广西壮族习惯法中的恢复性司法要素探析

恢复性司法是一种全新的看待罪与罚的刑事理念,一种强调以"被害人——加害人"为中心构建刑事纠纷的调处机制.根据恢复性司法理念及其调处机制的特点,笔者选取广西壮族民族习惯法作为比对样本,寻找其内在的恢复性要素,以探讨法律移植的可行性.并在此基础上,以恢复性司法机制为借鉴,通过民族地区刑事特别立法、引入民族习惯法刑事和解机制及刑事民族习惯法查明机制三个层次的制度设计,来对壮乡少数民族习惯法介入刑事解纷领域的进路进行初步设计与构建.     

研究少数民族刑事习惯法的三个视角

对少数民族刑事习惯法的研究,不应仅限于重拾与简单描述,应着眼于从价值、发展和基本路径等方面的提升.价值表达了少数民族刑事习惯法与国家法在终极目的上的同归及对民众法律信仰的诱致意义;发展则展示了少数民族刑事习惯法未来的理想型预期;路径则进一步揭示了研究少数民族刑事习惯法的基本要求,即超越与实证.这种表述逻辑可能对习惯法研究的理路回归更具有学理意义.     

宽严相济的刑事政策与和谐社会建设

社会形势的演变对刑事政策的变迁具有某种决定意义,而宽严相济的刑事政策对于促进社会和谐发展、实现全面小康具有保障作用.宽严相济刑事政策的实现需要一系列具体制度的支持,因此需要在诸如恢复性司法、社区矫正、死刑复核程序等涉及刑事立法和司法方面进行多维度的制度设计和改革.     

广西壮族刑事和解特色研究

在广西壮族聚居区,壮族同胞长期在特定的生产生活环境下形成了独具特色的习惯法,但其中一些内容与刑法规定相冲突.因此,如何消弭刑法与壮族习惯法之间的冲突成为壮族聚居区维持良好社会秩序和实现法治的重要保障.由于壮族习惯法与刑事和解在某些方面具有相当程度的契合,因此可以通过刑事和解制度在广西壮族聚居区的改良,并根据刑法规定,可以根据壮族地区政治、经济、文化的特点和刑法的基本原则,在壮族聚居区变通适用刑法,充分结合壮族习惯法的实际情况对我国刑事和解制度进行有特色的改良和实施,最终实现刑事和解制度在壮族聚居区进行独具特色的构建和发挥独特的作用.     

论藏族习惯法的法哲学基础——以玉树部落制度为例

藏族习惯法作为藏族法文化中的重要组成部分有其深厚的法哲学基础,作为地方性知识它至今在藏族地区调整社会关系方面发挥着重要作用。民族多元与法律多元要求我们必须正视藏族习惯法的生成及运作机理,从藏传佛教中探寻藏族习惯法深厚的社会基础,从理性--建构理性主义--进化理性主义的思路中理解其赖以立基之土壤和存在的法哲学意蕴。     

侗族习惯法在当今侗族地区的调适研究——以贵州黔东南苗族侗族自治州锦屏县为例

侗族习惯法作为一种从远古遗留下来的民族文化,继续影响着侗寨民众的思想和行为。虽然侗族习惯法与刑事制定法之间在定罪和刑罚上的差异导致两者之间存在现实冲突,但是由于我国的基本国情,为维护民族平等、团结、互助,自治地方依据民族区域自治法和刑法具有立法变通权,"两少一宽"刑事政策为侗族习惯法提供了法律依据;相对罪刑法定主义为侗族习惯法提供了理论空间,刑事和解制度在侗族地区运用为侗族习惯法提供了实践机遇。     

彝族地区“人命案”刑事司法的最佳本土模式——读《彝族本土刑法与国家刑法的司法实践对比分析》一文有感兼与马林英教授等商榷

马林英教授等撰写的《彝族本土刑法与国家刑法的司法实践对比分析——以凉山彝族农村人命案司法实践为例》一文,肯定了彝族民间刑法及刑事司法对“人命案”处理的合理性。笔者的分析指出,从实体法角度,彝族刑法对“人命案”犯罪构成和刑事责任的界定存在不合法且不合情理之处;从程序法角度,本土刑事司法程序不能很好保障“人命案”被告人的基本诉讼权利。在此基础上,提出彝族地区“人命案”刑事司法最佳本土模式的可能方向是,构建与彝族传统司法接轨的刑事和解机制。     

