基于动机视角的盈余管理研究综述

本文基于动机视角,对国内外盈余管理的研究现状进行综述,国外的盈余管理动机包括资本市场动机、契约动机、保位动机、隐含契约动机以及监管动机。国内盈余管理的动机主要是从IPO、配股和维持上市资格三个方面出发研究的。     

基于动机视角的盈余管理研究综述

本文基于动机视角,对国内外盈余管理的研究现状进行综述,国外的盈余管理动机包括资本市场动机、契约动机、保位动机、隐含契约动机以及监管动机。国内盈余管理的动机主要是从IPO、配股和维持上市资格三个方面出发研究的。     

我国盈余管理动机研究文献综述

随着我国对盈余管理的研究越来越深入,盈余管理越来越受到重视。本文主要对国内盈余管理的动机研究的文献分别从资本市场动机、契约动机和其他动机(包括避税动机、控股股东变更与高级经理人员更换动机、政治动机)进行了归纳和总结。     

盈余管理、会计信息与银行债务契约

已有研究表明会计信息影响债权人的决策和产权保护。本文以中国A股上市公司为研究对象,分析了企业的盈余管理行为对会计信息债务契约有用性的影响。论文发现,对于盈余管理程度不同的上市公司,新增银行长期借款与会计信息的相关性并不存在显著差异,上述结论在控制了借款期限、借款类型等因素以后依然成立。研究结果表明,上市公司的盈余管理行为损害了会计信息的债务契约有用性。     

内在动机与外在激励

本文结合管理实践系统论述了内在动机对于个体行为的激励作用,探讨了个体的内在动机与外在激励之间的关系,明确了内在动机与外在激励在激励机制设计中的地位。通过模型分析发现,内在动机对于个体的行为具有显著的激励作用,它能够提高个体的努力水平。内在动机对于外在激励具有替代作用,内在动机是个体努力的根源,应该成为激励机制的核心,而外在激励则是对内在动机的补充。     

上市公司IPO与盈余管理的关系研究——基于我国银行业的经验证据

西方国家对上市公司盈余管理行为的研究已经发展了20余年,国内对这方面尚缺乏实证研究。西方会计学者将盈余管理的动机归纳为资本市场定价、与会计数据相关的契约,反垄断与政府管制三大类．国外研究发现IPO公司会在IPO当年操控应计利润,以便提高发行价格。在我国、上市公司为了规避证监会的制度管制,取得融资和再融资资格以及保留上市资格是盈余管理主要动机。本文即论证在我国银行业中,为了提高IPO价格,IPO公司也会战略性的选择调增会计收益的盈余管理行为。     

浅议我国资本市场与上市公司盈余管理

随着我国资本市场的不断完善和发展,盈余管理的存在有其必然性。同时,我国上市公司过度的盈余管理却弱化了资本市场对资源的有效配置。因此,有必要规范上市公司的盈余管理,促进资本市场的健康发展。     

上市公司盈余管理的动机及其治理对策研究

概述了上市公司盈余管理的机会主义动机、降低交易成本的动机、获得比较业绩优势的动机以及对市场预期做出理性反应的动机等,说明即使不存在委托-代理问题,上市公司仍然可能存在盈余管理行为,最后提出了一些治理盈余管理的对策.     

企业的盈余管理

盈余管理是指企业经营者在公认会计原则(GAAP)允许的范同内,通过对会计政策的选择和交易行为的构建,追求企业价值和个人利益最大化的行为.它具有两面性:一方面它可以降低企业的经营风险,促进企业的可持续发展,因而是经营者必须掌握的基本技能:另一方面,盈余管理有悖于会计信息的质量特征,降低了会计信息的可靠性和相关性,误导了会计信息使用者的决策,从而对资本市场产生了负面影响.     

我国银行业真实盈余管理研究——基于规避监管的动机

本文以分析了我国银行业是否存在基于规避监管动机的真实盈余管理行为,并探究了其与应计盈余管理手段的替代性。研究结果表明:我国商业银行业存在基于规避监管的动机,针对满足资本充足率的要求,进行整体真实盈余管理的现象;并且真实盈余管理与应计盈余管理,存在着相互替代关系。对后续银行监管者在政策制定和监管实施方面提供了一定的政策建议。     

我国上市公司盈余管理行为的实证分析

我国证券市场存在较为严重的盈余管理现象.针对该现象,本文从盈余管理动机出发,分析我国上市公司盈余管理的行为特征.本文采用管理后盈余分布法,研究了我国上市公司2001年至2003年净资产收益率(ROE)的分布特征,发现我国上市公司仍然存在很强的盈余管理动机,而且我国上市公司盈余管理的行为受到政府监管的影响.最后,本文在实证研究的基础上提出了治理盈余管理的几点建议.     

AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF LIFETIME INEQUALITY: HOW CONTINENTAL EUROPE RESEMBLES NORTH AMERICA

We compare earnings inequality and mobility across the United States, Canada, France, Germany and the United Kingdom during the late 1990s. A flexible model of earnings dynamics that isolates positional mobility within a stable earnings distribution is estimated. Earnings trajectories are then simulated, and lifetime annuity value distributions are constructed. Earnings mobility and employment risk are found to be positively correlated with base‐year inequality. Taken together they produce more equalization in countries with high cross‐section inequality such that the countries in our sample have more similar lifetime inequality levels than cross‐section measures suggest.     

