感知风险与信任及其对网上购物意愿的影响

网上购物这种新兴的购物方式受到众多营销学者的关注。消费者的感知风险对购物意愿有显著影响、信任问题也与感知风险息息相关,在网络购物环境下。信任与感知风险产生对抗平衡作用,共同对消费者的网上购物意愿产生影响。     

创业机会真能促进创业意愿产生吗——基于创业自我效能与感知风险的混合效应研究

本文在国内外研究的基础上,开发出了创业自我效能、感知风险、创业机会识别与创业意愿之间关系的概念模型。通过中国创业者的调查数据,检验了创业自我效能、感知风险对创业机会识别与创业意愿之间混合作用关系。研究结果表明,创业机会识别有助于创业意愿产生;创业自我效能在显著影响创业意愿的同时还具有显著的中介效应,但有调节的中介效应不显著;感知风险显著影响创业意愿,具有显著的调节效应的同时还具有显著的有中介的调节效应,这方面的效应在创业者感知损失上体现的尤为突出。     

扶贫标签对消费者购买意愿的影响--感知价值与客观信息披露的作用

基于信号传递、信息加工与消费者感知价值理论,构建以消费者感知价值为中介变量、以客观信息披露为调节变量的理论模型,探索扶贫标签与消费者购买意愿之间的作用机制。从实证分析可知:扶贫标签对消费者购买意愿的正向影响是显著的;在扶贫标签和消费者购买意愿的影响路径中,消费者感知质量和社会价值起到了完全中介作用;客观信息披露起到了负向的调节作用。     

拟人化机器人完美代替人工？——一个有调节的中介效应模型

在人工智能技术飞速发展的今天,拟人化机器人的使用进入许多服务消费领域。在这些领域内,鲜有研究关注消费者心理因素对拟人化机器人使用意愿的影响。基于社会排斥与归属需求理论,本研究构建了由社会排斥通过归属感的中介作用影响拟人化机器人使用意愿的有调节中介模型,以自我建构来调节归属感的中介效应。三个实验的结果证明,相比社会接纳,社会排斥降低归属感进而降低消费者对拟人化机器人的使用意愿,通过自我建构调节归属感的中介作用。在独立型自我建构下,归属感不起中介作用;在互依型自我建构下,归属感起完全中介作用。从消费者心理因素的角度出发,本文一方面拓展了关于拟人化机器人使用意愿影响因素的研究视角,另一方面进一步揭示了社会排斥对拟人化机器人使用意愿产生影响的适用背景,以期帮助企业更好地引导消费者使用拟人化机器人。     

产品稀缺诉求影响消费者购买意愿的双中介模型

通过广告传播产品稀缺诉求从而影响消费者购买决策已经非常普遍，甚至已经发展成为许多厂家或商家提高价格、促进销售的重要营销策略。但目前相关研究却比较少，已有研究主要从感知稀缺性和心理抗拒感解构消费者对产品稀缺诉求的反应机制，缺乏从感知竞争性和感知欺骗性视角整合性地探索消费者应对稀缺诉求的心理反应研究，无疑限制了对消费者稀缺效应本质性和全面性的有效洞察。 产品稀缺诉求会对消费者的消费动机和消费行为产生重要影响。当呈现产品稀缺诉求时，一方面会唤起消费者的感知竞争性，从而促使消费者产生促进性的购买意愿；另一方面也会唤起消费者的感知欺骗性，从而促使消费者产生防御性的购买意愿。采用以手机为实验商品的情景模拟研究方法，运用方差分析和Bootstrap方法检验感知竞争性和感知欺骗性的中介机制以及消费者独特性需求对产品稀缺诉求影响消费者感知竞争性和感知欺骗性的调节机制，得出重要研究结论。 4个实验研究结果表明，产品稀缺诉求影响消费者的购买意愿，而且限量稀缺诉求比限时稀缺诉求更能促使消费者产生购买意愿；消费者感知竞争性和感知欺骗性分别独立部分中介产品稀缺诉求对消费者购买意愿的影响，并且均受到消费者独特性需求的调节；消费者感知竞争性和感知欺骗性共同完全中介产品稀缺诉求对消费者购买意愿的影响，而且该共同完全中介过程受到消费者独特性需求的调节。检验结果也发现限量稀缺诉求和限时稀缺诉求在诱发消费者感知欺骗性上并无显著差异。 研究结果不仅对深化和完善产品稀缺理论、感知竞争性理论和感知欺骗性理论等具有重要的理论意义，而且对指导企业正确操作稀缺营销、增强营销效果和帮助消费者正确辨识稀缺诉求动机、理性消费稀缺诉求产品有重要的实践意义。     

