养儿防老观念和农村青年生育意愿——基于CGSS(2013)的经验证据

采用CGSS(2013)数据,本文实证结果主要得到以下结论:1.养儿防老观念增加了农村青年意愿生育数量并增加了对男孩的偏好;2.低收入和低教育程度的农村青年养儿防老观念对生育意愿的影响更大;3.收入增长、教育提升和社会保障完善对养儿防老观念产生显著负向影响.本研究认为养儿防老动机当前仍然是农村居民多生多育和性别偏好的重要原因,而随着收入增长、教育提升和社会保障的完善等经济社会的发展,养儿防老观念的弱化可能会对农村居民生育意愿产生持续而深远的影响,公共决策部门应持续加强农村地区养老保障体系的建设以应对未来农村地区可能出现的少子化带来的养老难题.     

农村居民养老意愿的影响因素分析——基于武汉市江夏区的实证研究

农村居民养老意愿是影响在农村推行何种养老政策的重要因素。本文以抽样调查的数据为基础。利用回归模型中的无序多属性反应变量的Logit模型（MNL）对武汉市江夏区农村居民养老意愿的影响因素进行了分析。研究发现，性别、年龄等个人特征与家庭子女数、家庭规模、家庭年净收入等家庭特征对农村居民的养老意愿的影响显著，而文化程度和婚姻状况等个人特征虽然在样本中影响较大，但在总体中对养老模式选择并无显著影响。     

村落视野下的农民机构养老意愿研究——基于鄂、川、赣三省抽样调查的实证分析

本文基于对鄂、川、赣三省34个村庄农民的问卷调查数据,运用定序Logistic回归模型,分析了村庄因素尤其是宗族对于农村居民入住养老机构意愿的影响。研究发现:虽然现阶段机构养老成为了部分农村居民的养老选择,但总体来看,多数农民入住养老机构的意愿较低。村庄的宗族结构和功能在一定程度上影响农村居民入住养老机构的意愿。有非正式宗族网络的农村居民比没有宗族网络的农村居民入住养老机构的意愿低,有正式宗族组织的农村居民入住意愿最低。宗族在公共服务中的功能越强,农村居民入住养老机构的意愿越低。同时,家庭在村庄中的经济社会地位处于非下层的农村居民比处于下层的农村居民入住意愿更低。     

城市农民工社会保障与市民化意愿

在考察城市农民工社会保障状况的基础上,利用2011年全国流动人口抽样调查数据和二元逻辑斯蒂回归模型,定量分析我国城市农民工社会保障对其市民化意愿的影响。研究发现,就业保障、社会保险、住房保障及教育保障等社会保障状况对城市农民工市民化意愿具有显著正向影响,其中尤以养老保险和子女教育等社会保障状况的影响更显著。城市农民工的年龄、婚姻状况、受教育水平等个人属性特征与迁入地发展水平、城乡收入差距等其他社会经济要素对其市民化意愿也有明显影响,年龄越大、在婚、受教育水平越高的农民工市民化意愿越强烈;迁入越发达地区的农民工市民化意愿越大;城乡收入差距越大,农民工市民化意愿越大。要实施新型城镇化规划,推进农民工市民化进程,首先要努力提高其社会保障水平,特别要改善和提高农民工养老保险和子女教育的状况和水平;同时要缩小城乡收入差距,把新型城镇化规划中的实现"1亿农民工市民化"重点放在东部地区。     

家庭资本对农村中青年居民养老策略的影响

借鉴可持续生计框架，采用多项logit模型，分析计划生育政策背景下农村中青年居民的家庭资本对其养老策略的影响。研究结果发现，家庭资本对农村居民的养老策略具有显著影响。子女数越少和家庭储蓄越多，农村中青年居民越倾向于选择依靠自己的储蓄来养老；反之，越倾向于选择依靠子女的资助或农村社会养老保险。而家庭资本对子女的资助和农村社会养老保险之间的策略选择并无显著影响。     

第一代农村独生子女父母养老意愿实证分析——兼论农村养老保险的效用

通过对江苏和四川两省810户农村居民入户问卷调查数据分析,重点考察第一代农村独生子女父母与同时代非独生子女父母在养老意愿上的差异。是否参加农村养老保险是影响农村独生子女父母养老意愿的一个重要因素。所有参加养老保险的两类父母,在养老意愿三个维度上不存在显著性差异。而对于未参加养老保险的群体而言,两类父母在养老经济打算、养老担心度上均表现出显著性差异。从农村社会养老保险政策和养老观念转变两个方面,进一步探讨第一代农村独生子女父母如何应对养老。     

