风险投资中的证券设计:转换权与清算权

本文在不完全合约的背景下,研究了风险投资中的证券设计问题,风险投资家持有可转换债券,而创业者持有普通股。本文考察了两种定约情形,第一种是创业者向风险投资家提供合约,合约双方存在一个再谈判博弈;第二种是风险投资家向创业者提供合约,存在一个双方前后相继行动的动态博弈。本文分析了这两个博弈,设计了能够诱导合约双方最优努力的可转换债券,刻画了风险投资家如何监控项目、配置权利与放弃低值项目的风险投资合约特点。     

双边激励与风险企业的股权结构配置

风险投资家为风险企业提供金融资本的同时,也为其提供了增殖服务,获得风险资本的风险企业的发展是一个风险企业家和风险投资家共同倾注努力的结果。然而,由于风险企业特殊的信息结构特征,导致风险企业家和风险投资家之间存在严重的委托—代理问题,双边激励是其中的一个主要的道德风险问题,而股权结构的安排有助于激励两者为风险企业倾注努力。本文将建立风险企业股权结构与双边激励问题的关系模型,从解决激励风险企业家、风险投资家为风险企业作出努力的双边激励问题出发,确定最优的风险企业股权结构。     

基于Stackelberg博弈的风险项目投资水平分析

在风险项目以债权-股权相结合的融资工具的假定上,引入融资合约中常用的"激励因子",分别建立风险投资家和企业家的支付函数,从而构建了斯坦克尔伯格(Stackelberg)博弈模型;然后用逆向归纳法分析Stackelberg模型,讨论了作为领导者的企业家的自有资本和"激励因子"对作为跟随者的风险投资家的总投资水平及资本结构的影响;并在此基础上分析了企业家的均衡投资决策,进而给出了企业家为激励风险投资家而需提供自有资本水平的必要条件,从而解决了企业家对风险投资家的激励问题.通过研究发现:风险投资家的总投资水平由债权"激励因子"和其边际投资机会成本决定,而股权投资水平由其绝对风险厌恶因子、主观收益率的参数以及"激励因子"决定.尽管假定风险投资家较企业家风险厌恶,但是后者可以通过激励前者,使前者对于风险项目前景较后者乐观.     

IPO市场中风险投资家策略的演化博弈分析

在IPO市场中,由于风险投资家和外部投资者之间存在事前信息不对称,导致风险资本退出过程中普遍存在逆向选择问题,而声誉的激励效应和监督机制的惩罚效应可以减轻和规避此类问题.运用演化博弈理论与方法,研究了具有有限理性的不同类型风险投资家与外部投资者之间策略选择的互动机制,探讨了声誉的激励效应和监督机制的惩罚效应对不同风险投资家的有效性,及其如何引导和制约风险投资家的策略选择,并给出了相关建议,为解决风险投资中的逆向选择问题提供了理论依据.     

风险资本联合投资的激励契约设计

针对风险资本在投资中期或晚期的联合投资激励契约问题,在风险投资家对项目已作了初步融资和了解条件下,建立了风险投资家之间的联合投资契约模型。分对称和非对称信息两种情形,就如何设计最优契约才能使联合投资双方都能真实地显示他们的信号进行了研究,分析了风险投资家的职业能力对联合投资契约的影响,并用算例进行了验证,为风险资本中期或晚期的联合投资提供了决策依据。     

风险投资家职业背景与投资业绩

本文以风险投资家的职业背景为研究视角，对比研究金融背景和实业背景风险投资家的投资业绩.借助风险投资项目、风险投资家个人、被投资企业的样本和数据，本文发现:相对于实业背景的风险投资家，金融背景的风险投资家更为成功，表现为所投资项目有更高的IPO退出率.而且，金融背景的风险投资家投资风格更为激进，如更倾向于进行独立、跨地区、大金额的投资.究其背后机理，本文发现金融背景的风险投资家能够利用其金融职业背景更好地支持被投资企业.譬如，有助于被投资企业更快获得下一轮VC融资，在IPO过程中帮助其雇佣声誉更好的承销商，且IPO抑价率相对较低.     

基于能力视角的创业者人力资本与新创企业绩效作用机制研究

以往关于创业者人力资本与新创企业绩效之间关系的实证研究一直没有得到一致性的结论,导致创业领域的学者们质疑创业者人力资本是否对新创企业绩效产生影响;然而在创业实践中风险投资家评估项目时却十分重视创业者的人力资本。本研究基于能力视角,尝试揭示人力资本与新创企业绩效的作用机制,论证了创业能力在创业者人力资本和新创企业绩效关系中的中介作用,采用因子分析、多元回归分析等方法,通过对173家新创企业进行问卷调查,对理论假设进行了检验。研究发现:(1)创业者人力资本对新创企业绩效的影响是通过创业能力的中间传导促成的,即创业能力发挥了中介作用;(2)不同类型的人力资本对不同的创业能力发挥作用。     

政府的公共补贴对风险投资的促进作用

结合信息不对称条件下的契约设计和存在双边道德风险的激励问题,考虑在风险投资者和创业者之间的最优契约关系中,政府的公共补贴对风险投资者和创业者之间的收益关系的影响。发现在风险投资者和创业者之间存在着一种"财富传递效应",即政府对风险投资者投资损失的补贴可以增加创业者的期望收益,因此这种补贴政策可以激励更多的科技人才和管理人才投入到创业活动中来。在没有政府公共补贴时,一些因投资价值相对较小而无法获得风险资本投资的项目,在有政府公共补贴后能够获得风险资本的投资,即政府的公共补贴不仅能增加风险资本的供给,也能增加创业企业对风险资本的需求。     

企业融资制度和创新企业融资效率分析

企业融资制度的效率体现在资源配置功能和治理功能上对于中小型技术创新企业来说由于迫切需要大规模长期性的资金投入外部融资成为主要的融资方式然而由于在融资过程中的信息不对称和当事人的机会主义倾向无论采用何种外部融资方式都存在利益冲突而风险投资家在一系列事先未明确的情况下视创新型企业开发的项目收益稳定逐步向其提供资本风险投资者从中可能获得的好处是企业成功后退出资本获得的资本收益因此风险投资是一种市场化程度更高的关系型融资制度.     

