基于变点理论的POT模型阈值确定方法——对操作风险经济资本的度量

对操作风险所要求的经济资本的度量以及配置能极大提高金融机构的风险控制能力。采用PCIT模型对操作风险度量时，阈值的选取是关键所在，它决定了拟合操作风险损失分布的近似程度。通过变点理论来定位Hill估计曲线开始进入稳定状态的位置，以精确地估计出阈值的大小。同时，为确保误差更小，结果更稳定，用平方误差积分法来估计POT模型的参数。结果表明，所改进的方法能为经济资本的度量提供有效的方法支持。     

基于Copula-EVT模型的巨灾再保险定价

基于巨灾损失具有厚尾分布的特征,采用POT极值模型分别估计两个保险标的的边缘分布,并用二元Copula函数刻画这两个标的的关联性,同时应用Monte Carlo模拟方法估算巨灾再保险的纯保费。通过对洪水损失数据的实证分析表明:Clayton Copula函数能较好地反映两标的间的相关结构;起赔点的设定是影响纯保费的重要因素,且起赔点按条件分位点取值更优更合理。研究结果对保险人开发多元保险标的的巨灾再保险具有重要的参考价值。     

深成指GPD分布尾部拟合与VaR、ES风险度量

文章首先使用GARCH模型对深成指对数收益率时间序列的自相关和异方差特性进行弱化,之后运用POT方法对GARCH模型所得的残差序列进行拟合,使用极大似然方法估计了GPD分布各参数,进一步计算出收益率序列的VaR和ES值,通过后验测试比较各种估计方法优劣。     

基于贝叶斯MCMC方法的VaR估计

文章运用极值理论对VaR估计通常是用极大似然估计法,研究了利用BayesMCMC方法来估计极值理论中POT模型的参数,从而求得VaR。文章首先阐述对样本值建立POT模型,给出常用的阈值选取方法;然后使用MCMC方法中的Gibbs抽样对参数进行估计;最后利用上证综合指数对其进行了实证分析,验证了Bayes方法的有效性。     

广义Pareto分布尾部厚度的分析与应用

极端值模型是准确估计"厚尾"分布金融资产回报市场风险的有力工具.主要有分块样本极大值模型(BMM)和阈顶点模型(POT).文章对阈顶点模型中广义Pareto分布尾部厚度和应用进行分析.结果表明,当0<ε≤1时,分布的尾部厚度为"厚尾"且随着形状参数的增加而变厚,此时最适合于金融资产时间序列"厚尾"分布建模.     

非参数密度估计在个体损失分布中的应用

一、前言所谓个体损失 ,就是每一次保险事故中的损失数额 ,对个体损失分布性状的研究是风险决策理论的重要内容。已有的关于个体损失分布的研究大多着眼于传统的参数统计方法 ,其基本流程为 :获取数据→拟合参数模型→估计模型参数→指出拟合效果 ,也就是说 ,对于损失总体分布性状的了解是建立在确定参数模型的基础上的。自然 ,估计模型参数的方法有很多 ,包括矩估计、极大似然估计、最小距离估计等 ,最终确定的参数模型对个体损失分布通常会有较好的描述 ,能够提供精度较高的分析结果。但在实际操作中 ,这一过程显得太过冗长 ,且对不同样本…     

医疗保险定点医院损失分布估计

本文应用了风险模型的损失分布及其估计方法,在分析社会医疗保险医疗赔付模式下,根据定点医院相关数据对风险模型的损失分布进行了实证分析和估计。并采用蒙特卡罗方法进行了数据仿真,表明估计结果的有效性。     

基于极值视角的沪深股市收益率的风险度量

文章以沪深股市收益率为研究对象,分别运用收益率的极值分布、收益率的POT模型以及基于收益率序列GARCH模型残差的POT方法计算沪深股市的在险价值(VaR).实证过程发现沪深股市收益率序列均存在明显的尖峰厚尾现象,实证结果表明深市潜在风险高于沪市潜在风险,并且三种方法中基于收益率序列的POT模型计算的VaR精度最高,而对收益率序列应用GARCH模型描述其波动后再对模型的残差进行POT方法计算的VaR精度最低.     