养老服务购买者的甄别与归因分解

养老服务发展依赖于准确识别并定准中国老年人的真实养老服务需求。文章基于2016年中国老年社会追踪调查数据及Hotelling检验发现,老年人对养老服务的购买愿意总体较低,且存在组间差异和消费分群。泊松回归模型估计结果显示,年龄对养老服务购买意愿有显著负向影响;受教育程度能提升购买意愿,促进作用随教育程度提升先增强后减弱;收入的影响则呈倒U形;“中产”职业身份、社会保障收入更高者具有更强的购买意愿。使用有限混合模型甄别出购买者和非购买者,分别占9.9%和90.1%。女性、收入相对更高、城镇户籍、小学或大专及以上受教育程度、退休前为普通职工等特征的老年人有望从“需要者”转为“购买者”。文章最后提出相关政策建议。     

生育转变的民族差异及其影响因素研究——来自汉族和蒙古族的比较

本文采用在2013~2014年寒假期间对内蒙古赤峰市、通辽市、锡林郭勒盟、包头市、阿拉善盟、鄂尔多斯市、兴安盟等地区的调研数据,通过一般回归方法和有序Logit Model进行实证研究。研究发现:年龄、总收入、家庭人均收入、蒙语书写能力、是否独生子女、父母文化程度、自己文化程度、住房面积、照顾老人的数量等因素对蒙古族居民的初育年龄意愿、生育理想数和生育孩子性别意愿起到影响作用,影响作用显著;年龄和家庭人均收入等因素显著影响汉族居民的初育年龄意愿、生育理想数和生育孩子性别意愿。总体来看,教育程度及经济因素越来越明显地影响蒙古族居民的生育意愿,家庭养老和本民族文化特征也在一定程度上影响到蒙古族居民的生育意愿。     

中国老年人口的养老意愿及其城乡差异——基于中国老年社会追踪调查数据的分析

老年人的养老意愿是建立养老服务体系必须考虑的重要方面.文章根据中国人民大学2014年"中国老年社会追踪调查"数据,分析我国老年人的养老意愿及其影响因素.采用多分类Logit回归模型比较城市和农村老年人的居住意愿.分析发现城市老年人的居住意愿受个体、家庭、社区三类因素的共同影响,呈现多元化特点,而对农村老年人居住意愿有显著影响的因素则基本集中于家庭因素.结果表明城市老年人更趋向于独立居住或入住养老机构,而农村老年人对社会养老服务的需求更取决于家庭成员的态度和支持程度.     

女性二胎生育意愿的影响因素研究——基于就业性质和养老观念的视角

在人口政策改革背景下,育龄女性的二胎生育意愿是决定政策目标能否有效执行的重要因素.本文基于新制度理论框架,从正式制度和非正式制度两个维度,实证检验就业性质和养老观念对育龄女性二胎生育意愿的影响.结果表明:就业性质对女性二胎生育意愿的影响存在显著的群体差异,对于较年轻的“无子女”女性或“90”后女性,体制内就业对二胎生育意愿的影响表现为抑制作用,而对于年龄相对较大的“有孩”女性或“80”后女性,体制内就业的影响显著为正,呈现出体制庇护作用;持有“子女养老”观念的女性二胎生育意愿显著高于持有其他养老观念的女性,但是养老观念的影响会随着代际交替而逐渐减弱.     

"Mummies and babies" and friends and lovers in Lesotho

This paper examines an institutionalized friendship among adolescent girls and young women in southern Africa. Lesotho's economy is based on migrant male labor which leaves the women dependent on male earnings or subsistence from the land, and also creates unstable marital relations. Young girls in the modern schools develop close relationships, called "mummy-baby," with slightly older girls. Sexual intimacy is an important aspect of these relationships. Mummy-baby relationships not only provide emotional support prior to marriage, but also a network of support for married and unmarried women in new towns or schools, either replacing or accompanying heterosexual bonds.     

Understanding and Using Mediators and Moderators

Mediation and moderation are two theories for refining and understanding a causal relationship. Empirical investigation of mediators and moderators requires an integrated research design rather than the data analyses driven approach often seen in the literature. This paper described the conceptual foundation, research design, data analysis, as well as inferences involved in a mediation and/or moderation investigation in both experimental and non-experimental (i.e., correlational) contexts. The essential distinctions between the investigation of mediators and moderators were summarized and juxtaposed in an example of a causal relationship between test difficulty and test anxiety. In addition, the more elaborate models, moderated mediation and mediated moderation, the use of structural equation models, and the problems with model misspecification were discussed conceptually.

Beliefs and values and the sterilization decision

A decision-making framework based on the models of personal decision making developed by psychologists and economists and a methodology based on axiomatic conjoint measurement are used to explore individuals' beliefs and values regarding contraceptive sterilization. Particular emphasis is given to demonstrating a. that there exist individual differences in beliefs and values, b. that there exist differences in beliefs and values between persons who choose sterilization—either tubal ligation or vasectomy—and persons who choose non-sterilization contraceptive methods when no more children are wanted, and c. that the effect of beliefs and values on the sterilization decision is an interactive one. The methodology used is compared to that typically used in studying fertility- and health-related behaviors.This research was supported by grants HD-10802 and HD-14403 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The technical assistance of Doreen Victor and the editorial suggestions of Sarah Gaskill, Alice Healy, and two anonymous reviewers are greatly appreciated. This paper is Publication No. 253 of the Center for Research on Judgment and Policy, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0344. Requests for reprints should be sent to the Publications Librarian at the Center.     

