珠江三角洲农村职业群体在利益分化中的心态与行为倾向调查

十一届三中全会以来,随着家庭联产承包责任制的推行和乡镇企业的崛起,农民队伍发生了较大的分化。总的来看,分化循着两个方向同时进行:一是结构性的水平分化或职业分化,农民群体已从过去单一内涵的种养业劳动者分化为企业工人、个体工商劳动者、乡镇企业管理者等不同职业群体;二是地位性的垂直分化或利益分化。随着农民队伍分化为不同的职业群体,各群体在经济收入、职业地位、社会声望、政治地位、福利待遇、生活条件、文化参与机会等方面逐渐出现差异,正在形成具有不同特点和要求的各种利益阶层。人们对利益分化结果产生的心理反应和行为选择不仅影响到农村的社会分化和社会稳定,而且也成为评价现阶段农村经济与社会协调发展水平的重要依据之一。     

走出私人领域——从农村妇女在家庭工厂中的作用看妇女地位

一、家庭工厂———参与工业化的途径农村妇女的地位一直是社会学和妇女学关注和研究的问题。一般是指以农村社会及家庭中的男性为参照系 ,来考察妇女在社会 (社区 )和家庭中所处的位置、这种位置的变化趋向及新的变化因素。具体来说 ,可以分为妇女在家庭中的地位和在农村社区中的地位 ,而从内容上则可以分为经济地位、政治地位、文化地位 (声望 )等。本文将从家庭经济角度切入 ,考察工业化背景下农村妇女在家庭及社区中地位的变迁过程。改革开放以后农村的一个重大变化是工业化的开展 ,关于工业化与妇女的关系 ,一般认为 ,资本主义的早期工…     

家庭背景如何影响儿童学业成就?——义务教育阶段家庭社会经济地位影响差异分析

对于家庭背景与儿童学业成就间的关系,既有研究大多着眼于家庭背景对最终教育获得的影响,但教育获得是一个连续过程,对受教育过程缺少分析,就难以理解家庭背景影响儿童受教育机会的过程性机制。本文通过分析中国家庭追踪调查基线数据(CFPS2010),探讨了家庭背景影响儿童学业成就的路径和机制。本文分析结果表明:(1)家庭通过其社会经济资源为儿童提供有差异的教育机会,进而影响儿童的学业表现;(2)家庭通过家长的教育参与和行为支持,培养儿童的学习态度和学习习惯,从而对其学业成就产生影响。进一步的探讨还发现,家庭背景对儿童学业成就的影响路径和机制具有显著的城乡差别,家庭社会经济地位对城市学生成绩的影响大于对农村学生的影响;相比城市学生而言,农村学生的学业成就更多地依赖于自身的学习行为。本文的研究发现对如何缩小儿童学业成就的阶层差异以及促进教育公平提供了依据。     

如何助子成龙?——家庭教养方式对优质高等教育获得的作用

选择什么样的家庭教养方式才能“助子成龙”?对这一问题的学术讨论可分为文化再生产与文化流动两种不同理论视角。本研究利用2017年中国大学生社会心态调查数据，在实证层面分析了家庭教养方式对子女获得优质高等教育的影响。研究结果显示：家庭教养方式既作为家庭社会经济地位的中间机制对子女获得优质高等教育发挥作用，同时也对子女获得优质高等教育具有独立的影响力；对比各种家庭教养方式，宽容型家庭教养方式更有助于子女进入精英高校。     

精英农民政治参与存在的问题及对策分析

公民政治参与的广度与深度是衡量一个国家政治与民主发展水平的重要标志。始于上世纪80年代后期的村民自治运动,拉开了中国农民以独立的政治个体进入中国农村基层民主政治生活的序幕,从此,中国政治民主化率先在农村迈出了第一步。在这一进程中,中国农民内部一支最具能动作用的阶层——精英农民崛起。经过村民自治选举的训练,他们迅速成长为农村民主政治选举中一支强劲的政治整合力量。在政治参与活动中,出现了参与动机指向、参与意识非理性化等问题。文章通过对问题的分析,找出对策,以使精英农民政治参与质量得到提高。     

