组织心理契约违背对管理者行为的影响

为了研究组织心理契约违背与管理者行为之间的关系,对512位组织管理者进行定量研究和结构方差验证,结论如下:1.组织对管理者的心理契约由三维结构构成,分别是交易型心理契约、关系型心理契约和管理型心理契约,其中管理型心理契约是组织与一般员工之间所不具备的心理契约形式,体现了组织与管理者之间的一种特异关系;2.组织的管理型心理契约违背导致管理者退出和忽略行为增加,组织忠诚和呼吁行为减少;组织的交易型心理契约违背导致管理者退出行为增加和呼吁行为减少;组织的关系型心理契约违背导致管理者忽略行为减少.3.管理型心理契约和交易型心理契约是管理者更加关注的两种心理契约形式,而对关系型心理契约的关注则相对较少.     

组织行为对管理者感知心理契约违背的影响

本研究运用512个中国管理者样本检验了组织沟通、组织公正和人力资源管理行为对管理者感知心理契约违背的影响。研究发现组织沟通对管理者感知心理契约违背不存在显著影响；直接上司沟通对管理者感知管理型心理契约违背存在负向影响。对关系型心理契约违背存在正向影响；程序公正对管理者感知管理型心理契约违背有负向影响,对管理型和交易型心理契约违背有正向影响；人际公正对管理者感知管理型和关系型心理契约违背有负向影响；人力资源管理实践对管理者感知心理契约违背有负向影响。     

心理契约破裂与破坏性建言行为：自我损耗的视角

 建言是组织内成员对组织存在问题的一种表达。尽管在组织中不乏破坏性建言的现象出现，在理论上也有学者对这一行为进行探讨，但已有研究主要围绕建设性建言行为展开，忽视了对员工破坏性建言行为的研究。区别于以往积极的建设性建言行为，破坏性建言行为会给组织和员工自身带来消极影响。作为一种非理性行为，组织未能履行对员工的承诺或者责任可能是影响员工破坏性建言行为的重要因素。        基于自我控制的资源模型，以自我损耗为中介变量，以内部人身份感知为调节变量，检验心理契约破裂对员工破坏性建言行为的作用机制和边界条件。以湖北、河南、广东和山东的20多家企业80个部门的207名员工及其领导的配对数据为样本，采用SPSS 17.0、AMOS 17.0和HLM 6进行统计检验。        研究结果表明，①心理契约破裂会导致员工的破坏性建言行为。②自我损耗在心理契约破裂与破坏性建言行为之间起中介作用。③内部人身份感知对心理契约破裂与破坏性建言行为之间的关系具有负向调节作用，对于低内部人身份感知的员工，心理契约破裂与员工破坏性建言行为之间的正相关更强；对于高内部人身份感知的员工，两者之间的相关关系不显著。        通过实证研究厘清了心理契约破裂与破坏性建言行为之间的关系，验证了自我损耗在这一过程中的中介作用。不仅证实心理契约破裂会造成员工自我损耗状态并引发员工的失控行为，更丰富了已有单一视角下对心理契约破裂作用效果的研究。而在内部人身份感知的调节下，团队内成员的身份会弱化两者之间的正相关关系。创建和谐的员工组织关系不仅需要构建积极的氛围，还要警惕可能出现的消极影响。通过从源头上防止心理契约破裂的发生、加强组织与员工之间信息的沟通以及营造积极的“家”的氛围、提升员工的内部人身份感知等多种手段，阻止破坏性建言行为的产生。     

高绩效工作系统、员工需求与反生产行为关系研究

为明确高绩效工作系统对反生产行为的作用机制,基于劳动关系理论构建一个有调节的中介模型,通过对237份问卷进行层次回归分析,结果发现:高绩效工作系统对员工的反生产行为有显著负向影响;员工需求在高绩效工作系统与组织指向的反生产行为之间起部分中介作用;员工需求在高绩效工作系统与人际指向的反生产行为之间起完全中介作用;心理契约破裂负向调节员工需求与反生产行为的关系,并在整个模型中起调节作用。     

