“找价”的社会学分析

“找价”是明清时期中国乡村一桩土地交易完成以后,卖主仍向买主索取加价的经济行为。本文从社会学视角,分析这一行为产生的社会背景、市场交易特点、官方对这一行为的态度及乡村土地的所有权特征,梳理“找价”被认可、规范确定和边界实现等方面的社会机制,以此解释这一现象出现和维持的合理性。     

第三方物流的契约经济理论分析

第三方物流亦称契约物流,基本具备了契约的所有属性与特征。同其他契约一样,物流契约同样具有不完全性,这就使得物流契约当事人之间在利益分配中就存在一定的“剩余”,从而导致一系列问题的产生。如何处理这一“剩余”,是物流契约(物流外包)中的重要问题,并会导致相应交易费用的产生。为减少相关交易费用,半结合(联盟)就成为一个重要解决方案。此外,制定合理的激励机制,设计自动实施物流契约,是促进第三方物流发展的重要途径。     

论我国企业立法中的法定化原则及其现实意义

在市场经济条件下 ,基于交易秩序和交易安全的考虑 ,有对我国当代立法中的法定化原则加以深入探讨的必要。企业立法中的强行性规定 ,就是法定化原则 ,其适用范围涵盖了企业类型、企业结构和企业行为等方面的内容。企业类型的法定化有利于建立起一个平等的市场交易平台 ,是市场主体的对话基础 ,便于在交易的过程形成普遍性的信赖 ;企业类型之间的本质性差别在于各种类型之间运行机制的不同 ,而运行机制的载体则表现为各企业类型之间的结构有所不同 ,对此权威性的判别有赖于企业法的依法确定 ;企业行为的法定化问题 ,囊括了企业行为的实体要件法定化和程序法定化两方面内容。最后 ,企业立法中的法定化原则对中国独立企业制度的形成具有重要的促进作用和现实意义 ,主要表现在两个方面 :其一 ,它是消除我国企业身份不平等规定的根本途径 ;其二 ,它有利于竞争性市场经济机制在我国的最终形成     

附赠式有奖销售的法律分析

附赠式有奖销售中的法律问题在现实中日益突出 ,目前法学界对其法律性质观点不一。附赠式有奖销售的法律性质在不同情况下应具体分析为两种法律性质———买卖合同与混合合同 (含赠与的买卖合同 )。对有奖销售所附赠品的责任问题也应依其性质具体分析 ,从而得出相应的解决方法。     

Electronic payment mechanisms in social security: Extending the reach of benefit and contribution transactions

More often than not, the existing modes of contribution collection and benefit payment of social security organizations are adapted to the collective arrangements that characterize employer‐employee relationships. Extending coverage to individuals in difficult‐to‐reach groups, however, may require new modalities of service that can cope with many separate, secure transactions rather than a few bulk data transfers between organizations. Recent developments in electronic payment show its wide applicability in enabling huge volumes of such individual transactions. It is in this light that the article explores the potentials of this technology and identifies possible arrangements through which electronic payments could surmount barriers that stand in the way of covering difficult‐to‐reach groups. The high level of mobile phone penetration on a global scale augurs well for using e‐payment mechanisms to collect social security contributions and to deliver social security benefits and services. A generic model is used to describe the requisite elements to implement electronic payments in social protection programmes. Based on empirical evidence of current social protection practices from around the world, five scenarios are presented to describe possible configurations for electronic payment, from the simplest to the most sophisticated. The broader objective is to contribute in a practical manner to the international commitment to extend social protection to all, as defined by the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.     

浅析我国消费信用的法制现状

消费信用是一种经济现象,是市场经济的必然产物,它是商品由物物交换、货币交换后再发展到信用交换的高级阶段.为维护这种信用交易的正常秩序,发挥它的经济作用,国家应当有一个相应的健全的法律体系以调整信用交易关系.但目前我国法律体系中,这种信用经济关系的立法是空白的,在规范消费信用交易的操作中,仅靠援引类似的部门规章来解决问题.针对这种现状,加速消费信用立法,建立科学完整的消费信用法制势在必行.     

