关于世界人口平均寿命的分析与我国人口平均寿命的增长趋势

在人口再生产过程中,同出生一样,死亡起着极其重要的作用。人口平均预期寿命(下面简称人口平均寿命或人口寿命)是人口分年龄死亡率的一个综合指标。它在人口预测中是一个重要参数。探查世界各国人口平均寿命的增长过程,了解影响人口平均寿命的各种因素,正确估计未来人口平均寿命的增长趋势,对于人口总数及人口年龄构成的预测具有十分重要的意义。 在人口再生产过程中,同出生一样,死亡起着极其重要的作用。人口平均预期寿命(下面简称人口平均寿命或人口寿命)是人口分年龄死亡率的一个综合指标。它在人口预测中是一个重要参数。探查世界各国人口平均寿命的增长过程,了解影响人口平均寿命的各种因素,正确估计未来人口平均寿命的增长趋势,对于人口总数及人口年龄构成的预测具有十分重要的意义。     

人口拾零

台湾的人口人均寿命统计失真。台湾人平均寿命大幅延长,甚至超越欧美各先进国家;事实上,这项统计却是基于准确率不及50％的婴幼儿死亡率上,造成“虚胖”的推算结果。台湾卫生部门宣称,民国77年(即1988年)时,台湾男性的平均寿命已超过71岁,女性也超过76岁。推算平均寿命的生命表中,最重要的资料,是零岁人口的出生及死亡情形。但根据台大公共卫生研究所的一项研究显示,户籍单位所接获的周期婴儿死亡数,未及实际死亡     

世界人口老龄化速度加快

随着社会经济的迅速发展,医疗卫生事业也得到了极大的发展,人们的生活水平有了明显的改善与提高,从而使人口平均预期寿命不断延长。在公元前,人们的寿命一般不超过20岁,在古代也最多能活到25岁,到中世纪延长到30岁,进入20世纪80年代,人们的平均寿命已从40岁延长到62岁。到2004年,世界人口平均预期寿命为66岁,男性为63岁,女性为68岁。其中,发达地区人口的平均预期寿命为76岁,男性为72岁,女性为79岁;欠发达地区人口的平均预期寿命为64岁,男性为62岁,女性为65岁;最不发达地区人口的平均寿命为50岁,男性为49岁,女性为51岁。从老年类型国家的发展…     

人口死亡水平的国际比较

利用各国的人口资料,使用婴儿死亡率和平均预期寿命这两个关于人口死亡的重要指标,比较中国和世界 人口的死亡水平和变动趋势。根据各国的人均收入,揭示人均收入和平均寿命的统计关系。     

上海市人口老龄化的趋势和对策

健康长寿、长命百岁,是千百年来人们追求的一种理想和愿望。如今,这种理想已成为现实。现在,长寿决不再是个别的人可望达到的,而是一个普遍的现象了。进入二十世纪八十年代,世界人口平均寿命,已从十八世纪末的约40岁延长到62岁,不到两个世纪的时间,延长了二十二岁。目前,全世界平均寿命70岁以上的国家有33个,大部分在欧州和北美洲。其中,男子平均寿命超过70岁,女子超过75岁的有13个国家,它们是冰岛、瑞典、挪     

人类高寿有依据

古往今来,长寿一直是人类所迫求的一个目标。人的寿命界限到底是多少?科学家们对这一问题历来说法不一。但人类的平均寿命越来越长,这是肯定的。现代科学证明,人的寿命是由社会环境、生活水平、科学技术、医疗卫生等因素所决定的,尤其是医疗水平的高低直接影响着人类寿命的长短。在18世纪,人的平均寿命不足30岁,这与当时无法控制和医治天花有很大的关系,直到1796年牛痘被世界各国广泛应用后,才使人的平均寿命提高到40岁,这在世界上被称为人类寿命     

1950年代以来中国人口寿命不均等的变化历程

伴随着人类寿命的不断延长,寿命不均等的问题得到越来越多的关注,即社会成员能在多大程度上公平地分享寿命延长的成果?自中华人民共和国成立以来,中国人口的平均预期寿命经历了快速增长.但是,截至目前鲜有关注中国人口寿命不均等的研究.文章利用中国人口普查资料以及世界人口死亡率和经济发展数据,考察1950年代以来中国人口寿命不均等的变化历程,并对之进行历史纵向和国际横向比较.研究发现,在过去半个多世纪中,中国不仅实现预期寿命的持续增长和寿命不均等的大幅下降,并且能在相同的收入水平上把寿命不均等降到全球极低的水平.这反映出中国在促进健康公平方面所取得的巨大成就.未来中国在人口寿命不均等方面还有很大的改善空间.     