论刑事和解在四川藏区的适用

在四川藏区依法治理的过程中,国家法和当地赔偿习惯法之间的协调一直是理论和实践上反复讨论的问题,而在国家司法的过程中充分体现协商性的刑事和解制度的确立无疑可以成为二者有效融合的路径。通过调研资料对刑事和解在四川藏区适用情况所作分析表明,对现行的刑事和解体系进行立法确立是必要的。同时,继续强化对当地民众的普法宣传,促进宗教教义适当改革,融入国家的刑事法律思想也是实现对四川藏区依法治理的重要途径之一。     

藏族习惯法在部分地区回潮的原因分析

文章认为 :藏族习惯法在有的藏区回潮 ,有其民族文化心理与社会经济方面的原因 ,同时 ,藏族习惯法自身也有适应藏区的某种特性。必须充分认识习惯法回潮的负面效应 ,坚持社会主义现代法的主导地位     

少数民族习惯法与和谐社会建设

少数民族习惯法作为我国少数民族维护社会秩序,解决矛盾和冲突的民间规则,具有深厚的历史传承、文化根系和生存土壤。合理利用少数民族习惯法解决社会矛盾和纠纷,更易为少数民族群众理解和认同,维护乡土社会的正义观,建立和谐的生产生活秩序。同时也可以节约司法成本,提高法律效率,为完善立法与和谐司法提供可资借鉴的本土资源。     

极端民族主义恐怖犯罪的刑事控制及其评价

After entering the 21st century, ter￣rorist crimes have become more serious. Terrorism has become one of the worst problems of the mod￣ern world and will continue to be a serious problem in the future. China is also facing the challenge of terrorist crime. Can the present criminal system accomplish the mission of legislative control of these crimes and fulfill the goal of penalising them? It seems that a review and evaluation of the rele￣vant criminal legislation and policies is necessary.
There are different definitions of terrorist crimes. American scholars Alex P. Schmid and Albert J. Jongman gave a review of 109 different definitions that appeared during the period from 1936 to 1983 , and proposed their own opinions in the book Political Terrorism. Chinese scholar Hu Lianhe analyzed 50 definitions that appeared after 1982, and proposed his own idea. On January 1 2016 , the third article of the Zhonghua renmin gongheguo fan kongbu zhuyi fa ( Anti -terrorism Law of the P. R. C) formally defines “terrorism”and “terrorist activities”. Generally speaking, both the academic and legal definitions have gener￣alized three characteristics of “terrorist crime”from subjective and objective aspects: 1 ) taking social order, public security, personnel and prop￣erty as the target of the ( terrorist ) behavior; 2 ) hurting the targets described above or threatening the state organs or international organizations by way of violence, destruction or intimidation; 3 ) taking the realization of some certain political or i￣deological purpose and claims as the ultimate goal of the ( terrorist) behavior.
Concerning the relation between extreme na￣tionalism and terrorism, the general idea is that“there is no pure form of nationalism; it is always combined with some certain political or social pow￣er, and characterized with social movement or his￣torical process”. And seeing from the development course of terrorism,“nationalism is one of the most permanent roots of terrorism”, and is also “one of the most powerful roots of terrorism.”
China has mainly experienced five revisions of its law concerning terrorist crimes: 1 ) revising criminal law in 1997 , and including terrorist or￣ganizations into the criminal penalty for the first time ; 2 ) legislating about terrorist crimes in the xingfa xiuzhengan san ( Criminal Law Amendment III) in 2001; 3 ) intensifying the applicability of the criminal law to terrorist crimes in the xingfa xi￣uzhengan ba ( Criminal Law Amendment VIII ) in 2011;4 ) including technical detection measures of crime on terrorist activities in the xingshi susong fa ( Criminal Procedure Law) revised in March 2012, thereby establishing the legal position of this kind of detection measure in criminal procedure; 5 ) substantially adding accusations in the xingfa xi￣uzhengan jiu ( Criminal Law Amendment IX ) re￣vised in 2015 , and strongly fighting against the ter￣rorist crime .
“As one of the social policies, criminal policy is a kind of countermeasure to handle different kinds of crime without delay - this determines that the formulation of criminal policy is bound to social politics and economics in a period of time.”Since the founding of New China, China has made up corresponding criminal policies according to the social needs and criminal status in different eras. In order to maintain a harmonious relationship be￣tween various ethnic groups, and respect the ethnic culture and customs, a criminal policy called “li￣angshao yikuan” (“less arrested, less killed, and punished leniently”) had been carried out con￣cerning the ethnic minority crimes. However, this criminal policy which had played an important role in juridical practice in handling criminal cases of ethnic minorities is unlikely to be a basic criminal policy for the control of extreme nationalist terrorist crimes in the present day. On the new historical stage,“kuanyan xiangji” ( combining punishment with leniency) has become a basic policy for deal￣ing with criminals in China—this policy is based on the inheritance of the rational connotation of the combination of serious and lenient punishment in the criminal policy, and learning the experience or lessons of “seriously fighting” criminal crimes since the implementation of the reform and opening-up policy. Doubtlessly, this new criminal policy has a guidance significance in the punishment of all criminal activities, including extreme nationalist terrorist crimes of the present.
A basic evaluation of China’ s criminal legis￣lation on the punishment of extreme nationalist ter￣rorist crimes is:1 ) it has developed from non-ex￣istence to existence; the relevant criminal legisla￣tion is in accord with the developmental direction of domestic terrorist crimes and the anti-terrorism situation;2 ) it has worked in concert with the anti-terrorism strategy of the UN, and performed a state party’ s duty;3) it has an obvious tendency of “severe penalty ”; 4 ) the revision of criminal law has started to be influenced by the risk concept of criminal law.
In summation, China ’ s criminal legislation and criminal policies have a positive significance in controlling the extreme nationalist terrorism crimes. However, there are still some deficiencies of the strategies of controlling crime. Hence, the following issues should be addressed in the subse￣quent legislation: 1 ) Before identifying a kind of behavior as a crime, one should judge whether the duty attached to the new accusation is a kind of ex￣cessive demand on the ordinary people;2 ) The ra￣tionality of the expected goal of criminal legislation cannot guarantee the rationality of a specific sys￣tem, therefore, the lawmakers also need to consid￣er whether the measures for realizing the goal are reasonable. 3) The deserved function of the non-criminal penalty method should be noticed, and it should be developed rationally and harmoniously together with the criminal penalty,thus a solid sys￣tem which can control extreme nationalist terrorist crime should then be constructed. 4) The guaran￣tee of human rights also cannot be ignored in the anti-terrorist legislation and criminal policies.     

