论民事习惯在民事立法中的合理定位

民事习惯对于民事立法而言,具有补充立法、促进本土法律资源有效利用及推动民事立法顺利实施等价值。民事习惯在我国民事立法中应有合理定位,未来民事立法应确立"凡法律未规定者,应遵循民事习惯"的基本原则,认可习惯的法源地位,并同时对民事习惯的适用条件加以限制,以不违反公序良俗、国家及社会公共利益为限。在民事规则的具体设计中,对民事习惯宜加以鉴别、提炼和加工,将其合理成分归纳、吸收入法。在法律移植和本土法律资源的有效利用上,立法应在结合国情基础上对民事习惯与移植法律制度进行分析比较,合理吸收二者中最适宜我国国情的成分,制定出适合国情的民事规范。     

证人证言及其质证规则

证人证言作为民事诉讼法规定的法定证据,其诉讼功能和证明价值的实现必须以完善的质证规则为制度前提。由于中国目前立法中相应质证规则的缺失,使得证人证言无法在诉讼证明中发挥其应然的作用。所以,正确理解与把握证人证言,设置科学、合理的质证规则是构建诉讼制度的关键。     

合理使用是诚信原则对著作权的限制

现代诚信原则在各国的立法当中不仅保留了形式意义上的诚实信用原则而且把诚实信用原则的内容具体化为公平原则、权利不得滥用原则等等,体现为实质意义上的诚信原则。著作权的合理使用规则就是一个具体化的诚信原则,是合理使用规则的法理依据。用诚信原则解释著作权的合理使用具有充分的说服力。诚信原则指导下的著作权的合理使用有效地平衡了使用者、权利人和社会公共利益;同时为法官对合理使用案件的司法裁量提供了准则,因此论证了合理使用是诚信原则对著作权施加的限制。     

民国时期司法诚信原则探微——以南京国民政府时期的民事审判为例

民国后期的南京国民政府在设计民事审判制度之时,将诚信原则贯彻其中,这是吸纳大陆法系优秀立法成果、继承中国古代有益民族道德传统的产物。无论民事司法的理论体系还是民事审判的制度规范,南京国民政府都将法官诚信审判作为其司法诚信的核心内容。尽管南京国民政府时期的民事审判工作有其不足之处,但是当时的国民政府倡导法官诚信的原则是值得肯定的,其不仅对当前司法工作中贯彻诚信原则具有一定的启示作用,而且对当下的审判工作及法官队伍建设也有一定的启迪和参考价值。     

无罪推定原则在我国的本土化建构——以我国刑事诉讼法的再修改为视角

作为现代刑事诉讼的黄金裁判规则,无罪推定原则在限制公权力、保障被追诉者诉讼主体地位和基本权利方面发挥着重要作用。我国刑事诉讼法虽历经两次大修,但仍没有在立法中确立无罪推定原则,疑罪从无、沉默权等制度构建缺位,非法证据排除规则、强制证人出庭作证、技术侦查手段规定的不尽完善,导致该原则仍无法充分发挥其制度理性。转变传统诉讼理念,明确无罪推定原则入法、构建完备的立法体系,细化并完善配套制度建设,建立真正理性的无罪推定原则,才能确保诉讼主体,尤其是犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的基本权利和其他合法权益不再被虚置。     

论民事诉讼非法证据排除规则

民事诉讼中的非法证据在中国的立法中近乎处于空白,尽管在相关的司法解释中有所提及,但是在实际的证据采信中,非法证据的大量出现不但会给法官的裁断造成障碍,还会给相对人对证据的采集造成极大的不利。于是非法证据排除规则在各国的立法中相继加以不同程度的利用,并在民事、刑事中得到了充分的体现。中国也在这两方面大胆地对西方的法律做了借鉴,但是不同的法律制度决定了不同的价值观,排除规则的利用仍然要与本国的实际紧密结合。     

法国民事证据制度书证优先原则及其借鉴

书证优先原则是法国民事证据制度的一大特色,其主要特征为对于一定数额以上的民事法律行为,法院只采纳书证作为证据的形式并排斥证人证言等其他证据方法。尽管书证优先原则对民事诉讼中当事人运用证据方法的意思自治存在着一定的阻碍作用,但是由于书证的客观性较强,容易对民事法律行为当事人的行为意图和意志固定化,其利大于弊。在证人证言普遍遭遇困境和合同纠纷日益增多的现实性国情下,法国民事证据制度书证优先原则的立法值得我们借鉴。     

