组织网络隐性知识扩散及学习策略分析

知识主要以显性知识和隐性知识两种方式存在,隐性知识是组织获得竞争优势的主要源泉.隐性知识为组织个体所拥有,这种私有性的特征使其在组织内部的扩散需要通过组织个体之间的交互才能完成.组织网络连接强度对扩散具有影响,可利用具有边权重的组织网络研究隐性知识的扩散行为.在分析隐性知识和相关扩散特点的基础上,基于组织成员之间的关系网络和小世界网络模型,建立组织网络上的知识扩散模型.根据认识论的观点,提出个体3种知识学习策略,结合知识扩散模型进行计算仿真实验.仿真结果显示,综合考虑关系和知识差别的知识学习策略最有效,不考虑连接强度下的各种策略都具有较快的知识学习速率,并且连接强度对组织内隐性知识扩散具有明显的作用.     

企业隐性知识导航方法研究

在对企业隐性知识特性及其研究现状分析的基础上,提出了企业隐性知识导航方法。该方法包括2个方面内容:基于平衡计分卡的专家导航方法,充分考虑了专家之间的能力差别;基于多关系专家网络的专家导航路径查询方法和相关专家查询方法,充分考虑了专家之间的多重关系,该方法为管理者发现及考核专家提供了依据。在此基础上,利用社会网络分析工具Sociom etryP ro对专家网络进行评价,得到了专家个人特征结果,并指出了改善企业隐性知识共享的具体措施。     

关系信任对知识分享动机及分享行为的影响

有效地促进组织内的知识分享行为,使知识在组织中发挥其应有的作用,是现今关注的热点之一。本文通过文献分析与研究,利用调查问卷收集的数据,运用结构方程模型方法,对关系信任与知识分享外在动机和内在动机的关系,以及知识分享动机与知识分享行为的关系进行了研究,并对本文提出的研究假设和理论模型进行了检验。     

内外倾人格特质如何影响在线品牌社群中的知识分享行为——网络中心性与互惠规范的中介作用

在线品牌社群中不同成员的人格特质是如何影响其知识分享行为的?本文根据嵌入理论框架,从社会资本理论视角出发,研究了网络中心性和互惠规范在内外倾人格特质与知识分享行为之间的中介作用。实证研究结果表明:①外倾性人格特质会促进成员形成咨询网络中心性和情感网络中心性,而内倾性人格特质则不利于情感网络中心性的形成;②外倾性人格特质、情感网络中心性与互惠规范会直接影响知识分享行为,而内倾性人格特质与咨询网络中心性则不会;③情感网络中心性在外倾性人格特质与知识分享行为关系中起到部分中介作用;④互惠规范在咨询网络中心性和知识分享行为的关系中起到"桥梁"作用,在情感网络中心性和知识分享的关系中起到部分中介作用。研究结论从社会资本和社会网络视角丰富了在线品牌社群理论,同时也有助于管理者更好地激发社群当中的知识分享行为。     

多事业部企业内的知识转移过程及影响因素分析

事业部间的知识转移和分享,可以改进企业绩效并提升核心竞争力.本文研究了多事业部企业内的知识转移过程,得出了多事业部企业知识转移过程模型.分析了事业部间结成的知识网络,研究了网络配置和网络中事业部间的联系.分析了多事业部企业社会资本的结构维度、认知维度和关系维度,并分别从社会资本三个维度出发,提出了企业内部网络中知识转移的影响因素.     

高技术企业集群式创新机理实证研究

构建了高技术企业集群式创新的微观理论模型,利用长春软件产业集群142家软件企业的调研问卷验证理论模型及所提出的假设.研究结果表明隐性知识溢出、企业潜在吸收能力和实现吸收能力与企业创新绩效正相关;吸收能力调节知识溢出与企业创新绩效的关系;集群外部社会资本与显性知识溢出正相关;集群内部结构资本与隐性知识溢出和显性知识溢出正相关;集群内部关系资本与隐性知识溢出和显性知识溢出正相关;集群内部结构资本和关系资本与认知资本正相关;集群外部社会资本、集群内部结构资本和集群内部关系资本与企业潜在吸收能力正相关;集群内部认知资本与企业实现吸收能力正相关.     

基于信息构建的企业知识管理

随着20世纪末网络技术和信息技术的迅猛发展,智慧资本取代金融资本成为推动社会进步的最主要动力,知识管理已成为企业管理中的重要课题。知识特别是隐性知识对于组织越来越重要,它是企业创新的源泉,能够不断为企业带来竞争利益,知识的积累、分享与应用是企业发展的关键,知识管理与信息管理相互促进、共同发展。信息管理是实现有效的知识管理的基础和技术支持,为知识管理的研究提供新思路、新方法。知识管理是信息管理的发展和延伸,是对信息管理的变革和超越。知识管理为企业实现显性知识和隐性知识共享提供新的途径,利用集体的智慧提高企业的应变能力、竞争能力及创新能力。如何实现企业员工最大限度的经验交流和知识共享,如何将隐性知识挖掘出来为决策服务,实现有效的知识管理,已成为企业研究的一个重要课题。     

基于代理成本的企业隐性知识管理分析

企业知识管理中,最难的是对隐性知识的管理.本文首先分析了隐性知识管理存在代理成本的原因,其次探讨利润共享与知识主体的风险规避态度、努力程度及闲暇偏好等影响因素之间的关系,指出代理成本与隐性知识主体的努力程度呈反向关系,与闲暇偏好程度成正向关系.从而设计有效的知识管理激励机制提供理论依据,以加强隐性知识管理.     

基于多Agent的创新网络隐性知识转移过程建模与仿真

运用联结学习方式与语言调制机制的特性构建了真隐性知识和伪隐性知识的转移函数。通过将创新主体抽象成Agent,并基于多Agent的建模仿真方法构建了创新网络隐性知识转移模型,然后应用NetLogo对模型进行仿真。研究结果表明了知识转移对创新网络内创新主体知识水平增长的影响、知识转移与知识差异的相互关系以及真、伪2种隐性知识转移的不同效果,进而提出了几点推动创新网络隐性知识转移的管理建议。     

组织信任、雇佣关系与员工知识分享行为

整合组织信任理论和知识分享理论,基于雇佣关系视角,构建组织信任与知识分享的概念模型,并通过选取本土企业管理者及其直接下属的504个配对样本,运用层级回归分析对假设进行验证.研究结果表明,组织信任与知识分享、领导-部属交换显著正相关,与心理契约违背显著负相关;领导-部属交换与知识分享显著正相关,心理契约违背与知识分享显著负相关;心理契约违背对组织信任和知识分享之间的关系起部分中介作用,而领导-部属交换对组织信任和知识分享之间的关系起正向调节作用.这表明,在中国的文化背景下从组织信任视角促进员工的知识分享,要特别重视雇佣关系在其中的影响.     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.