IPO 市场中风险投资家策略的演化博弈分析

在 IPO 市场中,由于风险投资家和外部投资者之间存在事前信息不对称,导致风险资本退出过程中普遍存在逆向选择问题,而声誉的激励效应和监督机制的惩罚效应可以减轻和规避此类问题．运用演化博弈理论与方法,研究了具有有限理性的不同类型风险投资家与外部投资者之间策略选择的互动机制,探讨了声誉的激励效应和监督机制的惩罚效应对不同风险投资家的有效性,及其如何引导和制约风险投资家的策略选择,并给出了相关建议,为解决风险投资中的逆向选择问题提供了理论依据．     

A performative exploration of the lifeworlds of human capital and financial capital: an intellectual capital case vignette

Journal of Management and Governance - The primary purpose here is to briefly outline and illustrate how one particular relationist/realist ontological approach to performative research, with a...     

The decline of venture capital

Venture capital is a means of financing the growth of companies with a technologically innovative product, the investor's objective is the realisation of capital gains on the sale of his shareholding. The history of venture capital in the US and the UK is examined. After attracting great interest in the late 1960s and early 1970s, activity in the venture capital field has declined significantly. The reasons for this decline are analysed and it is suggested that a recovery of interest is unlikely.     

Calculating the cost of capital

One of the most important recent advances in corporate finance is the use of risk measures in setting discount rates or required rates of return for capital projects. An understanding of this area is of crucial importance to senior managers and corporate planners. This article explains how to calculate required rates of return using the modern approach to the cost of capital.     

Self-enforcing capital tax coordination

Capital tax competition is known to result in inefficiently low tax rates and an undersupply of public goods. The provision of public goods and with it the welfare of all countries can be enhanced via tax coordination. Based on the standard Zodrow-Mieszkowski-Wilson tax-competition model this paper analyzes the conditions under which tax coordination by a group of countries is self-enforcing. In our analytical framework, there always exists a rather small stable tax coalition. For some subset of the parameter space the grand coalition is stable, even if the total number of countries is large. If the stable coalition is small, it is not very effective in mitigating the inefficiency of the non-cooperative Nash equilibrium. The ineffectiveness is increasing in the total number of countries.     

The syndication of venture capital investments

This paper examines competing finance, resource-based and deal flow explanations for the syndication of venture capital investments. Evidence from 60 firms (a 58.8% response rate) is analysed. Overall the finance perspective provides a strong explanation of motives for syndication, but the resource-based view is found to be much more important for those firms involved in at least some early stage transactions. The implications for researchers are that venture capital firms should not be treated as a homogeneous group and that the investment stages in which they operate may strongly influence attitudes towards syndication. In addition, there are implications for practitioners as venture capital firms may not be attributing sufficient attention to the need to augment their own resource base in order to enable them to make superior decisions when selecting deals and managing investments.     

Human capital practices of Russian enterprises

Abstract

The goal of this study was to explore current human capital (HC) management practices (including training and development, recruitment and selection, compensation, empowerment, diversity, and work/family balance) of Russian enterprises. The data were collected at 270 large, medium and small enterprises in Moscow and four representative regional centers. The study results suggest that Russian firms tended to emphasize current HC needs, not long-term HC development strategies. The firm size had an effect on differences in training, selection and compensation practices, with large firms being more long-term oriented. Correlation between elements of the HC management model provided some preliminary evidence that Russian firms tried to coordinate selection, compensation and training procedures. In addition, firms that empowered their employees were also putting more emphasis on long-term oriented training, selection and compensation practices. Finally, there were signs that diversity was gradually becoming an important issue for Russian enterprises of all sizes. However, compared to diversity, companies' emphasis on helping their employees to deal with the work/family balance issues was much stronger.     

Forecasting expenditure on capital projects

S-curves are widely used for planning, forecasting and control of cost, time and resources of a project. In this paper, a comparison of two S-curve models developed at the Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS) and Bradford University is carried out both from the viewpoint of predictive accuracy and ease of use. The models are validated using expenditure data for 21 recent U.K. health building projects. Methods of least squares is used to estimate the parameters of the two models. These parameters are categorized according to the total cost of the projects. Both the models are shown to be of comparable accuracy for fitting actual expenditure data. The DHSS model has a major advantage of simplicity of form and use, although the slightly greater mathematical complexity of the Keller-Singh model is off-set by the readily interpretable nature of its form and basic parameters. It is concluded that both or either of the models could be used by clients/contractors for effective planning and control of project costs.     

Employee lawsuits and capital structure

Review of Managerial Science - We examine the effect of litigation on corporate capital structure by using a unique, hand-collected dataset of 30,841 employee disputes (after initial court...     

Venture capital and risk perception

This study extends the current state of research on venture capital (VC) determinants by introducing a behavioral perspective. We focus on individuals’ risk perception and connect it to Hofstede’s cultural dimensions of individualism and uncertainty avoidance. Individualism is related to overoptimism and uncertainty avoidance is related to overcaution, and hence affect the perception of risk. In a cross-country empirical analysis with 49 countries, we find that individualism is positively associated with VC activity, whereas uncertainty avoidance is negatively associated with VC activity. Our results are robust to controlling for other determinants as well as using other proxies of VC activity, other time periods, and subsamples of countries.