需求扰动下供应链反向保理的鲁棒决策

反向保理运用买方信誉缓解中小供应商资金困境，现实中需求扰动时有发生并影响供应链决策。探讨供应商资金约束背景下"买方驱动"反向保理对供应链运营的作用规律，运用极大极小法构建单供应商和单零售商组成的二级供应链模型，得到只知均值和方差时的供应链决策和收益。研究表明：鲁棒决策能为反向保理时需求信息缺失的供应链提供有效而稳健的决策，降低信用违约风险；基于供应链关系的反向保理增强了供应链合作；供应商信誉损失风险不会成为零售商主导反向保理实施的阻碍。丰富了金融与运营交互作用的理论研究。     

基于融资需求的损失厌恶零售商订货策略及供应链协调

传统的供应链文献研究都假设了供应链系统中有足够的营运资本可供零售商或供应商融资，然而在管理实践中供应链运营经常面临着资金不足等短缺风险。本文在损失厌恶型零售商存在资金短缺的现实情形下，研究了基于融资需求的损失厌恶型零售商订货策略问题。研究发现，一旦零售商自有资金增加，其损失厌恶系数增大使得资本约束零售商的订货量增加；而一旦零售商的损失厌恶系数确定，银行融资利率增大，资金约束零售商的订货量减小。最后，构造了协调供应链的融资成本共担的协调机制，并通过对比分析刻画了融资利率水平能够影响供应链的运营决策，这也为供应链企业资本风险管理实践提供了很强的实践参考价值。     

3PL企业融资服务模式下考虑损失规避零售商的供应链运营和协调策略

针对第三方物流（3PL）企业融资服务模式，研究了具有损失规避行为的零售商面临资金约束情形的供应链运营策略和协调问题。在本文中，分析了分散情形下3PL企业的最优融资策略和损失规避零售商的最优订货策略。以及集中情形下供应链的最优订货策略，通过比较两种情形下的最优订货量，得到了可以使资金约束供应链实现整体协调的转移支付契约。研究结果表明：当零售商初始资金较高时，3PL企业融资服务模式下零售商的订货量超过其在资金充足时的订货量；当零售商初始资金满足在一定范围内时，3PL企业融资服务模式可以使3PL企业和零售商获得帕累托改善，但不能直接协调资金约束供应链；当3PL企业和零售商签订的转移支付契约满足一定条件时，供应链可以实现整体协调。     

考虑风险规避的资金约束供应链最优信用契约设计

本文针对零售商的资金约束问题，研究了风险规避的供应商如何通过设计信用契约影响零售商的融资结构。构建了包含供应商、零售商以及银行在内的供应链融资模型，给出了供应商的最优信用契约决策、零售商的最优库存决策以及银行的最优利率决策。进一步分析了供应商的风险规避程度对最优信用契约决策的影响。研究表明：当供应商的风险规避程度低于某个临界值时，供应商偏好提供全额信用，从而零售商的融资结构为单一的交易信用融资；而当供应商的风险规避程度高于该临界值时，供应商偏好提供部分信用，从而零售商的融资结构为组合融资。最后，通过数值算例验证了本文的结论。本研究一定程度上丰富了现有供应链金融的理论研究，为供应链核心企业与银行的决策提供了依据与参考。     

零售商提前支付与贷款担保下的供应商融资策略

在供应商面临资金约束的供应链中,通过零售商提前订购部分产品并支付货款的内部预订融资模式,与零售商为供应商提供担保向银行借款的外部信贷融资模式,可以缓解供应商的资金约束对零售商及供应链利润的影响,研究了两种模式下供应商和零售商的最优生产决策和融资决策,并分析了供应商的自有资金、零售商的资金成本、银行利率三种因素对于供应链融资绩效的影响。结果表明:两种融资模式要实现无资金约束下的最优生产量,都需要供应商拥有一定的初始资金,所需初始资金量的多少与各自的融资成本有关。所得的结论为供应链企业选择合适的融资方式和最优生产决策提供指导。最后通过数值分析对结论进行了验证。     

供应商融资中买方担保机制的价值影响研究

文章分析了资金约束供应商和资金充足零售商组成的供应链中，买方提供融资担保机制对各参与方和供应链整体价值的影响. 研究表明:当综合融资成本与传统供应商融资模式的融资成本相等时，买方替代了银行角色承受了融资风险，但双方不存在共赢的局面; 当综合融资成本较低时，在一定条件下，买方担保机制能够实现帕累托改进效应，达到三方共赢; 反之，买方担保机制的帕累托改进效应消失.     

