哲马鲁丁·阿富汗尼的理性主义赛来菲耶思想研究

哲马鲁丁·阿富汗尼在近现代伊斯兰思想发展史上地位卓著,他倡导回归<古兰经>,又反对"创制之门关闭说",体现了其理性主义的宗教观.哲马鲁丁·阿富汗尼竭力呼吁构建"伊斯兰联盟",以强健伊斯兰民族的肌体,并以此为基础抗击西方殖民主义入侵.因此,他被后人誉为"伊斯兰世界第一位反对西方殖民入侵的勇士".无论是他的理性主义赛莱菲耶思想,还是他积极的政治改良主张,在伊斯兰世界所产生的影响都不容低估.     

哲马鲁丁·阿富汗尼的理性主义赛来菲耶思想研究

哲马鲁丁·阿富汗尼在近现代伊斯兰思想发展史上地位卓著,他倡导回归《古兰经》,又反对创制之门关闭说,体现了其理性主义的宗教观。哲马鲁丁·阿富汗尼竭力呼吁构建伊斯兰联盟,以强健伊斯兰民族的肌体,并以此为基础抗击西方殖民主义入侵。因此,他被后人誉为伊斯兰世界第一位反对西方殖民入侵的勇士。无论是他的理性主义赛莱菲耶思想,还是他积极的政治改良主张,在伊斯兰世界所产生的影响都不容低估。     

Sitting in a bar 1

This paper describes a bar in the small Polish border-town of Slubice. The bar is presented as a social space betwixt and between everything. It belongs neither to the past, nor to the present. It belongs neither to here, nor to there, and it most certainly belongs neither to “us” nor to “them”. The bar is described as a social space and time in transformation, where inherited frames of orientation are remade.

Three different perspectives will be developed and contrasted. Firstly, the author will try to make sense of what he can see. He provides commentary on the bar guests, who come from many walks of life. They will be presented as being engaged in a playful contest of established classifications, and even in a playful contest of establishing classifications. Secondly, there are German intellectual commentators – the author, of course, being one of them – who have a certain admiration for what they perceive to be an emancipatory fluidisation of classifications. Thirdly, there are Polish intellectual commentators, for whom the social space of the bar demonstrates less of a condition of fluidisation than of greater alterity.     

Community Attachment in a Rural Region1

Abstract Two models of community attachment in mass society—the linear development model and the systemic model—are reviewed. Based on data from respondents living in 27 communities in north-central Iowa, population size and density, key variables in the linear-development model, relate only weakly to community attachment as measured by social bonds and local sentiments. Length of residence, income, and age, which are variables in the systemic model, generally are more strongly related to the bonds and sentiments. Because samples were sufficiently large that data for each community could be analyzed independently, additional tests of the systemic model were possible; results indicate that differences occur among communities within an area thought to be relatively homogeneous.     

An Infection Control Program for a 2009 Influenza A H1N1 Outbreak in a University-Based Summer Camp

Abstract

Objectives: Describe two 2009-H1N1 influenza outbreaks in university-based summer camps and the implementation of an infection control program. Participants: 7,906 campers across 73 residential camps from May 21–August 2, 2009. Methods: Influenza-like-illness (ILI) was defined as fever with cough and/or sore throat. Influenza A was identified using PCR or rapid-antigen testing. We implemented an infection control program consisting of education, hand hygiene, disinfection, symptom screening, and ILI case management. Results: An initial ILI cluster involved 60 cases across 3 camps from June 17–July 2. Academic Camp-1 had the most cases (n = 45, 14.9% attack rate); influenza A was identified in 84% of those tested. Despite implementation of an infection control program, a second ILI cluster began on July 12 in Academic Camp-2 (n = 47, 15.0% attack rate). Conclusions: ILI can spread rapidly in a university-based residential camp. Infection control is an important aspect of the medical response but is challenging to implement.     

The Child's Need to Learn a Culture1

SUMMARY: This article draws on many years of research into the development of communication, play and cooperation in the first year of life to argue that, from their very earliest days, babies are highly motivated to learn, and are profoundly influenced in their learning by the interplay or ‘protoconversations’ between themselves and their parents and carers. The acquisition of language and thus thinking and understanding is supported by a relationship that demands cooperation and negotiation between adult and small child, and the author emphasises the central role that emotions and their communication have in cognitive growth.     

Who Wants a Deliberative Public Sphere?1

Democratic theorists and social scientists suggest that a deliberative public sphere would be good for democracy by maximizing emancipatory possibilities and providing broad legitimacy to political decision making. But do ordinary Americans actually want a deliberative public sphere? I examine this question in the context of four contentious “religion and science” debates. Through a multidimensional evaluation exercise with 62 ordinary respondents, I find that evaluation of public representatives in these debates tends to favor open‐mindedness and ongoing debate. Further, respondents explicitly discount elected representatives who participate in public debate precisely because they are seen as violating deliberative norms through their affiliation with electoral politics. Respondents want a deliberative public sphere. However, this desire reflects an understanding of the public sphere and institutional politics as disconnected arenas with incompatible rules and objectives, raising multiple questions for democratic theory and for political sociology.     

Family Interventions in a Private Pediatric Practice1

The overwhelmingly positive response to a parent support and assistance program in a private pediatric office has been very gratifying (Mesibov, Schroeder, and Wesson, 1977). There have been several other positive offshoots of the program which had not been anticipated initially. One of these has been the identification of underlying marital and/or family problems of parents seeking advice about their children's behaviors. This is the main focus of this paper.     

