“六个强化” 力推计划生育工作专项治理“双月”行动

湖北省浠水县通过＂六个强化＂工作举措,在全县开展违法生育查处宣传月和＂两非＂行为集中打击月活动,坚决遏制出生人口性别比升高和党员干部违法生育行为严重的势头,促进出生人口性别比趋向平衡,努力为构建和谐浠水创造良好的人口环境。     

对社会抚养费征收如何确认特殊人群实际收入的实践和探讨

公众对名人、富人等特殊人群违法生育行为非常关注。他们作为社会公众人物，社会影响力大，理应成为遵纪守法的典范，他们的违法生育行为，会在社会上造成较大的负面影响和攀比现象。《中共中央国务院关于全面加强人口和计划生育工作统筹解决人口问题的决定》和中组部、国家人口计生委等11部门下发的《关于加强人和计划生育工作若干政策措施的通知》都强调了要对特殊人群违法生育严肃处理。在查处这部分特殊人群的工作中，界定这部分人群的收入情况是一个不小的难题。这部分特殊人群收入来源多、收入不确定性大、收入隐蔽性强，如何用好用足政策，     

生育政策调整目标人群总量与预期效果再检验

本文回顾以往采用宏观汇总数据和微观个案数据研究生育政策调整中存在的问题,认为在缺少两代人生育史的数据条件下研究"单独"二孩生育政策目标人群总量、结构是非常困难的。本文以2005年1%人口抽样调查、2013年国家卫计委生育意愿调查、2014年人口变动抽样调查和2015年1%人口抽样调查数据为基础,对不同来源的相同队列"单独"、"双非"育龄妇女比例数据进行对比,分析结果显示国家统计局2014年和2015年抽样调查数据具有高度的一致性和可靠性。在"单独"二孩政策调整前,如果单纯使用2005年和2013年调查数据将高估独生子女比例和"单独"一孩育龄妇女总量。根据2014年、2015年调查数据推断这两年"单独"一孩育龄妇女占全部一孩育龄妇女的比例在10%左右,"单独"二孩政策目标人群在1 500万以内,达到或超过1 500万的可能性几乎不存在。2015年"单独"一孩育龄妇女生育二孩总量在50万左右,远远低于国家卫计委200万左右的预期。2015年"双非"一孩育龄妇女占全部一孩育龄妇女的比例为85%左右,全面两孩政策新增目标人群在8 500万左右,达到或超过9 000万的可能性很小。即使没有全面两孩生育政策,2015年非农业"双非"生育二孩也在130万以上,而农业"双非"生育二孩在250万以上。     

山东微山县打造国策宣传立体网

2009年以来，山东省微山县各部门紧紧围绕“稳定低生育水平，遏制违法生育，综合治理出生性别比失调”这一中心任务，迅速掀起人口计生宣传工作的新高潮。     

我国流动人口生育问题研究概述

在我国经济社会的高速发展影响下,流动人口数量与日俱增。流动人口中的育龄人群也在我国整体育龄人群中占较大比例．因此其生育问题受到了广泛关注。当前学界对流动人口的生育问题主要围绕其生育意愿、生育水平、生育服务管理而展开,通过研究发现流动人口的生育状况由于其居住、工作等的特殊性而呈现出一些不同于城市常住人口和农村未流动人口等的特点。而要将研究进一步引向深入,扩展地域之维、丰富实地调研资料、探析数理关系是可尝试的分析路径。     

创新发展 破解计划生育技术服务八大难题

随着人口计生新形势新任务的不断发展变化,进一步解放思想对于提升吉林省人口计生技术服务工作水平具有十分重要的意义。多年来,吉林省人口计生工作位列全国一类省,计划生育技术服务工作对稳定低生育水平、提高出生人口素质、     

禀赋、场域与中国妇女生育意愿研究

利用2006年中国健康营养调查(CHNS)数据,构建模型,对中国18～52岁妇女的意愿生育决策、生育强度及其影响因素进行实证分析。在众多因素中,家庭已有孩子构成、能力禀赋、资本禀赋对妇女生育意愿有着显著影响,技术禀赋对妇女再生育的意愿和强度有重要影响。同时,将划分生育场域边界的地区变量纳入模型,显示不同区域间妇女的生育意愿存在较大差别,中西部地区妇女的生育意愿明显高于东北部地区;妇女禀赋条件越改善、禀赋水平越高、生育场域越优化,其生育意愿、生育强度越低,生育行为越趋理性。未来开展人口和计划生育工作,制定、调整人口和计划生育政策,应该对此予以充分考虑。     