“混合地权”的制度分析及其实践逻辑——基于Z村村民小组的个案分析

本文通过“混合地权”的概念来解释中国农村土地产权的内在结构、关系和实施机制。借用制度分析方法指出,混合地权的制度系统包括财产权利、公共治理、社会关系和观念习俗等四个维度,它们是具有很强约束力的制度安排。通过对Z村村民小组的个案研究发现,不同维度的规则对混合地权的实施都产生了影响,共同决定了农地产权实施的过程和效果,使得地权实施呈现出不确定性规则的内在逻辑,陷入多重均衡和交易成本高的困境,且承包经营权和集体成员权之间的张力是根本性矛盾。个案研究还发现,农民的财产权利观念不断增强,家庭承包经营权得到了越来越多的农民认可。在经济社会转型中,应完善集体土地所有制的社会化治理机制,构建起一种平衡多方利益的现代农村土地产权制度。     

Financial hardship assistance behind the scenes: Insights from financial counsellors

Financial hardship, in a credit society such as Australia, can affect almost anyone. To protect consumers from the negative impacts of financial hardship—which can include the stresses of enforcement action and disconnection from essential services—legal protections have been incorporated into the regulatory frameworks for the consumer credit, energy, water and telecommunications sectors. In this article, we outline the findings of our study, which used a survey of financial counsellors around Australia and focus group interviews with Victorian financial counsellors to examine how these legal protections are being implemented by service providers in these four sectors. Our findings highlight a tendency on the part of service providers to take a generic, one‐size‐fits‐all approach to compliance with these legal protections that prevents them from effectively assisting consumers struggling with debt. We discuss the particular shortcomings of this approach in the context of consumers living on low incomes—especially Centrelink incomes—and outline the policy implications of our findings for assisting these vulnerable groups.     

Measuring values: A conceptual framework for interpreting transactions with special reference to contingent valuation of visibility

People express their value for a good when they pay something for it. Interpretinggood andpayment very broadly, we offer a general analytical framework for characterizing such transactions. This framework is suitable for interpreting actual transactions as well as for creating hypothetical transactions for research purposes. It is described here both in general terms and with special application to one particular kind of transaction, contingent valuation studies in which individuals estimate the value of possible changes in atmospheric visibility. In these transactions, as in many others, risk (of undesired changes in visibility) is one principal feature; at least some uncertainty often surrounds other transaction features as well (For example: How much will visibility really change if I promise to pay for it? Will I really have to pay?). The framework presented here conceptualizes any transaction as involving (a) a good, (b) a payment, and (c) a social context within which the transaction is conducted. Each of these aspects in turn has a variety of features that might and in some cases should affect evaluations. For each such feature, the framework considers first the meaning of alternative specifications and then the difficulties of ensuring that they are understood and evaluated properly. As a whole, the framework provides an integrated approach to designing evaluation studies and interpreting their results.     

合同法定形式效力比较及我国立法的完善

《合同法》在合同形式方面做出了许多与市场经济相适应的新规定 ,但由于对法定形式的法律性质和效力缺乏明确规定 ,引起法学理论和审判实践上的诸多不同理解和做法。借鉴国外的有关规定 ,补充规定“缺少法定书面形式的合同无效” ,修改第三十六条的“合同成立”为“合同有效” ,删除第四十四条关于批准、登记生效的规定 ,使我国合同形式的法律趋于完善成为必要。     

论安全关照义务

安全关照义务存在于雇佣、运输、服务、教育等法律关系中,以法定义务为主。安全关照义务的内容表现为关心、照顾和保护的积极作为,而违反义务常表现为消极不作为形态。在确定违反该项义务的法律责任时,应当区别义务性质、不作为行为与损害之间的因果关系、责令行为人分别承担合同责任或侵权责任、直接责任或补充责任。归责原则采过错责任原则,实行举证责任倒置。     

论合同法的诚实信用原则

诚实信用原则是市场经济活动中所形成的一项法律化的道德规范,其本质上是一种为寻求市场利益公平的法律伦理,具有道德规范性、法律规范性和双重功能性等主要特征.作为一种基本的商业道德和合同法的基本原则,诚实信用原则贯穿于合同订立、合同履行、合同终止和合同解释等合同行为的全过程.     

合同的相对性原则与合同的第三人效力

合同权利义务仅发生于特定的当事人之间 ,但合同效力又常及于第三人。现行《合同法》并未对此作出明确规定 ,而让债务人为所有“第三人”的行为负责是显失公平的。“第三人”应界定为债务人的履行辅助人和上级机关。我国立法应确立第三人侵害债权制度。     

The regulatory challenge of occupational safety and health in the online platform economy