兰州市人口的平均预期寿命分析

平均预期寿命(简称平均寿命),它是根据一个地方人口各年龄死亡水平,预期今后每个人可能活到的岁数。它是反映现时各年龄组死亡率的综合指标,也是反映居民健康水平的重要指标。通过人口平均预期寿命的推算和分析,可以看出一个地区经济文化和医疗卫生发展的状况。兰州市目前人口的平均预期寿命到底有多长?这是需要我们认真分     

中国人口寿命问题研究

人口寿命在人口研究中占有重要地位。进行人口再生产分析、人口预测、确定人口模型等都离不开寿命表。但由于编辑寿命表所需要的年龄别死亡人口数据在我国不易搜集到,所以,长时间以来我国人口寿命一直没有准确的答案。旧中国没有计算过全国人口平均寿命。但在三四十年代南京金陵大学和陈达、袁贻瑾等     

对1980年无锡人口的经济估价及比较研究

对1980年无锡人口的经济估价,主要是回答下列几个问题: (1)在无锡人口的平均预期寿命(下称平均寿命)72.32岁中,有多少年平均预期劳动力参与寿命(下称劳动力参与寿命)?     

Health, Quality of Life and Population Density: A Preliminary Study on “Contextualized” Quality of Life

Quality of life concerns individual (physical and psychological health), interpersonal (social relationships) and contextual (environment) aspects, which are both subjective and objective. In considering contextual characteristics, empirical findings have demonstrated that people’s relation to their living environment is a key issue for their well-being. However, until now literature has paid little attention to population density as an element affecting quality of life. The present study aimed at assessing the predictive role of population density on the several domains of quality of life, along with socio-demographic characteristics and physical diseases. Participants were 344 subjects living in the Northern Italy area. A questionnaire with WHO Quality of Life Brief Scale, a checklist of chronic diseases and a socio-demographic form was used to collect data. Results showed that population density influences psychological, relational and environmental quality of life. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed.     

On population aging in China

By 2040, the proportion of the elderly in China's population will be 20.9%. 3 problems that must be discussed are 1) the cost of supporting this large number of elderly people, 2) the relative decrease in the working population, and 3) the increased problems of older people. In 2040, the proportion of the working population will be 63.5% of the population, the aged will form 20.8% of the population, and children will form 15.7%. In 1982, the proportions were 61.6% working ages, 4.9% elderly, and 33.6% children. Expenditures on dependent aged people in the future will balance that on children now because elderly people do not remain consumers as long as children do and children's educations, cost more than health care for the elderly does. The standstill or decrease in the absolute number of people will lead to a stop in the growth of the absolute number of the working population. Production will then depend on the quality rather than the quantity of population. A low standard of living and backward social welfare facilities are problems in caring for the aged in China today. What is now being practiced in China in caring for the aged is a combined system of care by the individual, the collective, and the state. The overwhelming majority of the rural elderly are supported by their families, while the majority of the urban elderly are supported by the collective.     

Survey of the population development of the minority Li of the Hai-nan Island]

Hai-nan Island is under the jurisdiction of Guangdong Province and has a population of 5,520,000, of which 85% belong to the Han ethnic group, and 13.4% to the Li ethnic group, and there are other small minorities. Since 1949, the population of Hai-nan Island has more than doubled, and a serious population problem exists. Among the minorities, the population growth for the Li people in 1 autonomous region of the Island has been very rapid for 2 reasons: 1) the large number of immigrants moving in from other places, and 2) a high fertility rate among the Li people. In order to slow down the rate of population growth on the Island, the 1st step should be to slow down the growth rate of the largest ethnic group, the Han people. The Li people live mainly in rural and poor areas, and their production level has been very low. In the past 30 years, tremendous progress has been made to improve the health care and livelihood of the Li people. Before 1949, the total number of Li people was only 300,000. By 1980, the Li population had increased to more than 740,000, more than doubling the 1949 figure. This rapid population growth has helped economic development in the areas inhabited by the Li people. On the average, each household in the Li autonomous region has 5.3 children. In order to further improve the living standard of the people, family planning is needed for the Li community. The traditional belief of having more children is currently undergoing a change in the minds of the Li people. The policy of offering economic reward to those who follow family planning regulations is working, and more work is needed to curb rapid population growth.     

