网络环境下的消费者态度转变——基于在线口碑信息框架交互作用的实验研究

关于在线口碑的影响问题,以往研究者已从不同的角度给出不同的解释.但是,他们的研究结论并不一致且忽视两个问题:消费者接收在线口碑之前的初始态度会影响对信息的过滤;产品销量并不等价于消费者态度.本研究尝试从态度改变的角度研究在线口碑如何影响消费者决策这一问题,考虑初始态度和认知需求的调节作用,将产品属性作为实验控制变量,归纳不同类型消费者的有效在线口碑信息框架类型.最后,提出一个消费者分类及其信息传播策略矩阵,为企业销售方的信息传播管理提供参考.主要结论有:自我强化型应定期进行正面要点信息沟通;理性说服型可进行正面要点信息改变初始期望,同时控制负面信息的扩散;摇摆不定型可根据产品属性采用不同的信息表述方式;消极排斥型应选择减少投入.     

正面网络口碑对消费者绿色消费意向的影响机制研究

绿色消费是一种强调可持续发展的消费行为,促进绿色消费是消费领域的一场深刻变革。网络口碑(E-WOM)是一种强大的信息传播方式,是消费者做出决策前的重要参考依据。积极正面的网络口碑能够促进消费者产生绿色消费意向,进而激发和释放绿色消费需求。为探究正面网络口碑如何对消费者绿色消费意向产生影响,文章以计划行为理论为基础,构建了影响机制模型,通过问卷调查的方式收集数据,采用回归方法进行实证分析。研究结果表明：正面网络口碑对消费者绿色消费意向具有显著正向影响;正面网络口碑对消费者绿色消费态度、绿色消费主观规范、绿色消费知觉行为控制均具有正向影响作用;消费者绿色消费态度、绿色消费主观规范、绿色消费知觉行为控制在正面网络口碑与绿色消费意向二者关系中均起着中介作用。研究结论有助于企业合理管理网络口碑,发挥口碑营销优势,促进绿色产品营销。     

在线消费行为的感知风险研究

消费者在线购物的低参与度已经引起了国内外学者的广泛关注,感知风险理论的引入对于解释网上购买行为作出了有力的解释,但大部分学者在研究感知风险时更多的是从消费者行为学角度关注消费者所感受到的全部的感知风险,而忽略了在线交易这种方式的特殊性,在线交易只不过是传统的线下交易的一种有益的补充,消费者在线购物时不可避免地要将在线购物和线下购物相比较。因此本文着重从电子商务与线下交易方式的不同之处,分析消费者在选择在线交易所感知到的风险因素,力求更贴合实际地解释消费者在线购物参与度低的影响因素。     

矛盾消费者的态度更容易受外界影响吗——不同态度成份的变化差异性研究

已有的研究指出,消费者的态度是二元化矛盾的,但是关于矛盾消费者态度的改变存在争议,主流观点认为高矛盾消费者更容易被说服发生态度改变,但也有研究指出低矛盾消费者反而态度更容易被改变.本文认为,态度是由不同的维度构成,矛盾性程度不同的消费者在各维度上的表现存在差异,以往争议的原因是没有对此进行区分研究.通过两阶段的实验研究我们发现,高矛盾消费者的情感态度容易被改变,而认知态度和意动态度相对较为稳定,而低矛盾消费者态度变化趋势则相反,而且这种态度变化差异不受外界信息类型影响.此研究对于指导企业制定传播方案和应对矛盾消费都具有参考意义.     

表情符号多余吗?——表情符号对在线产品评论感知有用性的影响研究

本文探索了积极表情符号对在线产品评论感知有用性的影响。研究发现：(1)积极表情符号会提高评论的感知有用性;(2)感知温暖中介了积极表情符号对评论感知有用性的影响;(3)消费者的认知风格、产品类型与评论信息类型均调节了中介路径“表情符号→感知温暖→感知有用性”。在第三点中,研究发现对于视觉型认知风格的消费者中介路径显著,但对于言语型认知风格的消费者不显著;对于实用型产品中介路径显著,但对于享乐型产品不显著;对于客观事实型评论,中介路径在实用型产品的情境中显著,却在享乐型产品的情境中不显著,但对于主观评价型评论中介路径均不显著。这些研究结论对进一步厘清以往表情符号对消费者影响的矛盾结论,丰富表情符号营销、口碑等领域的研究,完善刻板印象内容模型与信息源可信度理论等具有重要的理论意义,而且对于企业与网络平台正确设计与引导消费者在口碑信息中使用表情符号以及企业从口碑信息中获取消费者对产品态度的准确信息具有重要的实践意义。     

