共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 906 毫秒
1.
Comparison of Deliberate and Spontaneous Facial Movement in Smiles and Eyebrow Raises 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Karen L. Schmidt Sharika Bhattacharya Rachel Denlinger 《Journal of Nonverbal Behavior》2009,33(1):35-45
We investigated movement differences between deliberately posed and spontaneously occurring smiles and eyebrow raises during
a videotaped interview that included a facial movement assessment. Using automated facial image analysis, we quantified lip
corner and eyebrow movement during periods of visible smiles and eyebrow raises and compared facial movement within participants.
As in an earlier study, maximum speed of movement onset was greater in deliberate smiles. Maximum speed and amplitude were
greater and duration shorter in deliberate compared to spontaneous eyebrow raises. Asymmetry of movement did not differ within
participants. Similar patterns contrasting deliberate and spontaneous movement in both smiles and eyebrow raises suggest a
common pattern of signaling for spontaneous facial displays.
相似文献
Karen L. SchmidtEmail: |
2.
Eva Krumhuber Antony S. R. Manstead Darren Cosker Dave Marshall Paul L. Rosin 《Journal of Nonverbal Behavior》2009,33(1):1-15
We examined the effects of the temporal quality of smile displays on impressions and decisions made in a simulated job interview.
We also investigated whether similar judgments were made in response to synthetic (Study 1) and human facial stimuli (Study
2). Participants viewed short video excerpts of female interviewees exhibiting dynamic authentic smiles, dynamic fake smiles,
or neutral expressions, and rated them with respect to a number of attributes. In both studies, perceivers’ judgments and
employment decisions were significantly shaped by the temporal quality of smiles, with dynamic authentic smiles generally
leading to more favorable job, person, and expression ratings than dynamic fake smiles or neutral expressions. Furthermore,
authentically smiling interviewees were judged to be more suitable and were more likely to be short-listed and selected for
the job. The findings show a high degree of correspondence in the effects created by synthetic and human facial stimuli, suggesting
that temporal features of smiles similarly influence perceivers’ judgments and decisions across the two types of stimulus.
相似文献
Eva KrumhuberEmail: |
3.
Temporal Aspects of Facial Displays in Person and Expression Perception: The Effects of Smile Dynamics,Head-tilt,and Gender 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Recent work suggests that temporal aspects of facial displays influence the perception of the perceived authenticity of a
smile. In the present research, the impact of temporal aspects of smiles on person and expression perception was explored
in combination with head-tilt and gender. One hundred participants were shown different types of smiles (slow versus fast
onset) in combination with three forms of head-tilt (none, left, or right) exhibited by six computer-generated male and female
encoders. The encoders were rated for perceived attractiveness, trustworthiness, dominance, and the smiles were rated for
flirtatiousness and authenticity. Slow onset smiles led to more positive evaluations of the encoder and the smiles. Judgments
were also significantly influenced by head-tilt and participant and encoder gender, demonstrating the combined effect of all
three variables on expression and person perception.
相似文献
Arvid KappasEmail: |
4.
The physiognomic distinctions between spontaneous enjoyment smiles and deliberate non-enjoyment smiles provide the social
perceiver with a functional, accessible source of information to help regulate social interaction. Two experiments were performed
to investigate whether perceivers were sensitive to this information in a contextually meaningful manner. In Experiment 1,
participants were asked to judge whether a target individual was happy or not. The results revealed that participants were
indeed sensitive to the differences between enjoyment and non-enjoyment smiles. In Experiment 2, participants performed a
priming task without any specific instruction to judge emotional state. Neutral expressions, non-enjoyment smiles and enjoyment
smiles were employed as primes in a word valence identification task. The results demonstrated a clear trend indicative of
perceiver sensitivity. When compared to a the baseline condition of a neutral expression prime, enjoyment but not non-enjoyment
smiles facilitated identification of positive words.
相似文献
Lynden MilesEmail: |
5.
Three experiments were conducted to examine whether the temporal dynamics of Duchenne-smiles influenced the perception of smile authenticity. Realistic computer-generated Duchenne-smiles that varied in their onset- and offset-durations (Experiment 1), or only in their offset-duration (Experiment 2), or in both their onset- and apex-durations (Experiment 3), were created using Poser 4 software. Perceived genuineness varied monotonically with the duration of each manipulated dynamic component. The results are in accordance with Ekman and Friesens (1982) observations regarding the duration of smiles of enjoyment, which suggest that each dynamic component has a distinct duration range that can influence the perceived genuineness of smiles.We wish to thank Jesse Spencer-Smith for sharing the AU morph targets that have been developed in the context of his research. 相似文献
6.
