决策的影响与产品的市场需求状况有关,对零售价决策的影响与回收风险状况有关;供应商应积极参与两级再制造战略,因为供应商选择供应可再制造的零部件使自身受益,并且参与零部件的回收再制造可以在降低批发价和零售价的基础上使双方受益。最后,运用数值算例验证了本文的研究结论,丰富了再制造战略对定价决策及收益影响的研究成果。     

服务外包知识协作：双向性、关系性与互补性

随着知识密集型项目比重的逐步提升,知识协作问题已成为服务外包组织战略中最重要的部分。本文分析了服务外包知识协作的静态特性,划分了知识协作过程的主要阶段,并提出了一个概念模型。在此基础上,建立了一个两阶段动态博弈模型,通过分别针对发包企业与接包企业之间两种合作模式下的均衡分析,提出了三个重要的命题：首先,发包企业和接包企业在知识共享中存在双向激励;其次,基于良好关系的企业间合作型知识决策模式有利于组织收益最大化;最后,较高的知识互补性对知识共享水平有正向促进作用。     

Sustainable Supply Network Management

This article presents an overview of current practices in managing sustainability (social, ethical, environmental) issues in supply networks. It is based on an examination of eight economic sectors in Europe and North America, including utilities, transport, information and communication technology (ICT), retail, tourism and leisure, construction, chemicals and the public sector. It was found that for the vast majority of organisations, the incorporation of sustainability issues is a new area of activity and many have yet to begin managing them in their supply networks. Of those that are active, most have so far only focused on environmental issues. This is largely due to the presence of external environmental drivers, such as legislation, market pressure and media attention, and a lack of external pressures for social and ethical issues in most sectors. So far, tools and strategies have predominantly focused on the procurement process and the management of corporate risk. However, cutting edge organisations are exploring partnership approaches for sharing knowledge, solving shared problems and harnessing opportunities for competitive advantage.     

考虑商誉的双渠道供应链动态定价与联合减排策略

考虑由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的双渠道供应链，将产品商誉和减排量作为状态变量构建微分博弈模型。文章首先讨论了不同渠道结构下供应链成员的最优均衡策略，随后探讨了广告合作-减排成本分担契约对供应链协调性的影响，最后通过算例对模型进行了分析。研究发现，产品商誉轨迹随时间变化呈现多变性，而减排量轨迹则具有单调性。与单渠道相比，双渠道下零售商的广告努力和利润下降，而制造商的减排努力和利润增大，只有当传统渠道市场占有率较高且制造商竞争较小时，制造商单渠道的利润才高于双渠道，此时制造商将不会开设网络渠道。广告合作-减排成本分担契约可以实现制造商、零售商和整个供应链系统利润的帕累托改善，且消费者低碳偏好和品牌偏好越高，制造商和零售商越有动力达成合作。