农村违法生育处理难现状及对策

农村违法生育处理难的问题不仅直接影响农村低生育水平的稳定,而且可能使部分农村出现生育反弹现象,影响我国人口控制目标的实现。 一、农村违法生育的现状 根据近几年对四川省大竹县的调查,目前农村违法生育约占当年生育总数的10～15％之间,其中逃避处理或处理未到位难兑现的约占三分之一。这些违法生育按其表现形式和原因大体分为     

社会抚养费征收中应把握的十大问题

社会抚养费征收是当前人口计生工作的难点、热点问题,征收过程中应把握好以下十大问题： 一、如何定位问题。征收社会抚养费是人口计生工作的一项重要任务,社会抚养费能否及时、足额征收到位,对维护计划生育国策的严肃性和权威性,对控制违法生育、稳定低生育水平具有十分重要的意义。     

21世纪吉林省独生子女生育政策探析

自 1 98 0年以来 ,吉林省独生子女数量不断增长。目前 ,独生子女陆续进入婚育年龄 ,对独生子女实行什么样的生育政策 ,是摆在广大计生干部和科研工作这面前的一个亟待解决的问题。预测表明 ,吉林省现行独生子女政策是有前瞻性的 ,它兼顾了国家和个人的利益 ,充分体现了“合情合理 ,群众拥护 ,干部好做工作”的原则。二十一世纪 ,吉林省现行的独生子女生育政策符合吉林省的省情 ,不宜作大的改动     

Correctly understand and use the measures of progress of the family planning program]

It is necessary to understand correctly the measures of progress in the accomplishments of family planning work. From a developmental and historical perspective the primary measures are constantly in flux. In the last decade, the criteria used to assess the progress have ranged from the natural rate of growth to the birth rate, to multiple-child rate, and to the planned family rate, all of which reflect different emphasis in the various stages of family planning work. They also show a tendency toward making planning work more scientific. None of the criteria is flawless, however. For instance, the planned family rate can be influenced by the total number of births. When that number increases, it can cause the planned family rate to decrease; or, when the number of births decreases, the planned family rate can increase. The measures used for assessing the accomplishments of family planning work only reflect individual aspects of the work; it can never reflect the totality of family planning work because the scope is so vast, encompassing virtually all levels and organizations of society.     

Three methods of estimating births averted nationally by contraception

This paper compares the performance of three methods applicable to national-level demographic data of estimating births averted as a consequence of contraceptive practice. Two are based on the relationship between the general fertility rate (GFR) or total fertility (TFR) and contraceptive prevalence, while the third uses Bongaarts' proximate determinants (PD) model. Estimates of the number of births averted and the percentage by which the number would have increased in the absence of contraception are consistent between the GFR-based and TFR-based methods, but in general lower than the estimates generated by the PD-based method, except for a few high-contraceptive-prevalence countries. For 156 countries and areas around the world the estimated number of births that would have occurred in a recent year in the absence of contraception--the average of the estimates of the three methods--is approximately 230 million, which is more than the estimated 129 million births that actually occurred.     

出生性别比升高的分因素贡献率

文章根据2005年1%人口抽样调查数据,对比2000年人口普查数据,利用经济学中的贡献率概念,给出分因素出生人口性别比升高的贡献率计算方法,比较在全国出生性别比升高中各省的贡献及在各省出生性别比升高中分城乡及分孩次的贡献程度,为做好综合治理出生性别比工作提出新的观点和建议。     

独生子女大规模进入婚育年龄对我国人口发展的影响

大规模的独生子女进入婚育期以及我国差异化的人口控制政策，必然使政策生育率上升。其后果主要表现为：一、理论上每年出生人数增加约160万。使我国人口峰值提高了约4800万；二、弱化我国人口政策的区域差异所导致的人口素质“逆淘汰”，加快人口素质的提高，同时长期偏高的出生性别比也将得到一定程度的缓和；三、城镇将出现大量的“四二一”家庭，而且家庭空巢阶段也将提前到来，空巢家庭比例快速上升。     

State-level Welfare Policies and Nonmarital Subsequent Childbearing

Using discrete time event history analyses of data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), we examine the association between state-level welfare waiver policies implemented before the 1996 welfare reform legislation and the risk of a nonmarital subsequent birth. Our study makes a unique contribution to the existing literature by using a national-level sample of unmarried mothers who ever received welfare. This high-risk sample represents the women of most interest to policymakers, as it is the exact group to whom welfare reform is targeted—welfare mothers at risk of having nonmarital additional births. The state policies we study include: family cap, earnings disregard, work exemptions, work requirements, and sanctions. We conclude that, although reducing the number of nonmarital births is a key goal of welfare reform, state-established welfare waiver policies do not have any influence on women’s childbearing behaviors in this sample, net of women’s individual characteristics and state economic environments. Even the family cap policy, which was designed for the sole purpose of reducing additional births, has no significant association with nonmarital subsequent childbearing. Instead, personal characteristics, not public policies, are stronger determinants of women’s childbearing decisions. Age, race/ethnicity, marital status, number of previous children, education level, and welfare receipt are significantly associated with nonmarital subsequent births. Overall, this paper contributes to an expanding body of research that shows minimal effects of welfare waivers on fertility. Our work suggests that more targeted policies are necessary to be able to influence individual family formation behaviors.     