Philippe Steiner 《Theory and Society》2009,38(1):97-110
Zelizer’s work may be read as an attack on the central Polanyian thesis: that the market system threatens social life by the
undue prominence it lends the economy in the organization of modern society. The recent publication of Viviana Zelizer’s The Purchase of Intimacy (2005a) is therefore an excellent opportunity to review the general trend of her work Zelizer 1979, 1985, 1994, and contrast her leading ideas to the central thesis that gives Polanyi’s work its particular flavor: the danger encapsulated
in the use of modern money and the functioning of the market system.
A draft of this essay was presented in March 2007 at a workshop held at the University of London, and a preliminary French
version has appeared in a special issue of the Revue du Mauss devoted to Polanyi’s thought (Vol. 29, June 2007). The present version is directed to Zelizer’s views on the relation between
market and society. I thank Franck Cochoy, Keith Hart, José Ossandon, and Viviana Zelizer for their helpful comments and advices.
Philippe Steiner is Professor of Sociology at Paris-Sorbonne University. He is the author of several books in the field of economic sociology: La sociologie économique 1890-1920 (Paris: Presses universitaires de France co-authored with J-J. Gislain), Sociologie de la connaissance économique. Essai sur les rationalisations de la connaissance économique (1750-1850) (Paris: Presses universitaires de France), and L’école durkheimienne et l’économie. Sociologie, religion et connaissance (Genève: Droz). His current field work is about the economic sociology of organ transplants (La transplantation d’organes: un commerce entre les êtres humains, forthcoming). 相似文献
Philippe SteinerEmail: |
Philippe Steiner is Professor of Sociology at Paris-Sorbonne University. He is the author of several books in the field of economic sociology: La sociologie économique 1890-1920 (Paris: Presses universitaires de France co-authored with J-J. Gislain), Sociologie de la connaissance économique. Essai sur les rationalisations de la connaissance économique (1750-1850) (Paris: Presses universitaires de France), and L’école durkheimienne et l’économie. Sociologie, religion et connaissance (Genève: Droz). His current field work is about the economic sociology of organ transplants (La transplantation d’organes: un commerce entre les êtres humains, forthcoming). 相似文献
7.
Miles L. Patterson Yuichi Iizuka Mark E. Tubbs Jennifer Ansel Masao Tsutsumi Jackie Anson 《Journal of Nonverbal Behavior》2007,31(3):155-166
This study examined the microinteractions of pedestrians in Japan and in the United States as they walked past a confederate.
Specifically, the effects of culture, condition (avoid, look-only, and look plus smile) and sex of confederate on glances,
smiles, nods, and greetings by passing pedestrians were examined in a field study on over 1000 participants. The hypotheses
of (1) lower responsiveness in Japanese pedestrians than in American pedestrians and (2) increased responsiveness as a function
of condition were supported in a series of log-linear analyses of pedestrian glances, smiles, nods, and greetings. Both of
these main effects were, however, qualified by Culture X Condition interactions on smiles, nods, and greetings, with the large
condition effects present in the American pedestrians, but absent in the Japanese pedestrians. The results are discussed in
terms of the functions of glances, smiles, nods, and greetings in these brief encounters and how differing cultural norms
affect Japanese and American responsiveness. Finally, the limitations of this study and the broader utility of this research
paradigm are discussed.
相似文献
Miles L. PattersonEmail: |
8.
This paper provides a multilayered analysis of how lesbian mothers and gay fathers construct their families in a social context
that has been described by Steven Seidman (2004) as “beyond the closet.” We stress how our participants’ family-building experiences are comparable to other non-biologically
related families, but distinct due to heterosexual dominance. Using in-depth qualitative interviews with 18 lesbian birth
mothers and 22 gay fathers, the authors discuss how participants navigate heterosexual dominance in institutions and in personal
interactions.
相似文献
Dana BerkowitzEmail: |
9.
Justin Pulford Maria Bellringer Max Abbott Dave Clarke David Hodgins Jeremy Williams 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2009,25(1):19-32
This paper presents reasons for help-seeking data as reported by users of a national gambling helpline (help-seekers, HS,
n = 125) as well as data pertaining to perceived reasons for seeking help as reported by gamblers recruited from the general
population (non-help-seekers, NHS, n = 104). All data were collected via a structured, multi-modal survey. Participants in both groups considered help-seeking
to be motivated by multiple factors (mean of 6.8 and 10.6 responses, respectively). Responses indicative of financial concern
were most frequently reported by both HS and NHS participants (82 & 90%, respectively). Over a third of HS participants (35%)
also identified financial concern as their primary reason for seeking help and 50% of NHS participants perceived financial
concern to be the primary motivator for seeking help in a problem gambling context. Common types of secondary influence (other
than financial concern) included psychological distress (HS & NHS participants), problem prevention (HS participants), rational
thought (HS participants), physical health issues (HS participants), and relationship issues (NHS participants). The implications
for promoting greater or earlier help-seeking activity amongst problem gamblers are discussed.