中国对外劳务输出分析

人口众多对中国社会生活产生巨大的压力:经济发展因此背上沉重的负担,自然环境受到不小的破坏,城镇居民的就业也面临着严峻的考验。如果把人力资源搞活,鼓励他们短期对外流动,人口压力将变成动力。改革开放后,中国对外劳务输出已驶入快车道,并拥有进一步拓展的空间和潜力。只要发挥比较优势,增强竞争优势,理顺管理环节,深化体制改革,就能通过对外劳务输出,使人口众多这一矛盾朝着有利于中国社会良性循环的方向发展。     

中国老年人临终前 生活自理能力的衰退轨迹

本文以老年人为研究对象,以基本生活自理能力(ADL)为测量指标,使用"中国老年健康长寿影响因素跟踪调查"(CLHLS)数据,分析在1998-2014年期间去世的老年人群临终前的生活自理能力的变化轨迹。作者利用组基轨迹模型对男性和女性老年人的生活自理能力变化过程分别进行拟合,发现老年人在临终前的生活自理能力存在显著差异并归纳出三种变化轨迹:生活自理能力完好型、快速发展型和缓慢下降型。研究发现生命历程早期阶段的经历、所处的社会经济状况、年龄效应和队列效应都会对生活自理能力的衰退轨迹产生显著影响。增龄带来的生活自理能力下降使老年人临终前的失能风险及其持续时间增加,而较晚的出生队列在临终前出现长时间失能的可能性较低。在三类轨迹中,自理能力缓慢下降型轨迹受到各种因素的影响最为显著,而该类型的出现概率是影响失能老年人照料负担的主要因素,由此也证明了除去年龄效应与性别差异之外,由社会经济状况、健康行为习惯、生活环境等因素合力产生的健康保护作用将会在失能老年人照料负担增长过程中发挥主导作用。研究还发现老年女性在临终前会面临更高的失能风险和更长时间的失能存活期,其生活自理能力变化过程受到更多因素的影响。     

Inequalities in Healthy Life Expectancy in Eastern Europe

Compared to the large body of research on mortality differentials between East Central Europe and the former Soviet Union, little attention has been paid to how overall population health status differs between these two country groups. This article investigates disparities in population health, measured by healthy life expectancy (HLE) between ages 20 and 74, for 23 Eastern European countries in 2008. There are substantial disparities in partial HLE between East Central Europe and the former Soviet Union, amounting to differences of 10 years on average for men and women. In addition, factors reflecting the malfunction of existing social structure are inversely associated with partial HLE. Accordingly, populations in countries where corruption, restriction of freedom, and violence are prevalent spend fewer years in good health.     

The relationships between population and economy, and between population and education]

The relationship between population and economy is regarded seriously by China and other countries. This problem can be analyzed and studied under 2 aspects: 1) the influence of economic development on changes in population, and 2) the influence of population increases on economic development. Under the 1st aspect, improved living conditions, hygiene, and health care generally result in lowered mortality rates. Improved economic conditions in China also increased the birthrate and at the same time increased birth control among the people; the increased birthrate was due to more marriages after liberation. In economically advanced countries, due to high expenses in raising children, people tend to limit family sizes to 2 children/family. Under the 2nd aspect, population increases place strains on the food supply and nutritional requirements, especially when increases are too rapid. They also demand more educational resources and influence quality of education. As there are currently 210 million students in China, the quality of education suffers, particularly at the college level, since most of Chinese manpower, physical and financial resources are spent on primary and secondary education. In terms of housing, transportation, health care, and natural resources, they are all intimately related to and influenced by increases in population. Consequently, the living standard would be difficult to raise if population increases are too rapid. Since 1971, population increases have been incorporated into 5-yearly and later yearly national economic plans in China. The large Chinese population is a major obstacle in raising the Chinese economic level, hence a well-planned population control program is essential.     

人口流动对健康的影响

在当今世界，人口流动的重要性日益突出，其对健康的影响也日益扩大。尽管涉猎人口流动与健康这个交叉领域的学者很多。但致力于考察前者对后者的影响的作品却为数不多。原因在于流行病学的视角局限了大家的视野。为了扭转这种局面，笔者强调指出，要考察人口流动对健康的影响，必须比较流动前后人群在健康状况方面的变化。以此为导向。在回顾文献的基础上。笔者初步回答了两个问题：流动对健康的影响体现在何处？这些影响得以实现的机制是什么？最后，笔者还为将来的研究提供了一些建议。     

俄罗斯人口贫困化与人口危机

苏联解体后,俄罗斯实行激进改革,经济持续6年下滑,人民生活水平急剧下降,已有1/3的人口生活在贫困线以下。经济生活的贫困,加剧了生育观念的变化,拒绝生育或减少生育的趋势增加。俄罗斯已进入世界上生育最低的十个国家的行列。贫困化加剧了人口危机,人口危机又加剧了俄罗斯的发展危机。要真正解决人口危机问题,首先要解决好经济发展问题。     

中国老年人住房与环境状况分析

随着我国人口老龄化的发展 ,老年人住房状况有了较大的变化 ,他们对住宅、环境的要求也越来越高。他们希望住宅、环境的设计更能人性化 ,更适合他们身心健康的特殊需要。本文分析了老年人居住的环境、住宅内外空间以及设备的选配 ,应该从老年人的心理、生理的角度 ,充分照顾到老年人特点 ,为老年人创造一个舒适、安全、方便的居住和生活的环境