个性化契约对核心员工建设性偏差行为的影响机制研究北大核心CSSCI

基于社会认同理论,通过对422名核心员工的纵向问卷调查,从员工与组织关系的视角,探讨个性化契约通过组织认同对核心员工建设性偏差行为的影响过程,以及同事获得个性化契约的机会在其中的调节作用。研究结果表明:个性化契约对核心员工建设性偏差行为有显著的正向影响;组织认同在个性化契约与核心员工建设性偏差行为之间具有部分中介作用;同事获得个性化契约的机会在个性化契约与核心员工组织认同之间具有负向的调节作用;同事获得个性化契约的机会调节了个性化契约通过组织认同对核心员工建设性偏差行为影响的中介过程,从而表现出有中介的调节作用。     

情绪失调与组织不信任对酒店员工离职倾向的影响实证研究——以心理契约破裂为中介效应

针对酒店员工离职率较高的问题展开研究,以情绪失调与组织不信任作为前因变量,以心理契约破裂作为中介变量,探究员工产生离职倾向的原因。通过对以往文献的梳理和理论推导,构建研究框架。通过对175名酒店员工的调查发现:员工情绪失调会导致其产生离职倾向;组织不信任不会直接导致员工产生离职倾向;员工情绪失调与组织不信任都与心理契约破裂正相关;心理契约破裂在组织不信任与离职倾向的关系中起到完全中介作用、在情绪失调与离职倾向的关系中起到部分中介作用。根据研究结果,为酒店管理者提出员工管理建议。     

领导排斥对员工创新绩效的影响：反馈寻求行为和神经质的作用

作为职场冷暴力的一种,领导排斥普遍存在于各类组织中,造成的负面影响十分显著。研究运用领导—成员交换理论和社会学习理论,采用分层回归法探究领导排斥对员工创新绩效的影响,并考察反馈寻求行为的中介效应和神经质的调节效应。369份两阶段追踪问卷数据表明:领导排斥显著负向预测员工创新绩效,员工反馈寻求行为在领导排斥与员工创新绩效之间起中介作用,神经质负向调节领导排斥与反馈寻求行为之间的关系,也负向调节反馈寻求行为在领导排斥与员工创新绩效关系间的中介作用。基于此,应加强对领导的监督管理与组织的文化建设,建立规范化员工反馈机制,并对高神经质员工及时进行心理辅导,进一步提高员工创新绩效。     

基本心理需要满足视角下顾客欺凌行为对导游服务破坏行为的影响研究

通过115份专职导游的问卷调查,采用阶层回归分析模型研究顾客欺凌行为对导游服务破坏行为的影响机制,并探讨感知组织支持在顾客欺凌行为与导游基本心理需要满足之间的边界作用。研究发现：顾客欺凌行为显著正向影响导游服务破坏行为;基本心理需要满足在顾客欺凌行为与导游服务破坏行为之间起到了部分中介作用;感知组织支持可以有效缓解顾客欺凌行为对导游基本心理需要满足的负向影响,并且调节基本心理需要满足在顾客欺凌行为与导游服务破坏行为之间的中介作用。     

组织心理契约违背对管理者行为的影响：满意度为中介变量

对512位组织管理者进行问卷调查,运用结构方程建模进行数据验证发现：组织心理契约违背存在交易型、关系型和管理型心理契约违背三种形式。管理者的组织满意度对组织心理契约违背与管理者EVLN行为之间的关系起到中介作用。组织交易型心理契约违背完全通过管理者组织满意度的降低导致管理者退出行为的增加,呼吁行为、忽略行为和组织忠诚的降低;组织管理型心理契约违背既直接导致管理者退出和忽略行为的增加、组织忠诚和呼吁行为的降低,又通过管理者组织满意度的降低产生间接作用;组织关系型心理契约违背不对管理者的EVLN行为产生显著影响。     

国内外心理契约研究的新进展

从5个方面对国内外心理契约研究的最新进展进行了综述:心理契约概念的提出及其发展、心理契约的内容和结构、心理契约与相关概念的边界、心理契约的形成和载体、心理契约违背及其后果.最后文章认为目前国内外心理契约研究在管理者与组织之间心理契约的研究、契约化过程的系统研究、与契约经济学的相互借鉴、心理契约的履行对雇员的积极效果的机制研究、中国组织心理契约的本土化研究方面还存在空白或不足.     