操作风险经济资本的度量方法与实证

文章用极值理论对金融机构的操作风险所需的经济资本进行度量。通过变点理论来定位Hill估计曲线的变点位置,进而精确地计算出阈值。同时,文章采用一种稳健的方法一平方误差积分法来对POT模型中的参数进行估计,以确保误差更小、更稳定。结果表明,改进后的POT模型能得到较理想的结果,能为度量操作风险所需的经济资本提供有效的方法支持。     

逐次定数截尾下Pareto分布的可靠性分析

基于逐次定数截尾模型,文章选取未知参数的先验分布为无信息先验分布,分别在平方损失和LINEX损失下,讨论了Pareto分布的形状参数,失效率以及可靠度函数的Bayes估计。最后运用Monte Carlo方法对Bayes估计和极大似然估计的MSE,进行了模拟比较。结果表明在LINEX损失下的Bayes估计更优。     

Asymptotic Normality of Extreme Quantile Estimators Based on the Peaks-Over-Threshold Approach

The POT (Peaks-Over-Threshold) approach consists of using the generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) to approximate the distribution of excesses over thresholds. In this article, we establish the asymptotic normality of the well-known extreme quantile estimators based on this POT method, under very general assumptions. As an illustration, from this result, we deduce the asymptotic normality of the POT extreme quantile estimators in the case where the maximum likelihood (ML) or the generalized probability-weighted moments (GPWM) methods are used. Simulations are provided in order to compare the efficiency of these estimators based on ML or GPWM methods with classical ones proposed in the literature.     

Improving extreme quantile estimation via a folding procedure

In many applications (geosciences, insurance, etc.), the peaks-over-thresholds (POT) approach is one of the most widely used methodology for extreme quantile inference. It mainly consists of approximating the distribution of exceedances above a high threshold by a generalized Pareto distribution (GPD). The number of exceedances which is used in the POT inference is often quite small and this leads typically to a high volatility of the estimates. Inspired by perfect sampling techniques used in simulation studies, we define a folding procedure that connects the lower and upper parts of a distribution. A new extreme quantile estimator motivated by this theoretical folding scheme is proposed and studied. Although the asymptotic behaviour of our new estimate is the same as the classical (non-folded) one, our folding procedure reduces significantly the mean squared error of the extreme quantile estimates for small and moderate samples. This is illustrated in the simulation study. We also apply our method to an insurance dataset.     

基于点过程的极值VaR研究

风险无时不有、无处不在,风险本身并不可怕,金融机构就是通过承担风险、管理风险来获得收益的。真正可怕的是极值风险,即稀少或极端事件的发生给经济主体带来巨额损失的风险。因此对极值风险的建模就成为风险管理的重中之重。极值理论为极端事件的统计建模和极值风险测度的计算提供了坚实的理论基础,故有必要通过介绍和比较传统极值事件的建模,基于点过程构建极值风险的一般模型,并利用外汇市场的日数据和VaR的估计与检验进行实证分析。     

CVaR-EVT和BMM在极端金融风险管理中的应用研究

随着风险度量一致性原则的提出,研究发现金融机构广泛采用的VaR模型存在严重不足,尤其针对分布具有厚尾特征的极端金融风险无法有效度量。本文采用极值理论（EVT）解决VaR方法的尾部度量不足问题,利用CVaR-EVT和BMM模型分析美国、香港股票市场和我国沪深两市指数18年的日收益数据,研究发现：（1）在95％置信区间及点估计中,分位数为99%的CVaR-EVT所揭示的极端风险优于VaR的估计值;且BMM方法为实施长期极端风险管理提供了有力决策依据,其回报率受分段时区的影响,期间越长,风险估计值越高;（2）模型采用ML和BS方法统计估值显示,我国股票市场极端风险尾部估计值高于香港和美国市场;但是,国内市场逐步稳定,并呈现出跟进国际市场且差距缩小的发展趋势。     

Bootstrap Method for Order Statistics and Modeling Study of the Air Pollution

In this article, the block maxima (BM) and the peak over threshold (POT) methods are used to model the air pollution. A simulation technique is suggested to choose a suitable threshold value. The validity of the estimated models is checked by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K-S) test. A new efficient approach for modeling extreme values is suggested. Finally, the inconsistency and weak consistency of bootstrapping central and intermediate order statistics for an appropriate choice of re-sample size are investigated.     

