网络环境下基于知识共享的IT服务构架与创新

本文首先分析了网络环境下,企业在进行知识共享过程中所面临的挑战.然后,提出网络环境下IT服务的基本构架,根据构架研究了企业的知识共享空间基础的建立,强调知识共享在企业内部的运用,并提出网络环境下IT服务的创新策略,有利于促进企业更有效地实施知识共享,最后通过一个实例论证了本文所提出的观点.     

实施大规模定制中组织知识共享研究

本文从知识共享的角度提出了更有效地实现大规模定制(MC)的方法.知识共享是未来组织为了适应高速变化的经济环境而必须采取的战略措施.组织知识可以分为三种个人知识,工作流程,数据库.这三种类型知识的可共享程度依次递增.为了提高知识的共享程度,组织可以采取不同的方式编码化方式和个人化方式.组织可以针对自身的具体情况和经营环境进行选择.本文还就如何选择知识共享的方式给出了一些影响因素.     

大学-企业基于知识共享的合作创新激励机制设计研究

本文运用多任务委托代理模型研究了大学企业联盟在基于知识共丰基础上进行合作创新时,如何通过设计最优分配率或分配率区间,来同时激励知识拥有方进行知识共享和研究开发的现实问题.通过分析最优合同的特征,提出了激励代理人进行知识共享和研究开发、防范知识共享不足和机会主义风险的具体措施.     

基于知识贡献考核和效用的组织个体知识共享博弈分析与仿真

本文综合考虑了组织个体在组织知识管理策略——知识贡献绩效考核影响下的个体知识共享行为,建立个体在管理策略动态变化下的共享行为模型,将个体知识共享演化的变化抽象为一个博弈过程,分析纳什均衡存在,构建组织个体知识共享效用函数,综合分析在组织知识贡献考核及个体效用双重条件下,个体知识共享博弈后不会出现“搭便车”现象.在此基础上,进行仿真模拟,探讨组织知识共享与组织激励投入、激励程度、激励差异化及个体效用差异的影响规律.本研究将为组织知识管理策略的制定和控制提供理论依据和指导.     

企业知识投资的一个市场化模型

学习型企业需要不断地对知识创造和获取过程进行投资,如何进行最优的知识投资是需要解决的一个关键问题.针对大型企业集团中企业知识创造和知识应用的知识包特点和集团内部子单位之间知识创造和知识应用的互补特点,提出企业知识投资的内部市场化模型,对于"知识唯一供应者"情况下的简化模型进行了具体的案例分析.研究结果表明,市场化模型的应用不仅可以促进企业内跨子单位的知识扩散和知识共享,而且有助于提高企业的知识投资效率.     

供应链企业间知识共享影响因素的实证研究

将企业组织学习能力、技术知识壁垒属性、知识共享平台、知识共享激励机制和企业间相容性水平作为供应链企业间知识共享的影响因素,以知识获取和合作绩效作为知识共享效果的评价标准,建立了理论关系模型.通过实证分析,表明企业组织学习能力、技术知识壁垒属性、知识共享平台、知识共享激励机制和企业间相容性水平对知识获取存在显著的影响;企业组织学习能力和技术知识壁垒属性对合作绩效影响不显著,知识共享平台、知识共享激励机制和企业间相容性水平对合作绩效存在显著影响.     

企业知识管理战略变化的分析模型

在分析企业知识管理战略更新过程的四个阶段的基础上,提出了企业知识管理战略变化的四阶段模型,以研究当前战略的惯性及其所受压力两种主要力量如何影响企业知识管理战略变化,并建立数学模型.运用计算机模拟程序对企业知识管理战略变化过程进行模拟并通过统计学原理分析,得出企业的管理知识水平、企业的技术知识的宽度、企业的主动性以及环境动态性是影响企业知识管理战略变化的四大主要因素.     

知识密集型服务企业员工知识共享机制研究

在分析知识密集型服务企业员工知识共享方式及障碍的基础上，文章根据调研提出了新的知识共享组织机制——交互网络化知识共享组织结构，并探讨了激励机制及价值体系等问题，最后，文章就提升KIBS企业知识共享的效益给出了相应的建议。     

企业产品开发人员知识共享机理研究

企业产品开发人员的知识共享是提高企业知识管理水平、增强企业竞争能力的重要途径.通过相应的数学模型,对企业产品开发人员自身效用有重要影响的知识共享进行了详细的分析,提出相应的对策,为企业促进产品开发人员的知识共享提供了理论借鉴.     