相似文献
Justin PulfordEmail: |
10.
This paper examines empirical links between sexual orientation and self-reported lying using data collected in several waves
of Georgia Institute of Technology’s World Wide Web Users Survey. The data include questions about sexual orientation, lying
in cyberspace, and a broad range of demographic information. According to the theoretical framework of Gneezy (Am Econ Rev
95: 384–395, 2005) on the economics of deception, individuals conceal or falsify information when the expected benefit of lying exceeds its
costs in terms of psychic disutility. If non-heterosexuals expect to benefit more by falsifying information, then this theory
predicts higher rates of lying among non-heterosexuals. The data show that gays and lesbians do indeed report lying more often
than heterosexuals, both unconditionally in bivariate correlations and after controlling for demographic and geographic differences.
These empirical results are consistent with the conclusion that non-heterosexuals expect higher benefits from concealing personal
information because of anti-homosexual discrimination.
相似文献
Donald LienEmail: |
11.
Steven J. Englehardt 《Journal of Labor Research》2009,30(2):135-148
This study estimates the contributions of skill-biased technological change and international trade to the rise in the skill
premium during the 1980s and 90s using the Feenstra and Hanson (Q J Econ 114(3):907–940, 1999) two-stage methodology. Newly available data on high-technology capital provide separate measures of computer and software
investment. New estimates suggest that investment in software contributed to a substantial portion of the observed increase
in the skill premium while investment in computers lead to a reduction in the rate of skill premium growth. Contrary to the
findings of Feenstra and Hanson for the 1980s, neither software nor computers had a significant effect on wages during the
1980s. Foreign outsourcing does not appear to have significantly affected wages during the 1990s. The contribution to theory
is that software is more complementary to increases in worker productivity due to human skills. Computers, on the other hand,
reduced the growth of wage inequality by giving unskilled labor a more efficient set of tools with which to work.
相似文献
Steven J. EnglehardtEmail: |
12.
Pille-Riin Kaare René Mõttus Kenn Konstabel 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2009,25(3):377-390
Due to changes in gambling accessibility during the last decade gambling has become more widespread in Estonia and the prevalence
of pathological gambling has sharply increased. The present study attempts to identify psychological characteristics of Estonian
pathological gamblers. It has been shown that a wide range of social, economic, and individual factors (e.g. personality traits
and emotional states) predict the likelihood of becoming a pathological gambler. In the present study, pathological gamblers’
(N = 33) personality traits, self-esteem, self-reported emotional states and cognitive ability were compared to the respective
characteristics in a non-gambling control group (N = 42) matched for age, gender and educational level. It was found that compared to controls, pathological gamblers had higher
scores on Neuroticism (especially on its immoderation facet) and lower scores on Conscientiousness (especially on its dutifulness
and cautiousness facets) and on self-esteem scale. They reported more negative emotional states during the previous month
(especially depression and anxiety). Finally, pathological gamblers had lower general cognitive ability. In a logistic regression
model, the likelihood of being a pathological gambler was best predicted by high immoderation score and low cognitive ability.
相似文献
Pille-Riin KaareEmail: |
13.
Justin Pulford Maria Bellringer Max Abbott Dave Clarke David Hodgins Jeremy Williams 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2009,25(1):33-48
This paper presents barriers to help-seeking data as reported by users of a national gambling helpline (help-seekers, HS,
N = 125) as well as data pertaining to perceived barriers to seeking help as reported by gamblers recruited from the general
population (non-help-seekers, NHS,
N = 104). All data were collected via a structured, multi-modal survey. When asked to identify actual or perceived barriers
to seeking help, responses indicative of pride (78% of HS participants, 84% of NHS participants), shame (73% of HS participants,
84% of NHS participants) or denial (87% of NHS participants) were most frequently reported. These three factors were also
most often identified as the real or perceived primary barrier to help-seeking (collectively accounting for 55% of HS, and
60% of NHS, responses to this question) and were the only barriers to be identified by more than 10% of either HS and NHS
participants without prompting. It was of note, however, that participants in both groups identified multiple barriers to
help-seeking (mean of 6.7 and 12.2, respectively) and that, when presented with a list of 21 possible barrier items, NHS participants
endorsed 19 of the listed items significantly more often than their HS counterparts. The implications of these findings, with
respect to promoting greater or earlier help-seeking activity amongst problem gamblers, are discussed.
相似文献
Justin PulfordEmail: |
14.
15.