Einfluss der Mandatsdauer des Abschlussprüfers auf ergebniszielgr??enorientierte Bilanzpolitik

This study examines whether the length of auditor-client-relationship affects audit quality. It is motivated by recent calls for mandatory auditor rotation in Europe which are based on concerns that a longer auditor tenure reduces audit quality. Earnings management is used as proxy for audit quality. It is measured by the firms’ success to achieve earnings benchmark targets. A situation in which an abnormal high proportion of firms just meet the benchmark and an abnormal low proportion of firms just miss the benchmark is interpreted as earnings management. Analysed benchmark targets are the reporting of small profits (loss avoidance) and the reporting of small positive earnings increases. Multivariate analyses indicate a higher success for benchmark beating with longer auditor tenure. This result suggests that, in the current environment, mandatory limitations on the length of auditor-client-relationship could result in higher audit quality.     

Earnings Inequality and the Gender Gap: An Accounting Exercise for Sweden 1975–1991

Using the Household Income Survey, the earnings of full time, full year workers in Sweden are studied. Earnings inequality as well as the gender earnings gap were found to decrease up to the beginning of the 1980s, when both started to increase. The following questions are also addressed: How much has the changed earnigns gap contributed to changes in earnings inequality? How much should earnings inequality decrease in the case of men and women having the same mean income while keeping inequality within each gender category constant?     

盈余质量与资本成本——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

盈余质量和资本成本一直是西方实证研究的热点,以2001年～2004年中国上市公司数据为样本,采用DD模型和Jones模型计量盈余质量,检验公司盈余质量对资本成本的影响.研究结果表明,盈余质量显著影响公司资本成本,公司盈余质量越高资本成本越低.按照产权性质分类回归的结果表明,无论是国有还是民营上市公司,盈余质量越高资本成本越低,这在一定程度上说明市场能区分质量好坏的公司,能有效引导资源优化配置.     

Zum Einfluss der Mandatsdauer des Abschlusspr��fers auf die Pr��fungsqualit?t

This study provides evidence on the relation between auditor tenure and audit quality. It is motivated by calls for mandatory auditor rotation, which are based on concerns that longer auditor tenure reduces auditor independence and thus audit quality. Earnings management is used as proxy for audit quality and is measured by absolute and signed performance-adjusted-Jones-model discretionary accruals. Multivariate analyses, controlling for additional firm and auditor characteristics indicate lower earnings management with longer auditor tenure. This result suggests that, in the current environment, mandatory limitations on the length of auditor-client-relationship would result in lower audit quality.     

管理层股权激励与企业未来盈余定价——来自中国资本市场的证据

本文探讨管理层股权激励对企业未来盈余定价的影响,并进一步将企业未来盈余分解为行业成分和公司特质成分,考察股权激励对不同成分未来盈余定价的影响,以及不同模式股权激励对上述关系影响的差异。利用实施股权激励的中国A股上市公司2006-2016年间的数据,本文发现：（1）股权激励提高了当期股票收益率与企业未来盈余的相关性。说明管理层股权激励有助于投资者对企业未来盈余定价;（2）管理层股权激励并不影响投资者对行业成分未来盈余定价,但会加速投资者对公司特质未来盈余定价;（3）管理层的股票型激励有助于投资者对企业未来盈余定价,同时也能加速投资者对公司特质未来盈余定价,但股票期权激励并无上述作用。研究结果意味着,整体而言股权激励能够缓解管理层与股东之间信息披露的代理问题,激励管理层向外部投资者披露更多高质量的公司基本面信息,从而降低投资者对公司特质未来盈余信息的搜寻成本,最终通过加速公司特质未来盈余信息融入股价来促进投资者对企业未来盈余定价。本文揭示了管理层股权激励促进投资者对企业未来盈余定价的微观机制,同时,研究结论对提高中国证券市场的信息效率提供了重要的理论参考。     

薪酬激励、董事会监管与上市公司盈余管理

本文以2002-2004年间沪深两地上市公司为研究样本,分行业采用修正的截面Jones模型对上市公司的可操控性应计利润进行计算,以此作为衡量盈余管理程度的代理变量;在此基础上,考察了高管人员薪酬激励、董事会监管与盈余管理之间的关系.在控制了上市公司资产规模和债务水平之后,研究发现,管理层薪酬水平与调高的操控性应计利润高度正相关,表明薪酬激励构成了中国上市公司盈余管理的一个基本诱因;董事会监管机制对于盈余管理的制约作用并不明显,但本文研究发现董事会规模与调高的操控性应计利润显著负相关,规模较大的董事会能够降低盈余管理的程度.     

The effect of accounting standards on Big Bath behavior

This paper investigates the influence of accounting standards on systematic earnings understatement. To isolate the effect of reporting regulations from those of other institutional drivers of earnings management, Holthausen (2003) proposes analyzing reporting practices in a country undergoing a transition in accounting standards. We respond to this call by analyzing earnings management practices of large German-listed companies before and after their transitions from German GAAP to IFRS. Specifically, we focus on Big Bath behavior following Chief Financial Officer turnovers between 1999 and 2006. Our findings provide evidence of the effect of accounting standards on the existence of this particular earnings understatement pattern. However, while we detect Big Bath behavior for our sample of German GAAP firms, we find no such indication for those firms reporting under IFRS. Controlling for alternative explanations such as self-selection bias does not change our findings. We conclude that accounting standards seem to have a considerable influence on earnings management behavior, independent of managers’ and auditors’ incentives.     

The Differential Earnings and Income Effects of Involuntary Job Loss on Workers with Disabilities — Evidence from Sweden

People with disabilities are consistently found to face considerable difficulties in the labour market. In this study we investigated whether their earnings and income trajectories are more adversely affected in case of involuntary job loss. Earnings of those with and without disabilities began to diverge already several years prior to job loss because of larger incidence of sickness. Following job loss much more job losers with disabilities became disability retirees resulting in a considerable and seemingly permanent earnings differential. However, larger uptake of public social insurances among job losers with disabilities resulted in a much smaller income differential.