企业内部知识共享的障碍因素分析

知识共享是知识管理的关键环节，直接关系到企业知识创新的效率和效果。本文分别从知识形态本身、共享主体、共享工具、共享环境四方面着手，对企业内象知识共享过程中遇到的障碍因素进行了分析。     

Ascertaining the effect of planned organizational change on the work environment

In a dynamic environment, organizations often are required to effect major changes in operations. The success of such changes invariably depends upon numerous factors one of which is how the change affects the work environment. Therefore, in planning organizational change it is important to consider the work environment and to objectively evaluate changes in the work environment in a timely fashion so that corrective actions may be formulated if needed. Such framing and monitoring of the organizational change facilitates successful implementation of the organizational change. This paper suggests a measure which may be used in evaluating an organization's work environment. A case is discussed.     

Individual and organizational strategies for coping with organizational change

During times of significant change to organizations in strategies and structures, employees can experience high levels of stress as their jobs, areas of responsibility and roles also change. Yet research is curiously silent about how people react to organizational change, especially towards promoting healthy responses to change. As a first step to outlining areas for future research this paper considers a range of individual and organizational strategies that may be effective in reducing employee stress and related problems. Prior to the implementation of these strategies, however, organizations must empower employees to adopt the role of change agent and encourage them to take action to solve the problems that stress them. At the individual level, employees can respond to the stress created by organizational change by using problem- and emotion-focused strategies. Also important in coping with change are the personal resources of employees, including a sense of hardiness, beliefs about having control over their work environment, and the availability of social supports within and outside the organization. Although few organizations fully acknowledge their role in helping employees cope with change, there are a number of initiatives that organizations can pursue. Several strategies are discussed in relation to communication, leadership, job-related tasks and stress management programmes.     

4 The Physical Environment in Organizations

Abstract

We review empirical research on the physical environment in professional, organizational work settings (i.e., offices, meeting rooms, and design work spaces) from the past several decades. This research reveals no common elements of the physical environment (e.g., enclosures and barriers in work spaces, adjustable work arrangements, personalized work spaces, and ambient surroundings) that are consistently and exclusively associated with desired outcomes in these work settings. Instead, these elements are routinely associated with both desired and undesired outcomes. Based on these findings, we suggest that understanding the role of physical environments in organizations requires an understanding of common trade-offs in organizational life. Further, we suggest that the prevalence of such trade-offs is grounded in tensions that are inherent to the functions that physical environments serve (i.e., aesthetic, instrumental, and symbolic functions). We provide an outline of these tensions and trade-offs in relation to common elements of the physical environment, and suggest that researchers consider these tensions and trade-offs in their future research.     

Individual and organizational strategies for coping with organizational change

Abstract

During times of significant change to organizations in strategies and structures, employees can experience high levels of stress as their jobs, areas of responsibility and roles also change. Yet research is curiously silent about how people react to organizational change, especially towards promoting healthy responses to change. As a first step to outlining areas for future research this paper considers a range of individual and organizational strategies that may be effective in reducing employee stress and related problems. Prior to the implementation of these strategies, however, organizations must empower employees to adopt the role of change agent and encourage them to take action to solve the problems that stress them. At the individual level, employees can respond to the stress created by organizational change by using problem- and emotion-focused strategies. Also important in coping with change are the personal resources of employees, including a sense of hardiness, beliefs about having control over their work environment, and the availability of social supports within and outside the organization. Although few organizations fully acknowledge their role in helping employees cope with change, there are a number of initiatives that organizations can pursue. Several strategies are discussed in relation to communication, leadership, job-related tasks and stress management programmes.     

Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) for monitoring efficiency-based performance of productivity-driven organizations: Design and implementation of a decision support system

The competitive nature of the business environment requires the productivity-driven organization to be aware of its relative level of effectiveness and efficiency vis-à-vis its competitors. This suggests the need, first, for an effective mechanism that allows for discovering appropriate productivity models for improving overall organizational performance, and, second for a feedback-type mechanism that allows for evaluating multiple productivity models in order to select the most suitable one. In this paper our focus is on organizations that consider the states of their internal (e.g., possibly exemplified by resource-based view) and external (e.g., possibly exemplified by positioning) organizational environment in the formulation of their strategies. We propose and test a DEA-centric Decision Support System (DSS) that aims to assess and manage the relative performance of such organizations.     

