Explaining ethnic polarization over attitudes towards minority rights in Eastern Europe: A multilevel analysis

This paper examines divisions between majority and minority ethnic groups over attitudes towards minority rights in 13 East European societies. Using national sample surveys and multilevel models, we test the effectiveness of competing explanations of ethnic polarization in attitudes towards minority rights, as well as regional and cross-national differences in levels of polarization. We find that, at the individual level, indicators of ‘social distance’ (inter-marriage and social interaction) account most effectively for the extent of ethnic polarization. However, regional and cross-national variations in polarization between majority and minority groups are explained most effectively by cultural (linguistic and religious) differences. These findings accord with research in the West, indicating the importance of cultural differences as a source of ethnic polarization, while offering little support for theories focusing on economic and structural factors or the size of minority groups. They also suggest the likely sources of difficulties for democratic consolidation in ethnically divided post-communist societies.     

Trust and contact in diverse neighbourhoods: An interplay of four ethnicity effects

Ethnically diverse neighbourhoods are generally less cohesive. A negative relationship between neighbourhood diversity and social cohesion is, however, neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition to conclude that neighbourhood diversity erodes intra-neighbourhood cohesion. This contribution shows – by using data collected during the second wave of the NEtherlands Longitudinal Lifecourse Study (NELLS) – that: (1) members of ethnic minority groups are more likely to report having contact with and trust their immediate neighbours than natives (ego ethnicity effect); (2) minority group residents are less likely to be contacted and trusted by their neighbours (alter ethnicity effect) and (3) all ethnic groups prefer to mix with coethnics (dyad ethnicity effect). Once we control for these three ethnic composition effects at the ego, alter and dyad-level, neighbourhood ethnic diversity is no longer related to less contact between neighbours. Previously identified negative relationships between neighbourhood diversity and cohesion should therefore be re-evaluated, as they may be the consequence of ethnic composition effects instead of a true neighbourhood diversity effect.     

苦聪人的原始宗教信仰及其社会控制——基于镇沅县苦聪村寨的调查

少数民族传统文化有着丰富的内涵,原始宗教作为一种"地方性知识",在边疆少数民族地区社会的和谐发展中,发挥着调节和制约作用。苦聪人的原始宗教主要表现为满足生产生活中各种实际需求而进行的一系列功能性祈祷活动。苦聪人原始宗教对社会控制的积极作用主要有加强民族认同、推动社区团结、维护社会秩序,消极作用主要是通过对信仰者的思想控制阻碍了人的发展和社会的发展。     

Income as a resilience factor for the impact of discrimination and institutional unfairness on minorities’ emotional well-being

This study investigated the impact of personal vs. institutional discrimination on the emotional well-being (EWB) of immigrant and ethnic minorities, and a possible protective mechanism of economic achievements that may buffer the negative effects of discrimination. Data were collected from the Israeli 2015 Social Survey. Immigrant minorities were those who came to Israel after 1980. Israeli Palestinians were regarded as an ethnic minority. The study showed that perceived unfairness and discrimination in public institutions, which were not necessarily directed towards individuals or their minority group, threatens EWB of minorities to an extent similar to that of personally experienced discrimination. Income moderated the effects of common and personal discrimination on EWB of immigrant and ethnic minorities, but not in the same way across the various groups. The study provides evidence that income may be a resilience factor, which buffers and compensates for the negative effect of discrimination on minorities’ EWB.     

新时期我国民族宗教工作的历史与思考

我国是一个多宗教的国家,各种宗教源远流长,信徒众多,特别是我国的少数民族大都信仰宗教,有的民族全民信仰某一种宗教。本文全面论述了我国民族宗教问题的基本特点以及我国制定和实施的民族宗教政策和措施,同时就新时期民族宗教工作与社会主义现代化建设事业相适应的问题进行了探讨。     

Ethnic concentration in the neighbourhood and majority and minority language: A study of first and second-generation immigrants

Ethnic residential concentration is often found to hamper immigrants’ majority language proficiency. However, there are still several gaps in our understanding of the relationship between ethnic concentration and ethnic minorities’ language practices. This study examines the extent to which ethnic concentration also constrains immigrants’ majority language use, whether contact with natives and co-ethnics mediates these relationships, and whether ethnic concentration relates to second-generation minorities’ minority language proficiency. Structural equation models on data for people of Turkish and Moroccan origin living in the Netherlands (N = 2163) showed that ethnic concentration is indirectly related to weaker majority language proficiency and less majority language use through contact with natives and co-ethnics. For second-generation minorities, ethnic concentration is related to better minority language proficiency.     