B2C电子商务中基于D-S证据融合理论的推荐信任评价模型

B2C电子商务中成熟消费者推荐是增强新消费者信任的重要渠道.基于证据融合理论,提出一种B2C电子商务中的推荐信任评价模型,从消费者、商品、服务商及其网站、技术和人文环境等方面多视角地分析B2C电子商务中的在线感知信任影响因素,由在线感知信任影响因素建立成熟消费者的个体信任评价指标;对于一个新消费者,根据他熟悉的多个成熟消费者的个体信任评价,基于D-S证据融合理论,提出由多个成熟消费者的信任评价融合而成的推荐信任评价模型,将提出的推荐信任评价模型应用于实际B2C在线购物推荐信任评价.实验结果表明,该模型可以有效地描述新消费者的推荐信任评价过程.     

矛盾性追加评论对感知有用性的影响效应研究

 随着在线评论机制的完善，各大网络购物平台设置了追加评论的功能，消费者可在初次评论后一定时间段内针对同一产品再次评论。目前追加评论逐渐引起学者们的广泛关注，已有关于含追加的在线评论研究中，大多是针对含追加评论与未追加评论之间、含追加评论中一致性追加评论与矛盾性追加评论之间的感知有用性差异进行比较研究，较少研究分析矛盾性追加评论之间，即初次评论与追加评论情感方向不一致的情况下含追加评论的感知有用性差异。        将矛盾性追加评论分为初次评论为正、追加评论为负和初次评论为负、追加评论为正两种情况，基于归因理论和精细加工可能性模型的视角，探讨矛盾性追加评论对感知有用性差异的影响效应以及不同产品卷入度对矛盾性追加评论感知有用性差异的调节作用。实验均以大学生为样本，从天猫商城真实的评论环境中获取的在线追加评论作为实验数据，采用曼-惠特尼秩和检验和Wilcoxon符号秩检验两种非参数检验方法进行数据分析。        研究结果表明，①在矛盾性追加评论中，初次评论为正、追加评论为负的含追加评论感知有用性显著高于初次评论为负、追加评论为正的在线评论；②产品卷入度对矛盾性追加评论感知有用性差异具有调节作用，对于高卷入度产品而言，正-负追加组和负-正追加组感知有用性差异显著；对于低卷入度产品而言，这种差异不显著。        从理论上讲，研究结论进一步完善了含追加在线评论的研究框架，并引入了产品卷入度这一调节变量，解释了人们对矛盾性信息感知的差异。研究结论还具有一定的实践指导意义，由于消费者更加关注正-负追加组的在线评论，企业应采取措施降低负面追加评论对产品的影响。     

口碑传播对消费者态度的影响：一个理论模型

尽管大量有关口碑传播的文献论证了口碑的影响力，但很少有文献能够回答口碑通过什么途径发挥作用这一问题。本文认为口碑通过影响消费者的态度．进而影响实际的购买行为。为此，我们构建了一个理论模型，用以论证口碑对消费者态度的影响及其调节因素，指出了口碑信息对消费者态度的作用路径及方式。最后，讨论了这一理论模型对于企业营销实践的启示。     

参考组与时间压力影响下在线消费者对主动式推荐的心理抗拒及接受意愿分析

电子商务中的主动推荐会干扰消费者的在线购物进程,根据心理抗拒理论,不恰当的主动推荐会威胁消费者购物的感知自由,从而引起他们的心理抗拒反应,这影响了消费者对推荐的接受程度乃至整个电子商务网站的满意度。本文结合强迫性感受理论和操纵意图推断理论,通过情境实验分析了推荐信息的参考组以及消费者的感知时间压力对在线推荐中消费者心理抗拒反应及其接受主动式推荐意愿的影响。实证研究发现,参考组和时间压力显著影响消费者对于推荐的强迫性感受和操纵意图推断,进而影响消费者对推荐内容的接受程度。本文的研究成果有助于电子商务网站以恰当的方式提供主动式推荐服务,降低消费者的心理抗拒反应,最终取得改善消费者购物体验与提高电子商务业绩的双赢效果。     

网络商店的在线口碑传播:信任的中介及性别的调节作用

论文通过研究消费者关于网络商店商品价值和商业政策的感知对其信任及在线口碑传播的影响,并以信任-承诺理论为基础,探讨消费者的信任在感知价值、商业政策与在线口碑传播之间的中介作用。另外还探讨了不同性别消费者的信任对在线口碑传播影响的差异。实证研究结果表明,感知价值、商业政策有助于提升消费者对网络商店的信任,从而形成在线口碑传播,而信任在感知价值、商业政策与在线口碑之间起着完全中介作用。结果还显示性别对于信任与在线口碑传播之间关系的调节作用,男性消费者的信任对其在线口碑传播比女性具有更强的影响。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.