玉树藏族部落习惯法初论

玉树藏族部落习惯法除具有混合性、简约性和任意性的特点之外,还具有明显的地域性特征。在政权组织方面,具有突出的“家族一体”性,还有个别的“政教合一”性;在对部落社会的控制和调节机制中,通过草山对部落属民进行纵向控制,用“杀人偿命价、伤人赔血价、偷盗加倍罚”等方式对部落社会进行横向调节。此外,军事方面的内容也独具特色。     

现代变迁与民族经验——西藏社会的个案

西藏社会正在由一个传统宗教型社会,转变为一个现代开放式的经济型社会。对其而言,由现代化引起的系列变迁(物质生活、制度文化与精神传统)是一场史无前例的文化体验,也是一类不可重复的民族经验,其中既包含大时代的共性特质,也富有本民族的个性差异。现代变革促使西藏社会及时地进行文化自觉,并对当下诸多社会共同面临的发展命题提供自身独特的丰富经验与实践之道。     

论明朝统治河湟及湟水流域藏族分布状况

作者从历史的角度 ,论述了明朝对河湟藏族的统治以及当时藏族在湟水流域的分布     

论藏族早期的法律文化

从近几年的藏族法律研究而言,其上限大多起于松赞干布(公元7世纪)时,忽略了对松赞干布以前数千年的法文化生成演变和传承历史的研究。探讨藏族法律和法律文化的缘起,史前时期和邦国时期的法律文化是一个不可回避的问题。本文对藏族早期的邦国时期的法律文化之缘起及其特点进行了初步的探讨。并以此求教于方家。     

藏区习惯法的文化内涵

本文概括了法律与宗教、禁忌等的关系以及藏区的习惯法对藏族民众日常生活的影响。     

西藏农区生育习俗与妇女健康——以日喀则地区拉孜县扎西岗乡玉妥村为例《民主改革以来西藏妇女社会地位变迁研究》课题组

随着西藏经济和社会的快速发展,西藏农村妇女的生育健康问题得到了很大重视,妇女不仅从怀孕、分娩到产后能享受得到较为完善、安全的服务,而且新生婴儿的健康也得到了较为充分的保障.     

西藏传统文化与社会可持续发展的关系

西藏是一个极具特殊性的民族地区,藏民族长期形成的传统文化独具特色,并在西藏社会历史发展过程中发挥过重要作用。今天,西藏进行社会主义现代化建设,如何使西藏传统文化为西藏社会实现可持续发展发挥重要作用,是当今藏学研究的一个重点课题,文章就这一问题进行探讨。     

论藏族舞蹈的社会特性与功能

藏族舞蹈是由藏族传统的思想文化、特殊的生存环境、生产方式、宗教信仰和社会习俗滋养而成,具有鲜明的历史性、传统性、民族性、地域性等社会特性和特定的宗教文化、健身、民族凝聚、弘扬藏族文化、创建和谐社会等功能.