Complementary and alternative medicine: Interaction and communication between midwives and women

BackgroundMany pregnant women use complementary and alternative medicine. Although midwives are often supportive, how they communicate with women about the safe use of these therapies has received limited research attention.AimThe aim of this study was to explore how midwives interact with women regarding use of complementary and alternative medicine during pregnancy.MethodsWe utilised grounded theory methodology to collect and analyse data. Twenty-five midwives who worked in metropolitan hospitals situated in Melbourne, Australia, participated in the study. Data were collected from semi structured interviews and non-participant observations, over an 18-month period.FindingsHow midwives communicate about complementary and alternative medicine is closely associated with the meaning they construct around the woman's role in decisionmaking. Most aim to work in a manner consistent with the midwifery partnership model and share the responsibility for decisions regarding complementary and alternative medicine. However, although various therapies were commonly discussed, usually the pregnant woman initiated the dialogue. A number of contextual conditions such as the biomedical discourse, lack of knowledge, language barriers and workplace constraints, limited communication in some situations.ConclusionMidwives often interact with women interested in using CAM. Most value the woman's autonomy and aim to work in partnership. However, various contextual conditions restrain overt CAM communication in clinical practice.     

Injecting and Rejecting,Framing and Failing

This paper seeks to examine how female subjectivities are privileged by Canadian human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination discourse and, in turn, how homosexual male subjectivities are displaced. Employing a Critical Discourse Analysis approach, I analyze selected HPV vaccination (HPVV) promotional materials, and depict the discursive strategies which privilege and exclude gendered subjectivities. My critical analysis is influenced by feminist linguistic works that seek to uncover the discursive constructions around sexuality, gender and identity, and the discursive strategies used to communicate ideas about sexual health risks and responsible citizenship. In addition, I adopt feminist theories of knowledge and power to rethink the discursive representations of some bodies and subjectivities as normal, and Others as unintelligible within HPVV discourse in today's neoliberal time.     

The relationships between population and economy, and between population and education]

The relationship between population and economy is regarded seriously by China and other countries. This problem can be analyzed and studied under 2 aspects: 1) the influence of economic development on changes in population, and 2) the influence of population increases on economic development. Under the 1st aspect, improved living conditions, hygiene, and health care generally result in lowered mortality rates. Improved economic conditions in China also increased the birthrate and at the same time increased birth control among the people; the increased birthrate was due to more marriages after liberation. In economically advanced countries, due to high expenses in raising children, people tend to limit family sizes to 2 children/family. Under the 2nd aspect, population increases place strains on the food supply and nutritional requirements, especially when increases are too rapid. They also demand more educational resources and influence quality of education. As there are currently 210 million students in China, the quality of education suffers, particularly at the college level, since most of Chinese manpower, physical and financial resources are spent on primary and secondary education. In terms of housing, transportation, health care, and natural resources, they are all intimately related to and influenced by increases in population. Consequently, the living standard would be difficult to raise if population increases are too rapid. Since 1971, population increases have been incorporated into 5-yearly and later yearly national economic plans in China. The large Chinese population is a major obstacle in raising the Chinese economic level, hence a well-planned population control program is essential.     

Family Instability and College Enrollment and Completion

This research uses data from waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health, N = 9,631) to consider whether and how family instability in early or later childhood affects college enrollment and completion of a Bachelor’s degree by age 24. Explanatory factors include maternal selection into unstable unions, household resources available in adolescence, and adolescents’ academic achievement, behavior, and attitudes in high school. The association of later family instability with college enrollment and completion is largely explained by household resources in adolescence. The association of early family instability with college enrollment is partially explained by each set of factors, and its association with college completion, given enrollment, is explained by pre-existing maternal characteristics. The results demonstrate that early family instability has enduring consequences for eventual status attainment and that the mechanisms that connect family instability to educational outcomes vary by the timing of family structure change.     

山东省人口发展与工业化城镇化的互动及其协调发展

改革开放至今,山东省的人口发展与工业化城镇化发展相互促进,共同推动了人口再生产方式的转变和工业化城镇化进程,进入了健康、合理、良性互动的发展时期。但是,人口规模持续膨胀、城镇化发展水平滞后、城镇体系结构不合理、人口分布与城镇分布矛盾等问题依然制约人口与工业化城镇化的协调发展。促进人口数量、素质、结构、分布协调发展,走新型工业化和新型城镇化道路,实现人口与工业化城镇化协调发展,是山东省不懈的追求。