Comments on globalization, interdisciplinary research, myopia and parochialism, government, convergence, and culture

Globalization presents social scientists with a wide variety of issues and challenges that cut across disciplinary boundaries. Disciplinary boundaries encourage specialization and advances in understanding aspects of social behavior, but specialization also creates barriers to more comprehensive understanding of social behavior such as globalization. Successful interdisciplinary efforts entail gains from trade across disciplinary specializations. The papers in this volume help outline an agenda for interdisciplinary investigation of globalization to knock down disciplinary boundaries and encourage gains from trade that further our understanding of globalization. But much work remains before we see real fruits from such efforts.     

Complexity,simplicity, simplexity

“In the midst of order, there is chaos; but in the midst of chaos, there is order”, John Gribbin wrote in his book Deep Simplicity (p. 76). In this dialectical spirit, we discuss the generative tension between complexity and simplicity in the theory and practice of management and organization. Complexity theory suggests that the relationship between complex environments and complex organizations advanced by the well-known Ashby’s law, may be reconsidered: only simple organization provides enough space for individual agency to match environmental turbulence in the form of complex organizational responses. We suggest that complex organizing may be paradoxically facilitated by a simple infrastructure, and that the theory of organizations may be viewed as resulting from the dialectical interplay between simplicity and complexity.     

GMM,GEL, Serial Correlation,and Asymptotic Bias

For stationary time series models with serial correlation, we consider generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators that use heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent (HAC) positive definite weight matrices and generalized empirical likelihood (GEL) estimators based on smoothed moment conditions. Following the analysis of Newey and Smith (2004) for independent observations, we derive second order asymptotic biases of these estimators. The inspection of bias expressions reveals that the use of smoothed GEL, in contrast to GMM, removes the bias component associated with the correlation between the moment function and its derivative, while the bias component associated with third moments depends on the employed kernel function. We also analyze the case of no serial correlation, and find that the seemingly unnecessary smoothing and HAC estimation can reduce the bias for some of the estimators.     

Trust, confidence, procedural fairness, outcome fairness, moral conviction, and the acceptance of GM field experiments

In 2005, Swiss citizens endorsed a moratorium on gene technology, resulting in the prohibition of the commercial cultivation of genetically modified crops and the growth of genetically modified animals until 2013. However, scientific research was not affected by this moratorium, and in 2008, GMO field experiments were conducted that allowed us to examine the factors that influence their acceptance by the public. In this study, trust and confidence items were analyzed using principal component analysis. The analysis revealed the following three factors: "economy/health and environment" (value similarity based trust), "trust and honesty of industry and scientists" (value similarity based trust), and "competence" (confidence). The results of a regression analysis showed that all the three factors significantly influenced the acceptance of GM field experiments. Furthermore, risk communication scholars have suggested that fairness also plays an important role in the acceptance of environmental hazards. We, therefore, included measures for outcome fairness and procedural fairness in our model. However, the impact of fairness may be moderated by moral conviction. That is, fairness may be significant for people for whom GMO is not an important issue, but not for people for whom GMO is an important issue. The regression analysis showed that, in addition to the trust and confidence factors, moral conviction, outcome fairness, and procedural fairness were significant predictors. The results suggest that the influence of procedural fairness is even stronger for persons having high moral convictions compared with persons having low moral convictions.     