中国的户籍制度与代际职业流动

本文通过分析1996年"当代中国生活史和社会变迁"的全国性抽样调查数据,研究当代中国家庭背景对职业流动的作用,并对城乡间的制度分割给予特别的关注。研究发现,农民的代际流动率相当高,城市中的社会流动也具有相当的"开放"性。本文认为这种模式是由中国独特的户籍制度造成的。这一制度使得农村中从事非农职业、没有改变户口性质的农民子女还要继续务农;只允许农村中受过很高教育的人获得城市户口。这种状况使以往仅限于城市人口的社会流动研究产生严重的样本选择性偏误。本文的分析对理解社会主义国家在社会流动过程中的作用、不平等和社会流动之间的关系问题,提供了一个新的视角。     

青年精英的地位获得(摘要)

城镇社会中的精英选择机制正在发生根本性的转变。文化资格正在成为最重要的精英选择标准。当然，只要再分配体制在城镇社会中保留着主导地位，那么政治性选择标准仍然将发挥作用。就目前而言，由于市场系统在城镇社会经济生活中还处于次要地位，所以私营企业主或高收入群体远还不能算是城镇企业结构中的精英群体，这一群体未来的社会位置或是否能成为社会精英集团的一部分可能将取决于两个因素：源于干部群体的流入者比例，或者再分配系统与市场系统的主次地位变化。根据我们对私营企业主和高收入群体的家庭出身背景和个人获致特征的研究，…     

农村外出妇女的生育意愿分析——安徽、四川的实证研究

一、研究背景自 2 0世纪 80年代中期起 ,中国掀起了农民外出务工经商的浪潮 ,往返于农村和城市之间的打工者形成了一个特殊的“边缘群体”———流动群体。据估计 ,这一群体的人数已近亿 ,并且仍有强势增加的趋向 (段成荣 ,1998)。由于中国特殊的城乡二元模式 ,流入城市的农民往往会在观念和行为方式上受到来自于城市社会的巨大冲击 ,加之流动本身带来的生活的不稳定性、职业的频繁变更性、行为的短期性 ,使他们在观念和行为方式上有别于其家乡人 ,从原有的农村社群中分化和剥离出来 ;然而农村文化在他们身上烙下的印迹以及制度的限制又使得…     

充分发挥乡镇图书馆作斥为新农村建设服务

建设社会主义新农村是党和国家从战略高度出发制定的正确决策,也是新中国成立以来农村社会的第五次改革。与前四次改革不同的是,这次改革非常全面,充分体现了新形势下农村经济、政治、文化和社会发展的要求。有助于加强农村文化建设,繁荣农村文化事业,加强县文化馆、乡镇图书馆和文化站、村文化室等公共文化设施的建设,使文化工作者深入乡村,满足广大农民群众多层次、多方面的文化需求,是建设社会主义新农村,构建社会主义和谐社会的重要内容。     

龚祥瑞——用法学家的眼睛观察身边事

除了参加政治运动,我们每年寒暑假都被组织到农村学习、劳动。对我来说,下乡是得到“接触实际”的机会,得以实现我在解放前难以得到的到“大社会去”的心愿,这个心愿在毛泽东的新中国实现了。 向农民奉献一片爱心 我自幼喜欢下乡和农民生活在一起,所以去农村锻炼符合我的心愿。     

Reframing agrarian citizenship: Land,life and power in Brazil

This paper investigates the changing relationship between land, citizenship, and power in Brazil, where land-related policies have historically served to situate political and economic rights in the hands of an elite land-owning minority. In response, contemporary grassroots movements in Brazil, including the Landless Rural Workers Movement (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra, or MST) advocate the substantive transformation of what I develop here as a new form of “agrarian citizenship”, in which political participation, local food production, and environmental stewardship redefine the ongoing constitution of the relationship between land, state, and rural society. Based on extensive interviews, participant observation and document analysis from 2004–2006, this ethnographic study examines the contours of how changing notions of agrarian citizenship are negotiated among members of a growing body of social groups demanding land redistribution and reasserting agrarian culture in Brazil. By developing and enacting new forms of political participation that involve the transformation of personal and collective values and practices, rural activists such as the MST envision the redistribution of land as a material right, but also view the transformation of the land-society relation as an equally public responsibility.     