论民事证据声请中的当事人具体化义务

民事证据声请中的当事人具体化义务要求当事人应当将证据声请事项具体化;该义务以辩论主义、当事人诉讼促进义务为理论基础;其正当性在于防免证据声请的抽象化、诉讼相对人防御的可能性及证人利益的自我保护性、法官进行证据调查的良好实现;应当将其界定为分层、有界以及完备的具体化义务;中国关于证据声请的立法以及司法存在诸多不足,应以具体化义务为基础,结合其他程序和制度进行相应完善。     

论诚实信用原则在民事检察监督中的适用

《民事诉讼法》确立诚实信用原则意味着检察机关非诚信监督的本质从不道德转化为违法,而司法机关违法将直接对司法公信力造成沉重打击,必须予以有效防治。导致检察机关非诚信监督的原因极为复杂,有必要对检察实务中常见的非诚信监督进行梳理归类。在洞悉非诚信监督病因的基础上,除从宏观上采取培育诚信监督理念与氛围以外,亟需完善民事检察监督法律制度及其周边制度,以避免监督与不监督的两难境遇、消除非诚信监督的动力、提高非诚信监督的代价、弱化外界对检察监督的干预。     

论诚实信用原则在民事检察监督中的适用简

《民事诉讼法》确立诚实信用原则意味着检察机关非诚信监督的本质从不道德转化为违法，而司法机关违法将直接对司法公信力造成沉重打击，必须予以有效防治。导致检察机关非诚信监督的原因极为复杂，有必要对检察实务中常见的非诚信监督进行梳理归类。在洞悉非诚信监督病因的基础上，除从宏观上采取培育诚信监督理念与氛围以外，亟需完善民事检察监督法律制度及其周边制度，以避免监督与不监督的两难境遇、消除非诚信监督的动力、提高非诚信监督的代价、弱化外界对检察监督的干预。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Social security reforms in Kenya: Towards a workerist or a citizenship‐based system?

With social security provisions in Kenya remaining under‐reported in the more recent literature, this overview covers recent reforms in key areas of the country's social security system. In the health sector and in old‐age pension provision social security is still mainly workerist (biased toward those in formal employment), and attempts to expand coverage have had limited effect only – cash transfer programmes, for instance, have been expanded but in practice they do not universally cover the entitled categories. Thus, although the Kenyan social security system now has a considerable pro‐poor social assistance component it remains biased toward those in formal employment, to the benefit of the highest income quintile.     

A Man Can be Destroyed but Not Defeated

Santiago,the main hero in the Old Man and the Sea is characterized as someone struggling against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish,the sail of his skiff resembles "the flag of permanent defeat." But the old man refuses defeat at every turn:he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin,tying his record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight,and he continues to ward off sharks from stealing his prey,even though he knows the battle is useless. He establishes a great hero:a man can be destroyed but not defeated.     

Feminist Criticism in The Scarlet Letter

The Scarlet Letter written by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a great book. Through feminist criticism we can get how The Scarlet Letter may be read as dramatizing Hester Prynne's spiritual and physical struggle to survive as an individual in a society whose values authorize the privileged power of men.     

循环经济与可持续发展刍议

发展循环经济已经成为当今世界的潮流和趋势,循环经济将经济活动组织成为"资源-产品-消费-再生资源"的物质反复循环的闭环式流程,从上世纪90年代确定可持续发展战略以来,发达国家正在把发展循环经济、建立循环型社会看作是实施可持续发展战略的重要途径和实现方式.循环经济是集经济、技术、社会于一体的系统工程,其启动和推广不仅需要政府、企业、科学界和公众等社会各界的不懈努力和共同参与,而且需要资金、技术以及法规、制度等软硬环境的强力支撑.     

Determinants of Perceived Safety Among the Elderly

Abstract

A survey of randomly selected elderly residents (N = 301) of a largely rural county in Northwest Ohio sought to explore the perception of the fear of crime victimization. Those who participated in the study were asked a series of questions about their community, actual experiences of crime victimization, perception of fear related to victimization, and social support. Logistic regression analyses were computed to explore perceptions of neighborhood safety. Most participants reported limited experiences of victimization. As expected, in this rural environment, there was more reliance on informal supports and limited use of existing formal services.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.