论先秦文学中的少数民族使者形象

先秦文学中出现一批少数民族使者形象,其中的东夷族使者博闻多识而又略带神秘;西戎使者知书达理,不卑不亢;南越使者则是从容应对,不辱使命。这些使者身上折射出周边各族的特色,同时也反映民族融汇的某些规律。先秦文学对于少数民族使者所作的艺术显现,是对传统礼仪中世俗偏见的拨正,同时也是历史发展的必然结果。     

《盗马贼》：宗教文化符号呈现下人的存在本真

以田壮壮导演的影片《盗马贼》为个案,不难发现,1980年代中期开始出现的少数民族题材探索片大胆革新镜像语言,追求电影语言本体性,更加注重影片人文价值.宗教信仰乃藏族等少数民族文化的核心.通过对影片呈现的宗教文化符号和西藏自然景观以及主人公罗尔布生活遭遇的分析,揭示出《盗马贼》是一部探索人的命运与存在境况的少数民族题材电影,同时也揭示出宗教信仰与人的“命运”的复杂关系.     

Religiosity and reactions to terrorism

Although many of the world’s most serious outbreaks of conflict and violence center on religion, social science research has had relatively little to say about religion’s unique role in shaping individuals’ attitudes about these events. In this paper we investigate whether Americans’ religious beliefs play a central role in shaping attitudes toward the continuing threat of terrorism and their willingness to assist officials in countering these perceived threats. Our analysis of an original data collection of almost 1600 Americans shows that more religious respondents are more likely to express concerns about terrorism. However, this relationship is mediated by their level of conservatism. We also find that more religious respondents are more likely to claim that they will assist government officials in countering terrorism. This relationship remained even after accounting for conservatism, and people’s general willingness to help police solve crimes like breaking and entering.     

论民族区域自治法律化的必要性及意义

民族区域自治是我国的一项基本制度,也是解决我国民族问题的一项基本政策,是在国家统一领导下,各少数民族聚居的地方设立自治机关,行使自治权,实行区域自治。把民族区域自治以法律的形式规定下来,使各少数民族成为国家的和自治地方的主人,既能保障各少数民族合法的权利和利益,又能加速各少数民族地区政治经济、文化教育的发展。在我国这个多民族国家中,民族区域自治的法律化既具有必要性又具有重要的现实意义。     

把握关键 坚持原则 推进大众化——基于广西马克思主义大众化的视角

由于与汉族地区不同的历史传统、区位区情、文化教育水平、民众意识等,在民族地区推进当代中国马克思主义大众化工作,应当立足民族地区独特区情、尊重保护和发展民族群众利益表达、注重培养少数民族干部、整合民族地区大众传播媒介、把民族群众鲜活实践经验马克思主义化、加强和改进民族地区政治领导。     

邓小平主政西南时期的少数民族政权改造工作研究

邓小平在主政西南近三年的时间里，积极推动少数民族政权改造工作。其主要措施有四项：一是坚决落实“共同纲领”精神，实行民族的区域自治制度；二是充分发挥少数民族领袖影响力，推选有代表性的人物组成政府；三是广泛运用民族代表会议的形式讨论决定问题，有利于少数民族人民当家作主；四是配备和培养少而精的民族干部，保证政权改革顺利推进不出乱子。其鲜明特点有三个：一是着眼维护民族团结这个政治目标进行少数民族政权改革；二是在充分尊重少数民族意愿的基础上处理政权改革各项事宜；三是在时空条件成熟的前提下实施政权改革政策措施。     

云南省构建特困民族社会保障制度的特殊视角

云南的特困民族包括居住在边境一线的少数民族、人口较少民族和“直过”民族,在这部分人群中已经实行包括实施救灾救济制度、医疗保障制度、农村特困救助工作、农村社会养老保险试点和部分特殊保障措施在内的社会保障制度,对促进当地民族的生活和社会发展起到了一定作用,但这些地区现在与发达地区的差距还在扩大,为体现社会公平、达到共同富裕、加快当地社会经济的发展,应该优先对这些地区实施社会保障制度,特别是实行最低生活保障制度和医疗保障制度,将传统的保障制度和现代保障制度紧密结合起来,才能促进各民族共同繁荣发展、构建和谐社会。     