The Political Dimension in the Agrarian Question: Strategies of Resilience and Political Entrepreneurship of Agrarian Elite Families in a Philippine Province1

ABSTRACT This paper on the rural political sociology of a Philippine province relates the strategies of political resilience of landed oligarchies to the political dimension of the agrarian question in the Philippines. Bukidnon in Northern Mindanao is used to illustrate how pioneer agrarian families have protected their economic privileges and survived the political challenge posed by migrant politicians. Despite differences in their economic bases and social backgrounds, pioneer families and migrant politicians share strategies of political entrepreneurship and rent-seeking that have maintained oligarchic rule: (1) establishment and maintenance of kinship networks, through intermarriage, and non-kinship, ritual ties; (2) diversification into non-agricultural economic activities; (3) control of political parties and state patronage (primarily electoral) machinery; (4) cooptation or mobilization of political symbols, issues, and movements; (5) use of political power to obstruct progressive legislation, particularly on land reform and taxation; and (6) the strategic management of political violence. Analysis of provincial and national political dynamics, as played out in Bukidnon, shows how the nexus of property, power, and privilege is consolidated, contested, and reconstructed in the ongoing competition among Bukidnon elites. These strategies are integral to the political practices of a landed capitalist class and have serious implications for agrarian transition and industrialization in the Philippines.     

Family Structure,Policy Shocks,and Family Business Adjustment Choices

This research used survey data collected between 2005 and 2006 in rural Kentucky to empirically investigate how different types of rural households in Kentucky cope with the changes in economic environment during the post-tobacco buyout by employing two different family business models, the Agricultural Household Model and the Sustainable Family Business Model. Data were analyzed using a multinomial probit model. The results indicate that multi-generational households were more likely to invest in low risk investments and less likely to employ a family member off-farm than couples with young children. Therefore, family structure plays an important part in the types of adjustment strategies chosen by farm families. The results also indicate that the Sustainable Family Business Model is a better predictor of the observed correlation between family structure and family farms’ choices of adaptation strategies.     

Social Capital in Rural and Urban Communities1

Abstract Conventional wisdom says that social capital is more common among families in rural communities than urban communities. Using data from the 1988 wave of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we compare the prevalence, type, and extent of social exchanges in these places. Results indicate that families living in rural areas are more likely to exchange exclusively with kin than are families living in urban areas. In particular, families living in rural areas are more likely to receive money help from kin than families in urban areas. Results on patterns of giving are more complex, with rural origin families with younger household heads more likely to give support to kin, and rural origin families with older heads less likely to provide such support, as compared to otherwise similar families of urban origin. Finally, only modest urban-rural differences in amounts exchanged (in dollars) are found among otherwise similar families. Overall, some of the urban-rural differences in patterns of exchange are explained by different family characteristics; however, key urban-rural differences remain, probably reflecting differences in norms and the availability of institutional support services in different areas.     

Place of Origin,Types of Ties,and Support Networks in Mexico–U.S. Migration*

Previous studies explored how urban or rural place of origin influences the source of social capital. There remains a need to consider how the place of origin affects the type of ties—family, friends, or paisanos (countrymen)—with those who provide support to migrants. We use data from the Mexican Migration Project (MMP128) and perform multinomial logistic regression models to predict who (among family, friends, or paisanos) provides lodging to first‐time undocumented male migrants from Mexico, taking into account the size of their place of origin. We find that paisanos are important in providing lodging to those from rural areas, and family members are more likely to assist those from urban settings. Paisanos are more likely to help at the beginning of the migratory flow of the community (rural or urban), and family members to do so once the flow has matured. Also, paisanos are more likely to help those in rural areas during more difficult times, such as after the enactment of the North American Free Trade Agreement. We suggest that paisanos fulfill a role similar to that in Granovetter's (1973) concept of the strength of weak ties in which they act as substitutes for other ties (such as to friends and family) to provide social capital, making the first‐time undocumented migration possible.     