基于广义双曲线SV模型的极值风险度量研究

在金融风险的度量中,拟合分布的选取直接影响到风险度量的精度问题。针对金融收益序列的动态变化,在SV模型中引入广义双曲线学生偏t分布(SV-GHSKt)拟合金融收益序列的尖峰厚尾、不对称以及杠杆效应等特征,通过马尔科夫蒙特卡洛模拟的方法将收益率序列转化为标准残差序列,然后用极值理论的POT模型拟合标准残差序列尾部分布,进而建立一种新的金融风险度量模型———基于SV-GHSKt-POT的动态VaR模型。用该模型对上证综合指数做实证研究,结果表明,SV-GHSKt-POT的动态VaR模型能很好地模拟金融收益序列的尖峰厚尾性、波动集聚性及杠杆效应,并且能够合理有效地提高风险测度的精度,尤其在高的置信水平下表现更好。     

A matching prior for extreme quantile estimation of the generalized Pareto distribution

Extreme quantile estimation plays an important role in risk management and environmental statistics among other applications. A popular method is the peaks-over-threshold (POT) model that approximate the distribution of excesses over a high threshold through generalized Pareto distribution (GPD). Motivated by a practical financial risk management problem, we look for an appropriate prior choice for Bayesian estimation of the GPD parameters that results in better quantile estimation. Specifically, we propose a noninformative matching prior for the parameters of a GPD so that a specific quantile of the Bayesian predictive distribution matches the true quantile in the sense of Datta et al. (2000).     

Spatial modeling of extreme rainfall in northeast Thailand

It is well recognized that the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution is widely used for any extreme events. This notion is based on the study of discrete choice behavior; however, there is a limit for predicting the distribution at ungauged sites. Hence, there have been studies on spatial dependence within extreme events in continuous space using recorded observations. We model the annual maximum daily rainfall data consisting of 25 locations for the period from 1982 to 2013. The spatial GEV model that is established under observations is assumed to be mutually independent because there is no spatial dependency between the stations. Furthermore, we divide the region into two regions for a better model fit and identify the best model for each region. We show that the regional spatial GEV model reflects the spatial pattern well compared with the spatial GEV model over the entire region as the local GEV distribution. The advantage of spatial extreme modeling is that more robust return levels and some indices of extreme rainfall can be obtained for observed stations as well as for locations without observed data. Thus, the model helps to determine the effects and assessment of vulnerability due to heavy rainfall in northeast Thailand.     

A comparative review of generalizations of the Gumbel extreme value distribution with an application to wind speed data

ABSTRACT

The generalized extreme value distribution and its particular case, the Gumbel extreme value distribution, are widely applied for extreme value analysis. The Gumbel distribution has certain drawbacks because it is a non-heavy-tailed distribution and is characterized by constant skewness and kurtosis. The generalized extreme value distribution is frequently used in this context because it encompasses the three possible limiting distributions for a normalized maximum of infinite samples of independent and identically distributed observations. However, the generalized extreme value distribution might not be a suitable model when each observed maximum does not come from a large number of observations. Hence, other forms of generalizations of the Gumbel distribution might be preferable. Our goal is to collect in the present literature the distributions that contain the Gumbel distribution embedded in them and to identify those that have flexible skewness and kurtosis, are heavy-tailed and could be competitive with the generalized extreme value distribution. The generalizations of the Gumbel distribution are described and compared using an application to a wind speed data set and Monte Carlo simulations. We show that some distributions suffer from overparameterization and coincide with other generalized Gumbel distributions with a smaller number of parameters, that is, are non-identifiable. Our study suggests that the generalized extreme value distribution and a mixture of two extreme value distributions should be considered in practical applications.     

地震死亡人数预测与巨灾保险基金测算

巨灾保险制度在很大程度上依赖于巨灾损失的建模分析。由于巨灾损失通常存在极端值,一般的统计分布很难对其进行有效拟合。本文以我国大陆地区1950-2015年期间的地震灾害为研究样本,基于二维泊松过程建立了地震灾害死亡人数的预测模型。根据地震死亡人数的分布特征,将地震灾害分为非巨灾事件和巨灾事件,分别用右截断的负二项分布和右截断的广义帕累托分布拟合死亡人数;用齐次泊松过程描述地震灾害在给定期间的发生次数;用Panjer迭代法和快速傅里叶变换计算地震死亡人数在特定时期的分布以及风险度量值;用蒙特卡罗模拟法测算我国地震死亡保险基金的规模和纯保费水平。与传统的巨灾模型相比,本文提出的方法同时考虑了地震灾害发生的时间和地震死亡人数两个维度,并用贝叶斯方法估计模型参数,对地震死亡人数的拟合更加合理,为完善我国地震死亡保险提供了一种新的思路。