Ethnic Succession in a Highland Chiapas Community1

Abstract In the past half century, in several indígena (Indian) communities of highland Chiapas, Mexico, a transformation in ethnic relations toward greater equality and less antagonism between the formerly dominant mestizos (ladinos) and the formerly dominated indígenas has taken place. I describe this change and the improvements in ethnic relations it produced, for one highland community, Tenejapa. I show that one important cause of this phenomenon of ethnic succession was the imparting to indígenas of skills for the mestizo world by the national agency, INI (Instituto Nacional Indigenista). This transfer of skills constitutes a type of power, often overlooked because of its long-term and subtle nature, one that can have significant effects. However, INI's use of this power depended on the fact that the state government neither strongly obstructed INI's action nor carried out this action itself. The material for this study is drawn from field research I conducted in 1990–91 and follow up research in 1994.     

Explaining religiosity: towards a unified theoretical model1

The article presents a unified theoretical model, explaining differences in Christian and ‘alternative’ religiosity at individual and collective levels. The model reconstructs and integrates the most important theories explaining religiosity (deprivation, regulation, socialization, cultural production, and ethnicity) as complementary causal mechanisms in a rational‐action based framework. It is maintained that the mechanisms of the various theories are not exclusive, but complementary, and that integration into the general model is both theoretically and empirically beneficial. The model is tested on representative data from Switzerland. Substantively, I find for the Swiss case that Christian religiosity can be best explained by a religious socialization mechanism. The most important mechanisms accounting for alternative religiosity involve deprivation, gender, and age.     

Sociological consciousness as a component of linguistic variation1

While practice theory has provided a valuable framework for establishing connections between individual‐level sociolinguistic variation and social structures, Bourdieu's (1977) formulation of practice theory has been argued to inadequately address subjectivity. The sociologist C. Wright Mills' (1959) concept of the sociological imagination – consciousness of links among personal experiences, social structures, and historical processes – is posited as a partial solution, as it offers a framework for modeling one aspect of subjectivity. Use of the sociological imagination concept is demonstrated through a quantitative acoustic analysis of /o/ fronting in Worthington, Ohio, a Columbus suburb confronting acute urban sprawl. The distribution of /o/ fronting across 21 speakers largely resists traditional sociolinguistic explanations. A close analysis of four speakers' mental representations of the local tensions surrounding urban sprawl reveals significant differences which are argued to account for their variable use of fronted /o/.     

The cost of implementing a 2-1-1 call center-based cancer control navigator program

ObjectivesDetermine the cost of implementing a call center-based cancer screening navigator program.MethodsSocial service call centers in Houston and Weslaco, TX, assessed cancer risks and implemented cancer screening promotion and navigation. Micro costing was used to estimate the program costs. Staff logs and call records tracked personnel time and material costs, including a standard 30% overhead rate. Sensitivity analysis examined the effect of varying uncertain cost parameters. Scale effects were simulated for larger population coverage.ResultsThe total cost to recruit and navigate 732 persons, out of 2933 individuals who called the center was $215,847. The participant time cost was $19,503, and the personnel cost was $116,523. The cost per navigated participant was $295 (95% CI, $290.56–$298.07). The average cost per participant for recruitment and referral only, was $36 (95% CI, $34.9–$36.9). Average cost declines to $34 for recruitment and referral, and to $225 for recruitment, referral, and navigation when the number of participants increases to 15,000 individuals.ConclusionsExpanding 2-1-1 referral services with opportunistic cancer screening promotion takes advantage of existing infrastructure but requires substantial additional staff time, participant time, and budget. Cost estimation is the first step in a full economic evaluation and informs program planners and decision-makers on the resource and budgetary requirements of this innovative strategy for increasing cancer screening in low income communities.     

State Building as a Source of Islamic Political Organization1

Previous research on political Islam in the Middle East and North Africa has been limited in providing a generalizable theory of its origins and systematically account for the cross‐national variation in the prevalence of Islamic movements. Following a state‐centered approach, this study argues that state‐building activities are a primary origin of Islamic movements. Regimes adopt religious symbolism and functions that legitimate the role of Islam in the public sphere. State incorporation of religion thus creates Islam as a frame for political action, with increased access to mobilizing resources and better able to withstand repression and political exclusion. To provide an explicit and systematic test of cross‐national variation, data on 170 political and militant organizations across the region are analyzed. Results indicate that state incorporation of religion is a crucial factor in the religiosity of movement organizations. Mixed effects of political exclusion and repression are found. No support is found for theories of economic grievances or foreign influence as causes of Islamic mobilization. In sum, analysis suggests that a state‐centered perspective is the most fitting account of political Islam.     

The Role of Emotional Response during an H1N1 Influenza Pandemic on a College Campus

This study investigates how both positive and negative emotions relate to stakeholders' attributions of crisis responsibility, relational trust, and willingness to engage in crisis-related information seeking from the organization. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze data obtained from a survey of 429 students in a university that experienced a large H1N1 influenza outbreak. Students felt several positive emotions more frequently than negative emotions during a flu pandemic. Crisis responsibility was associated with both negative and positive emotions, and these emotions were significant mediators between crisis responsibility and both relational trust and willingness to seek information from the organization in a crisis. Implications of these findings are discussed.