新冠疫情风险下企业优惠券的低效及其应对机制

优惠券是企业常用的营销工具,已有研究一般隐含着低外在风险的常态市场环境设定,鲜有探究在高外在风险下优惠券对消费决策的影响。新冠疫情对经济发展和居民消费都产生了深刻影响,为激发消费活力,中国很多企业都推出优惠券活动,但在新冠疫情这一高外在风险背景下,优惠券究竟如何影响消费者决策值得进一步探索。基于信任理论,探索在新冠疫情下消费者对企业优惠券的兑换意愿,并探究消费者对企业的能力信任和善意信任的中介作用,引入信任线索作为调节变量,考察企业应该如何影响消费者对优惠券的感知和态度。通过新冠疫情期间真实的企业优惠券发放和兑换数据,初步检验消费者在新冠疫情期间的优惠券使用情况,结合情景实验明确新冠疫情风险对优惠券兑换意愿的影响机制以及信任线索的调节作用。运用Spss进行方差分析,采用bootstraping法进行中介效应检验,以验证研究假设。研究结果表明,新冠疫情风险会影响消费者对企业优惠券活动的信任水平和优惠券的兑换意愿。研究1a通过二手数据为新冠疫情风险负面影响优惠券兑换率提供了初步证据;研究1b结合情景实验再次发现,在新冠疫情风险下消费者对企业优惠券的信任水平和兑换意愿下降,能力信任和善意信任...     

移动增值服务消费者感知风险前因的实证研究

对移动网络环境下消费者对增值服务的感知风险的前因进行了实证研究,采用问卷法对移动增值服务的主要用户群进行了抽样调查,使用结构方程模型检验了消费者感知信息不对称,感知移动商务技术不确定性、移动增值服务的无形性等三个前因变量分别对消费者感知风险各维度的作用。结果表明消费者感知信息不对称对消费者感知隐私风险、财务风险、功能风险、心理风险和时间风险均有显著的正相关作用;消费者感知技术不确定性仅对感知功能风险、感知财务风险和感知时间风险有显著的正相关作用;而增值服务的无形性则对除感知财务风险之外的其他风险维度均有显著的正相关作用。研究表明增值服务的信息不透明是消费者感知风险的主要来源,另外消费者对移动技术缺乏了解和技术本身的不确定性也会增加消费者感知风险。研究结论为相关企业采取措施降低消费者感知风险,促进移动增值服务的接受提供理论依据。     

商业银行品牌IP拟人化建设研究

通过两个实验,研究验证了个体调节聚焦与拟人化类型的交互对品牌评价影响过程中的作用机制和边界条件。实验表明,防御聚焦的消费者对温暖型拟人化品牌评价更高,其中共有关系规范起中介作用;促进聚焦的消费者对能力型拟人化品牌评价更高,其中交换关系规范起中介作用。低感知风险情境下,防御聚焦（促进聚焦）的消费者更倾向温暖型（能力型）拟人化品牌;高感知风险情境下,无论消费者调节聚焦类型如何,都更偏好能力型的拟人化品牌。     

网络团购情景下价格折扣与购买人数对消费者冲动购买意愿的影响机制研究

随着电子商务的飞速发展,在线冲动购买已成为一种普遍的现象并开始引起研究者们的关注.论文基于S-O-R模型,研究网络团购情景下两个重要因素:价格折扣与购买人数如何通过影响消费者的购买情绪及感知风险,从而影响冲动购买意愿,并提出了冲动购买的形成机制模型.本研究通过一个眼动实验收集眼动数据和问卷数据对理论模型进行了检验.问卷数据的分析结果显示(1)价格折扣与购买人数都对消费者唤起感具有显著积极影响,但只有价格折扣对于消费者感知风险具有消极影响;(2)唤起感与感知风险都通过对愉悦感的积极/消极作用对消费者冲动购买意愿产生影响;(3)购买人数正向调节价格折扣对唤起感的正向作用.眼动数据的分析结果进一步支持了这些结论,并提供了可能的解释.     

虚拟社区知识共享主体对首购意愿的作用机理研究

虚拟社区知识共享的匿名性和互动性特征使知识共享过程中共享主体的影响尤其显著.以有过虚拟社区知识共享经历的消费者为样本,探讨虚拟社区知识共享对消费者首购意愿的作用机理,分析知识共享主体特征对消费者感知风险的影响以及消费者感知风险对消费者首购意愿的作用;通过在网上论坛发放电子问卷、滚雪球和街头拦截的形式回收有效问卷366份,采用多元线性回归和层次线性回归对假设进行检验.研究结果表明,共享主体的特征可以划分为发送者专业能力、关系强度和发送者社区地位3个维度,这3个维度通过感知风险正向影响首购意愿,产品涉入度对共享主体与感知风险的负向关系产生显著的正向调节作用.该结论为企业在虚拟社区进行有效的口碑营销及危机公关提供决策支持.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.