Regression analysis of the relationship between the birth rate and proportion of first order births in 1981]

Generally speaking, various fertility indicators such as the birth rate, average fertility rate, and total fertility rate have a close relationship. Various regression analyses have also been made by using different data on population statistics to describe their internal relationships. A regression analysis of the relationship between the birth rate and proportion of first order births, however, has not been made. Data collected by family planning staff at various places show that the places with a high rate of first order births normally have a lower birth rate, and the places with a low rate of first order births very often have a high birth rate. From here we may find that the proportion of the first order births is moving in two opposite directions, and there is no determined relationship between them. It is impossible to use one indicator to calculate the other's indicator. Only a regression analysis can be made to study the relationship between the two. The birth rate and proportion of first order births in 1981 showed some negative relationship, but the use of a regression equation should still be restricted. The regression equation between the birth rate and proportion of first order births may reflect a correct relationship when the region and the number of first order births are fixed. Therefore, any factor which has an impact on the number of first order births also has an influence on the use of regression equation.     

Fertility Decline in Prussia: Estimating Influences on Supply,Demand, and Degree of Control

Change in marital fertility in 407 Prussian Kreise from 1875 to 1910 is modeled to depend on the gap between the number of desired surviving births, N*, divided by child survival, s, and the number that would be born under natural marital fertility, M, given the age at marriage. Some fraction of this gap is averted, depending on the propensity to avert unwanted births, D. Although none of these components is observed directly, we can estimate each indirectly under strong assumptions. Decline in N*/s accounts for twice as much of the decline in fertility as does an increase in D. Natural fertility rose during the period. Unwanted births increased slightly, despite a tripling of births averted. The most important causes of decline in N* were increases in female labor supply, real income, and health workers. A rising level of education is the most important cause of increasing propensity to avert births. Demand-side changes were important causes of the transition, but changes in readiness to contracept also were important, as was the interaction of the two.     

Sources of Population Aging in More and Less Developed Countries

We provide the first global assessment of the sources of population aging by tracing its origins to the demographic histories of more and less developed countries. In more developed countries, improvements in survival among successive cohorts have accounted for the large majority of the recent increase in the population's mean age. Improved survivorship and declines in the growth rate of births have made roughly equal contributions to the aging that is occurring in less developed countries. Aging is more rapid in less developed countries because the number of births has declined faster, with China and India making large contributions. Use of the proportion of the population above age 65, 70, or 75 as measures of aging produces results similar to those using the mean age. Mortality decline becomes an even larger contributor to aging using all these measures, and its contribution grows as age advances.     

Social and demographic determinants of abortion in Poland

Summary Most abortions in Polish hospitals and clinics are performed on social indications. In the 22 administrative areas of Poland, the high rates of divorce and large proportions of total population employed in non-agricultural pursuits reflect the individualistic approach to family planning which is characteristic of present-day urban society. Industrialization is disruptive to the normal functioning of the country's traditionally large families. In addition, the gross reproduction rate increases directly with the proportion of the peasant population in 17 voivodships and five large cities of Poland, whereas in the urban sector the gross reproduction rate has fallen below replacement level in the past few years. Rural birth rates will continue to decline. In view of increasing needs for future manpower, population policy aimed at increasing births through incentives to prospective mothers may achieve a limited degree of success in cities only among the educated segments of the female population.     

Change of population policy and the population situation in China]

A correct population policy is very crucial to the solution of the population problem, economic development, and social progress. The real situation in China now is a large population, a high rate of population growth, and low level of productivity. Facing this situation, China's population policy should include control of population growth in quantity, a promotion of population quality, and a match between population growth and social and economic development for the final realization of the Four Modernizations. In recent years, under the leadership of the National Committee on Family Planning, together with cooperation from various offices at the local level, a great change has taken place in China's population situation. The fertility rate has declined gradually, and late marriage, delayed births, and a reduced number of births have also become popular. A change in the age structure of the population has also slowed the pace of population growth. A reduction in the ratio of women of childbearing age is also helpful in the control of population growth, and the natural growth rate for the population has declined. This change shows that family planning is working in China and great results have been achieved. To come closer to the national goal of population control, practical work should be focused on rural areas. The rural population constitutes about 80% of total population and the fertility rate in rural areas is much higher than that of the cities. If population control can be achieved in the rural areas, the overall goal of population control for the country can then be achieved more easily.