The online platform economy raises a range of intricate legal questions connected to labour law and social security protection. In particular, the atypical forms of labour relationships used by many online platforms (e.g. multilateral, hyper‐temporary, off‐site, autonomous), often contractually defined as independent contracting, have challenged the application of labour and occupational health and safety law in many countries across the world, as the application of these norms tends to be dependent on the existence of an “employment relationship”. These developments are compounding the general increase in atypical employment, especially as a result of the 2007–08 financial and economic crisis. It has mostly fallen to courts to resolve the disputes between online platforms and their online platform workers, but some European Union (EU) Member States (such as France) have taken specific legal measures in response to these difficulties. Also, the EU‐level as such is becoming increasingly involved, with the Court of Justice’s ruling in the case of Uber providing some guidance on the “employment question”, and a pending legislative initiative on a Directive for Transparent and Predictable Working Conditions which may provide minimum labour protection for online platform workers in the EU. This article analyzes the problem of labour law in the online platform economy and surveys the various responses by courts and policy‐makers across the EU, which may furthermore set the tone for developments outside the EU in this area.     

论信用缺失的成因及对经济的侵蚀

信用是现代市场经济的生命 ,但信用缺失是我国当前经济生活中一个不争的现实。政府行为不规范 ,法律制度不健全 ,市场经济体制不完善 ,以及经济主体自身存在的不足是其存在的主要原因。由于缺乏诚信 ,对我国经济造成极大的危害 ,增加了交易成本 ,导致了需求不足 ,国际竞争力下降 ,从而在一定程度上延缓了我国经济市场化进程     

发达国家诚信体系建设经验分析及借鉴

发达国家的诚信体系建设以美国式和欧洲式为代表。美国诚信社会体系建设大致可以概括为三个方面:法律体系、监管和执法部门、信用服务机构;欧洲大陆国家诚信社会体系建设包括法律系统、公共信用信息系统和私营信用服务系统三大部分。学习借鉴发达国家的成功经验,建立健全我国的诚信社会体系,要加快信用立法工作,尤其是要尽快建立并完善失信惩罚机制,明确失信的法律边界,加大失信成本;鉴于我国信用行业发展时间比较短的现实,应进一步发挥政府对信用行业的监督和管理职能;规范我国的信用中介机构,使之能够客观、公正、独立地运营,成为健全的信用体系的组织保障。     

破产免责制度的现代理论

文章阐述了美国和日本破产免责制度的法理和正当化理论 ,探讨了免责制度的政治、文化和经济基础以及所包含的信用经济学和人的尊严的原理。作者认为当代的破产免责制度是建立在高度发达的信用经济基础之上的消费债务者救济制度 ,其正当化的理论也具有鲜明的时代特征 ,可以从信用经济学和人的尊严的原理中得到正当化     

The Sale of Goods to The Public on Credit

Credit sales to the public, i.e., on an installment basis, are acquiring more and more significance for the development and improvement of retail trade in our nation. The constant and considerable growth in the production of consumer goods, especially durable goods, and the steady rise in the organizational and cultural level of Soviet trade are the basic prerequisites for the expansion of the sale of goods on this basis. At the same time, the development of consumer credit is itself stimulating the expansion and increased effectiveness of the production and sale of consumer goods. By way of example, it can be noted that the sale of goods on a deferred-payment basis furthers the expansion of progressive forms of trade (on the basis of samples, advance orders, home deliveries of goods, etc.) and exerts a considerable positive impact on the expansion of production and sale of consumer goods. With the absolute domination of public ownership, the sale of goods on credit becomes one of the methods of attaining the goal of socialist production, i.e., the constant improvement of the well-being of the working people.     

Access to justice for Aboriginal People in the Northern Territory

This article discusses research in the Northern Territory on Aboriginal civil and family law needs. It is based on focus group discussions and interviews with legal services providers and other associated organisations. The article argues that key areas of legal need involve discrimination, housing, child protection, social security, credit/debt and consumer law problems. It further argues that welfare conditionality, particularly as embodied in the NT Intervention and subsequent Stronger Futures policies, has exacerbated the need for legal assistance and advocacy for Aboriginal people.     

Cross-national differences in effects of social embeddedness on trust: A comparative study of German and Dutch business transactions

Embeddedness theory stresses the importance of concrete personal relations and networks of relations in economic life. Recent sociological research shows that effects of embeddedness may differ between social settings, and recent experimental anthropological findings reveal that levels of cooperation and norm-enforcement differ between cultural settings. We extent these lines of research by examining whether effects of embeddedness on trust differ between two social settings, namely Germany and The Netherlands. To examine our research question we use a comprehensive database consisting of 925 Dutch and 929 German purchase transactions. We find evidence that some aspects of social embeddedness indeed have different effects in the two countries. In Germany sharing a history of previous transaction and the existence of alternative partners had a larger effect on trust than in the Netherlands. We offer a potential explanation and discuss its implications for future research on embeddedness.