彝族翻译史的文化人类学考察

民族翻译史是我国译史研究的重要组成部分。论文分析了当前民族翻译史研究的现状和不足．认为一部民族翻译史的书写应该与该民族的社会、文化发展密切相关。因此从专门研究特定民族社会、文化的文化人类学出发,构思一部彝族翻译史,不仅可以丰富我国译史研究,而且是对民族译史研究方法的大胆尝试。     

Assessing the effect of social desirability on nativism attitude responses

Attempts to measure and analyze public opinion attitudes toward racial/ethnic minorities often confront the “social desirability” problem: those who have prejudiced attitudes are rarely willing to admit them to surveyors. Instead, they may be more likely to give a socially acceptable answer rather an accurate reflection of their views. Previous research has clearly established that this effect presents a challenge for accurately measuring self-reported racial and policy attitudes that primarily affect African–Americans. It is less clear, however, how it might affect self-reported responses to attitudes dealing with Latinos and immigration. This study thus seeks to analyze the extent to which social desirability may affect survey measures of perceived levels of cultural threat (nativism). Results from two separate analyses using the Crowne–Marlowe “social desirability scale” and a survey “list experiment” demonstrate that social desirability is indeed a concern for accurately measuring nativism in the American public, but that it exerts an opposite effect from what has previously been observed: nativist attitudes tend to be over-reported in opinion surveys.     

新疆阿图什市民族交往调查

新疆阿图什市的民族交往主要表现为维吾尔、柯尔克孜和汉三个民族之间的交往,目前民族间的关系较好,互相学习语言较普遍,公共生活领域内交往频繁,私人领域交往有限,民族界限清晰又具有一定的层次性,局部出现文化交融和结构交融现象,但多表现为浅层。     

能力建设促进边疆少数民族失地农民社区发展

如何运用恰当的公共政策,增强能力建设,推动边疆少数民族失地农民社区可持续发展,维护社会和谐与稳定,是一个重大的现实问题。Z村和K村是能力建设存在诸多差异的丽江市城区纳西族失地农民社区。从对Z村和K村发展的经验研究来看,集体经济发展、社区自治组织、社会资本、文化建设等因素与能力建设紧密相关。所以政府可以运用生产性社会政策,采取支持集体经济发展、培育社区自治组织、促进社会整合、加强文化建设等途径,扩大村民在经济、政治、社会和文化等层面的参与性,提升可行能力,促进边疆少数民族失地农民社区可持续发展。     

云南少数民族的水文化与当代水环境保护

云南少数民族中存在着丰富的水文化,对于各民族长期的生存与发展有着积极的作用,同时也保护了云南的生态环境。由水的观念、使用与保护水的习俗、制度、规范、宗教等构成的水文化,是当代解决水危机、营造良好的水环境、实现可持续发展的重要基础,是从源头解决水环境问题的有效手段。在当代,少数民族的水文化仍然具有重要的价值,有助于人类认识与平衡自身与自然之间关系。     

互动:转型期西部少数民族政治社会化的途径选择

少数民族对政治系统的认同是民族地区及国家稳定的重要因素。然而,仅仅繁荣民族地区经济并不能完全实现少数民族对政治系统的认同,政治系统对少数民族有效的政治社会化也是培育认同观念的关键。在中国社会转型期,需要从政治、经济、文化三方面构建政治社会化的主体——政治系统与客体——西部少数民族之间的互动模式,以夯实客体对主体的认同观念。这是实现西部少数民族政治社会化,维护民族地区稳定的有效途径。     

Place matters: Contextualizing the roles of religion and race for understanding Americans' attitudes about homosexuality

As laws and policies related to homosexuality have evolved, Americans' attitudes have also changed. Race and religion have been established as important indicators of feelings about homosexuality. However, researchers have given almost no attention to how county characteristics shape Americans' attitudes. Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling techniques, we examine how personal characteristics and the religious and racial context of a county shape feelings about homosexuality drawing on data from the American National Election Survey and information about where respondents reside. We find that African Americans initially appear less tolerant than other racial groups, until we account for the geographical distribution of attitudes across the nation. Additionally, once we consider religious involvement, strength of belief, and religious affiliation African Americans appear to have warmer feelings about homosexuality than whites. Drawing on the moral communities' hypothesis, we also find that the strength of religiosity amongst county residents heightens the influence of personal religious beliefs on disapproving attitudes. There is also a direct effect of the proportion conservative Protestant, whereby people of all faiths have cooler attitudes towards homosexual individuals when they reside in a county with a higher proportion of conservative Protestants. Finally, we do not find any evidence for an African American cultural influence on attitudes.