不同渠道权力结构下资金约束零售商的采购和融资策略

针对由供应商、3PL企业和资金约束零售商组成的供应链,研究了三种渠道权力结构（以供应商为主导的S权利结构、以3PL企业为主导的L权利结构、供应商和3PL企业同时主导的N权力结构）和两种融资模式（3PL企业融资服务和贸易信贷融资）下零售商的采购和融资策略。首先,分别构建了针对三种渠道权力结构和两种融资模式的以供应链成员利润最大化为目标的优化模型,并通过求解模型得到了供应商、3PL企业和零售商的最优定价策略;然后,通过比较不同情形下的供应链成员利润,分析了零售商的采购和融资策略。研究结果表明：在S权力结构下,零售商应选择直接向供应商订货并接受贸易信贷融资模式;在L权力结构下,零售商应选择接受3PL企业的代理采购和融资服务;在N权力结构下,零售商应选择融资利率更高的采购和融资模式。此外发现,供应商和3PL企业均应选择优先宣布定价策略,当二者在市场中权力相当时,其应该调高各自的融资利率。     

新零售背景下贸易信贷对资金约束零售商渠道选择的影响

新零售背景下,越来越多的网上零售商通过增设线下实体店渠道来实现线上和线下的全渠道无缝融合。但线下实体店的开设也给零售商带来库存成本、店面租金等方面巨大资金压力。为了解决资金短缺问题,零售商试图向供应商寻求贸易信贷融资,因此供应商的贸易信贷融资极大程度上影响着零售商的渠道选择。本文通过构建和比较网上零售商单一网上渠道、资金充足情况下增设线下实体店渠道和资金约束但供应商提供贸易信贷情形下增设线下实体店渠道三种情形下零售商和供应商的利润模型,探究了贸易信贷对资金约束零售商渠道选择的影响。研究发现,网上零售商存在资金约束时,如果开设线下实体店渠道后其与线上渠道间渠道替代性较低,则在供应商提供贸易信贷时,零售商的最优策略是接受贸易信贷融资并开设线下实体店,这个决策同样适用于零售商间存在竞争的情形。同时,为了保证供应商有提供贸易信贷的动机,当且仅当满足一定的条件,零售商可从供应商处获得贸易信贷融资,从而开设线下实体店渠道。     

资金约束供应链RFID投资决策与融资优化

本文以一个供应商和一个存在库存错放的资金约束零售商组成的两级供应链为研究对象,探讨了供应链成员采用无线射频识别（Radio Frequency Identification,RFID）技术的决策及融资选择问题。基于报童模型构建了供应链成员是否采用RFID技术、以及零售商选择贸易信贷融资或银行融资四种情景下的收益模型,求解出链上各成员的最优收益并探讨了RFID采用决策及融资选择策略。研究发现：资金约束零售商通过银行借贷融资可以获得更多的融资金额,但是其选择贸易信贷融资的意愿随着自有资金的减少而增强;当零售商自有资金适中时,随着错放率的上升或RFID成本的降低,零售商从银行融资向贸易信贷融资转变;银行融资在一定程度上能够缓解零售商的库存错放问题。     

资金约束供应链中的融资优化与营运管理协同决策研究

基于供应商主导的Stackelberg博弈假设,对单一供应商和单一零售商组成的二级供应链中三种购销营运模式(预订购、委托代销和组合模式)的运作及契约双方的博弈顺序进行了分析,并构建了供应链融资和营运协同决策模型。研究表明,资金充足供应链中,供应商的最优状况相当于传统报童模型下的优化问题,且会采用委托代销营运模式。为实现最优决策,资金约束供应商会采用外部融资和供应链内部资金转让的组合融资方案,且会选择预订购和委托代销组合营运策略。资金约束供应链中供应商愿意与零售商分担产品市场风险,激励零售商预订购,增加供应链的整体收益。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.