Qualitative research has investigated distinct couple types that divide work and family responsibilities based on employment
circumstances and relationship characteristics, but such research is not conducive to identifying frequencies of couple types
or statistically comparing work-family circumstances across couple types. The current study incorporated both employment and
family variables in identifying four distinct dual-earner couple types among respondents from the National Survey of the Changing
Workforce. Couple types were compared regarding demographic information, and memberships in couple types were predicted based
on this information. Some significant differences emerged that may begin to explain the circumstances and motivations behind
selecting certain work-family arrangements, though the more peer-like couples were less distinct and in some ways less economically advantaged than expected.
相似文献
Shelley M. MacDermidEmail: |
16.
Susan A. Andrzejewski Judith A. Hall Elizabeth R. Salib 《Journal of Nonverbal Behavior》2009,33(1):47-58
Early literature found that holding more anti-Semitic attitudes positively predicted ability to discern whether a photograph
was of a Jewish or non-Jewish person. This contradicts the well established finding that interpersonal sensitivity is generally
associated with healthy psychological characteristics. In five new, previously unpublished studies we found that this relation
was negative, such that more prejudiced individuals were now less accurate than less prejudiced individuals at a similar task, consistent with the general finding. A meta-analysis of all
the studies showed that time was a significant moderator of the relation. Possible reasons for the temporal change are discussed.
相似文献
Judith A. Hall (Corresponding author)Email: |
17.
This study analyses the relationships between export, import and economic growth for the 13 transition economies. Empirical
results show that there is a unidirectional causality from economic growth to export. Empirical findings show that the growth-led
export hypothesis is valid in those countries and growth is rather shaped by increase in import demand.
相似文献
Salih BarişikEmail: |
18.
Daniel S. Messinger Tricia D. Cassel Susan I. Acosta Zara Ambadar Jeffrey F. Cohn 《Journal of Nonverbal Behavior》2008,32(3):133-155
To better understand early positive emotional expression, automated software measurements of facial action were supplemented with anatomically based manual coding. These convergent measurements were used to describe the dynamics of infant smiling and predict perceived positive emotional intensity. Over the course of infant smiles, degree of smile strength varied with degree of eye constriction (cheek raising, the Duchenne marker), which varied with degree of mouth opening. In a series of three rating studies, automated measurements of smile strength and mouth opening predicted naïve (undergraduate) observers’ continuous ratings of video clips of smile sequences, as well as naïve and experienced (parent) ratings of positive emotion in still images from the sequences. An a priori measure of smile intensity combining anatomically based manual coding of both smile strength and mouth opening predicted positive emotion ratings of the still images. The findings indicate the potential of automated and fine-grained manual measurements of facial actions to describe the course of emotional expressions over time and to predict perceptions of emotional intensity. 相似文献
19.
Emmanuel Barthe B. Grant Stitt 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2009,25(2):139-152
Research on the relationship between casinos and crime has yielded mixed conclusions. Some authors argue that casinos are
crime attractors and provide fertile grounds for disorder in the surrounding communities. Others claim that the impact of
casinos on the crime problem has been over-stated and that casinos in themselves are not crime generators. Relying on calls
for service and incidents known to the police, this research reveals the specific spatial and temporal characteristics of
all criminal and disorderly behaviors around casino venues.
相似文献
Emmanuel BartheEmail: |
20.
Professional Women, Good Families: Respectable Femininity and the Cultural Politics of a “New” India
Smitha Radhakrishnan 《Qualitative sociology》2009,32(2):195-212
This study of professional software women in urban India examines practices of respectable femininity and discourses of the
Indian family to understand the changing and abiding aspects of a seemingly new national culture. Colonial and nationalist
constructs of the Indian home, and the middle-class women who protected that home, continue to powerfully shape everyday articulations
of national belonging, even as they are transformed through individual negotiations and a global economy. Drawing from extensive
interviews and ethnographic work, this paper analyzes the interplay of gender, class, and nation in contemporary urban India
as individualized, gendered efforts to accumulate symbolic capital.
Smitha Radhakrishnan is Assistant Professor of Sociology at Wellesley College in Wellesley, MA. Her current work examines the culture of a transnational Indian middle class, drawing on multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork with IT professionals in Mumbai and Bangalore, with comparative pieces in South Africa and the Silicon Valley. Previously, she has studied the emergence of minority political and cultural identity in the context of post-apartheid South Africa. Her publications have appeared in journals such as Theory and Society, Gender and Society, and Feminist Studies. 相似文献
Smitha RadhakrishnanEmail: |
Smitha Radhakrishnan is Assistant Professor of Sociology at Wellesley College in Wellesley, MA. Her current work examines the culture of a transnational Indian middle class, drawing on multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork with IT professionals in Mumbai and Bangalore, with comparative pieces in South Africa and the Silicon Valley. Previously, she has studied the emergence of minority political and cultural identity in the context of post-apartheid South Africa. Her publications have appeared in journals such as Theory and Society, Gender and Society, and Feminist Studies. 相似文献