Organizational Environments and Performance: A Linear or Nonlinear Relationship?

The external circumstances that organizations confront are an important influence upon their prospects of success. The resources available within the environment, the multiplicity of stakeholder demands to be addressed and the rates of change in these, each have serious implications for organizational functioning. Nevertheless, it remains conceivable that the effects of different dimensions of the environment are not straightforwardly positive or negative, but may follow nonlinear patterns posing very different challenges at different levels. To draw lessons for public organizations seeking to understand how best to respond the circumstances that they face, this paper examines linear and nonlinear effects of different dimensions of the organizational environment on the performance of over 500 organizations using both objective and subjective measures of the environment. Strong support is found for the presence of linear relationships between each environmental dimension and type of measure and performance, but no evidence of statistically significant nonlinear environmental effects. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.     

Leadership for organizational adaptability: A theoretical synthesis and integrative framework

One of the biggest challenges facing leaders today is the need to position and enable organizations and people for adaptability in the face of increasingly dynamic and demanding environments. Despite this we know surprisingly little about this topic. In this paper we provide a theoretical synthesis and integrative review of research from strategy, organization theory, innovation, networks, and complexity to provide a framework of leadership for organizational adaptability. Our review shows that leadership for organizational adaptability is different from traditional leadership or leading change. It involves enabling the adaptive process by creating space for ideas advanced by entrepreneurial leaders to engage in tension with the operational system and generate innovations that scale into the system to meet the adaptive needs of the organization and its environment. Leadership for organizational adaptability calls for scholars and practitioners to recognize organizational adaptability as an important organizational outcome, and enabling leadership (i.e., enabling the adaptive process through adaptive space) as a critical form of leadership for adaptive organizations.     

Ambidexterity as a dynamic capability: Resolving the innovator's dilemma

How do organizations survive in the face of change? Underlying this question is a rich debate about whether organizations can adapt—and if so how. One perspective, organizational ecology, presents evidence suggesting that most organizations are largely inert and ultimately fail. A second perspective argues that some firms do learn and adapt to shifting environmental contexts. Recently, this latter view has coalesced around two themes. The first, based on research in strategy suggests that dynamic capabilities, the ability of a firm to reconfigure assets and existing capabilities, explains long-term competitive advantage. The second, based on organizational design, argues that ambidexterity, the ability of a firm to simultaneously explore and exploit, enables a firm to adapt over time. In this paper, we review and integrate these comparatively new research streams and identify a set of propositions that suggest how ambidexterity acts as a dynamic capability. We suggest that efficiency and innovation need not be strategic tradeoffs and highlight the substantive role of senior teams in building dynamic capabilities.     

From Blaming the Middle to Harnessing its Potential: Creating Change Intermediaries

Middle managers have been under attack as organizational downsizing and reengineering have reduced their number. They are also frequently portrayed as obstructive and resistant to change. However, recent research suggests that managers at middle levels in organizations may be able to make a strategic contribution. Data from research on how managers in an organization undergoing transformation experience change are used to build on this existing research to demonstrate that middle managers fulfil a complex 'change intermediary' position during implementation. The findings reveal that a key aspect of this position is the need for middle managers to engage in a range of activities to aid their interpretation of the change intent. This interpretation activity then informs the personal changes they attempt to undertake, how they help others through change, how they keep the business going during the transition and what changes they implement in their departments. The interpretation aspect of their role is often overlooked, leading to workload issues and role conflict. These findings offer an alternative perspective on perceived middle manager resistance and lead into suggestions for future research and organizational implications.     

Flexibility, Hierarchy, Markets

The conclusion that organizations need to become more strategically flexible as a response to increasing environmental dynamism and uncertainty has been an important feature of recent contingency theories of organization design. In this literature organizations have been analysed from the perspective of the development of networks of organizations concentrating on their core competencies and contracting among themselves on a stable long-term basis. This model of inter-firm relationships provides an alternative mode of organizational structuring to that arising from vertical integration, which, by contrast, is seen as fostering strategic inflexibility. In the literature on corporate restructuring and changes in ownership form arising from the markets and hierarchies perspective, we see a similar emphasis on the dysfunctional consequences of large-scale bureaucratic organization. Changes in ownership form are seen as a major means of providing more effective managerial control. In this paper we argue that linking the literature on flexibility emanating from contingency theories of organizational design and the markets and hierarchies perspective provides important new insights into current and emerging forms of organization.