Conjugal intimacy,gender and modernity in contemporary China

The new generation of modernity theorists have forecast the democratization of gender relations within intimate relationships in late‐modern times. Chinese society has undergone rapid and dramatic changes in its unique trajectory of political, social and economic reform. Using China as an example of a region which has been largely ignored in contemporary social theory, this article enters the debate to contest the extent to which conjugal relationships are democratized in line with modernity. We further test the assertion that modern marriages are characterized by increased self‐disclosure and communication between partners. Data from a national survey on Chinese families is analysed in relation to the level of self‐disclosure between husbands and wives; gender division of housework; household decision‐making; and home ownership. We highlight the impact of gender, cohort and location (urban, rural or migrant) on experiences of modernity and draw attention to the material, social and cultural factors which continue to shape conjugal relations in contemporary Chinese society. Based on our findings, we contest the argument that disclosing intimacy between intimate partners is a defining characteristic of modern relationships, and suggest that other social factors may condition degrees of self‐disclosure in marriage. Similarly, we question the extent to which heterosexual conjugal equality is attained: the cultural practices and values of patrilineal family organization, together with material circumstances, continue to influence marital relations in China.     

The Structure of Intergenerational Relations in Rural China: A Latent Class Analysis

Most existing typology studies of intergenerational relations have used samples in North America and Europe. The present study expands on previous research by determining whether similar family relation typologies could be found using a sample of Chinese rural elders. The data were derived from a survey of 1,224 older adults in China's rural Anhui province in 2009. Latent class analysis revealed 5 types of intergenerational relations in rural Chinese families: (a) tight‐knit, (b) nearby but discordant, (c) distant discordant, (d) distant reciprocal, and (e) distant ascending. The authors argue that the distant ascending ties reflect the strong filial obligations that Chinese adult children have toward their parents and that the distant reciprocal ties reflect collaborative and mutually beneficial parent–child relations in rural China in the context of massive rural‐to‐urban migration. The findings of this study demonstrate how family relations in contemporary China are shaped by the larger economic, geographic, and cultural contexts.     

Effects of migration on social change in the country of origin

This paper analyzes the consequences of migration for European countries of origin with a view to suggesting policies to resolve the difficulties of achieving equilibrium in balance of payments, regional development, increasing employment, reducing unemployment and inflation, raising productivity, and increasing the gross national product. Migratory flows are generally organized to meet immediate needs and solve latent socioeconomic tensions. Initially, the benefits for the 2 sets of countries (origin and destination) are considerable. Countries of origin manage to solve major problems in the areas of employment, undertake social and political efforts, and achieve equilibrium in the balance of payments through receiving remittances, which also contribute to the economic development of the regions of departure. For their part, receiving countries have reduced the shortage of cheap labor, a fact which, especially during the post-war recovery period, was instrumental in the recovery of their economies and the increased creation of wealth. From the demographic standpoint, many people have been deserting rural areas and there has been an increase in the aging of the population, with the resulting socioeconomic consequences. Emigration has also spread to women (family reunification), which in turn has led to a steeper decline in birth rates and made economic and social projections more difficult to assess. Social consequences have become obvious, emigration flows have led to a change of values and thus created a veritable cultural breach and disruption of rural societies. From the standpoint of employment, expectations have also been thwarted; despite their enormous experience, returning workers do not possess a high level of vocational training. For countries of origin, migratory trends may have some beneficial demographic, social, and economic effects if returns are carefully planned, prepared, conducted, and supported. There should be a considerable strengthening of relations between countries, effective cooperation and solidarity, and a shouldering of joint responsibility so as to define the correct policies for harmonious and more balanced world economic development.     

Imagining the Good Place: Public Services and Family Strategies in Rural Ecuador

Recent scholarship seeks to lift up alternatives to neoliberalism that build community well‐being and a sense of place. This study follows three families in a rural highland Ecuadorean community and their investments in human capital, family businesses, and migration. It applies a human ecological model to show how complex ideologies around community well‐being, such as buen vivir (living well), are articulated at the macroscale and experienced at the meso‐ and microscales through investments in public services and their impact on rural families. Our collaborative ethnography elevates families’ voices to show how they both experience and envision community well‐being. We incorporate human capabilities and a community capitals framework to show how investments and ideologies flow across scales. We highlight the role of local social capital and regional territorial dynamics that support both economic growth and social inclusion. Our collaborative ethnography illustrates how rural residents imagine the good place (buen lugar), a resilient foundation from which they can build their family strategies. However, we find that lack of political and financial investment truncates active citizenship at the local scale, limiting the ability to achieve the full promise of buen vivir.