Bacon, Boole, the EPA, and Scientific Standards

The scientific standards of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) include the use of retrospective meta-analysis. This analysis entails a use of the theory of probability that is only a simulation and cannot accurately measure the confidence that should be placed in the results. The uncertainty necessary for probability is, in a retrospective study, simulated rather than real. There are three logical forms for establishing a proposition. In the logic of the syllogism, a proposition is established by deduction from assumed propositions. In the logic of the physical sciences, a proposition is established by its ability to predict the outcomes of future experiments. In the logic of the courtroom, a proposition is established by its ability to explain past events. The logic of the courtroom operates under the handicap of working with nonrepeatable events. It is more subject to the preferences of the judge than the logic of the physical sciences or that of the syllogism. Because the logic of the courtroom is less reliable than either the logic of the physical sciences or that of the syllogism, it is the logic of last resort, i.e., it is used only when the other two are not applicable. Under the EPA scientific standards, the logic of the courtroom is accepted for establishing propositions about the physical world. As the logic of the courtroom is less reliable than that of the physical sciences, this practice increases the likelihood of errors.     

Trust,Emotion, Sex,Politics, and Science: Surveying the Risk-Assessment Battlefield

Risk management has become increasingly politicized and contentious. Polarized views, controversy, and conflict have become pervasive. Research has begun to provide a new perspective on this problem by demonstrating the complexity of the concept risk and the inadequacies of the traditional view of risk assessment as a purely scientific enterprise. This paper argues that danger is real, but risk is socially constructed. Risk assessment is inherently subjective and represents a blending of science and judgment with important psychological, social, cultural, and political factors. In addition, our social and democratic institutions, remarkable as they are in many respects, breed distrust in the risk arena. Whoever controls the definition of risk controls the rational solution to the problem at hand. If risk is defined one way, then one option will rise to the top as the most cost-effective or the safest or the best. If it is defined another way, perhaps incorporating qualitative characteristics and other contextual factors, one will likely get a different ordering of action solutions. Defining risk is thus an exercise in power. Scientific literacy and public education are important, but they are not central to risk controversies. The public is not irrational. Their judgments about risk are influenced by emotion and affect in a way that is both simple and sophisticated. The same holds true for scientists. Public views are also influenced by worldviews, ideologies, and values; so are scientists' views, particularly when they are working at the limits of their expertise. The limitations of risk science, the importance and difficulty of maintaining trust, and the complex, sociopolitical nature of risk point to the need for a new approach—one that focuses upon introducing more public participation into both risk assessment and risk decision making in order to make the decision process more democratic, improve the relevance and quality of technical analysis, and increase the legitimacy and public acceptance of the resulting decisions.     

Flexibility, Hierarchy, Markets

The conclusion that organizations need to become more strategically flexible as a response to increasing environmental dynamism and uncertainty has been an important feature of recent contingency theories of organization design. In this literature organizations have been analysed from the perspective of the development of networks of organizations concentrating on their core competencies and contracting among themselves on a stable long-term basis. This model of inter-firm relationships provides an alternative mode of organizational structuring to that arising from vertical integration, which, by contrast, is seen as fostering strategic inflexibility. In the literature on corporate restructuring and changes in ownership form arising from the markets and hierarchies perspective, we see a similar emphasis on the dysfunctional consequences of large-scale bureaucratic organization. Changes in ownership form are seen as a major means of providing more effective managerial control. In this paper we argue that linking the literature on flexibility emanating from contingency theories of organizational design and the markets and hierarchies perspective provides important new insights into current and emerging forms of organization.     

Technology,Geography, and Trade

We develop a Ricardian trade model that incorporates realistic geographic features into general equilibrium. It delivers simple structural equations for bilateral trade with parameters relating to absolute advantage, to comparative advantage (promoting trade), and to geographic barriers (resisting it). We estimate the parameters with data on bilateral trade in manufactures, prices, and geography from 19 OECD countries in 1990. We use the model to explore various issues such as the gains from trade, the role of trade in spreading the benefits of new technology, and the effects of tariff reduction.