现状与出路——我国城市养老问题探析

随着人口老龄化的发展,我国城市老年人的养老问题日益突出。家庭养老功能削弱、机构养老作用有限和社区服务缺乏等,使很多老年人的养老需求不能得到充分满足。要想解决这一问题,需从多方面入手,继续提倡家庭养老,积极发展社区服务,进一步发挥养老机构作用并大力发展社会养老保险,为我国城市老年人构建一个严密的养老网络。     

现状与出路——我国城市养老问题探析

随着人口老龄化的发展,我国城市老年人的养老问题日益突出。家庭养老功能削弱、机构养老作用有限和社区服务缺乏等,使很多老年人的养老需求不能得到充分满足。要想解决这一问题,需从多方面入手,继续提倡家庭养老,积极发展社区服务,进一步发挥养老机构作用并大力发展社会养老保险,为我国城市老年人构建一个严密的养老网络。     

面向新世纪的农村家庭养老探析

随着新世纪的到来 ,我国跨进了人口老龄型国家的行列。过去人们常常谈到的是城镇老龄人口问题 ,而近年来 ,关于农村家庭养老问题的讨论也日渐增多 ,并提出了很多对策。在新世纪到来之际 ,本文试就农村家庭养老问题作一探析。一、农村家庭养老现状。农村家庭养老 ,实际上是指我国传统的家庭养老方式 ,“养儿防老”,“多子多福” ,“传宗接代”等观念是这一传统养老方式的反映。我国的人口老龄化是在社会经济还不发达的情况下发生的 ,农村老年人数量高于城市。据统计 ,１９９８年底 ,我国总人口为１２ ４８亿 ,其中 ,城镇人口约３ ７９亿 ,农…     

社区化的居家养老模式探析

随着我国人口老龄化的特征越来越明显,传统的家庭养老与社会化的机构养老已经无法满足我国日益增长的养老需求。近些年来,我国的养老形势比较严峻,老年人的养老问题已经成为政府和社会面对的一大难题。在这样的背景下,社区化的居家养老,作为一种将传统的家庭养老和社会化的机构养老二者优点相结合而产生的全新养老模式,既能较好地满足我国日益膨胀的养老需求,又能够有效地解决我国传统的"孝"文化与现实生活中家庭对老年人生活照料的压力日益增大二者之间的冲突,为解决我国的老有所养问题指明一条新的道路。     

农村养老中的社会支持

“养老”是一个系统工程,它包括经济供养、日常生活照料、情感关怀三个方面。目前,我国农村养老采用的是家庭养老和社会养老相结合的模式所谓对农村养老的社会支持,就是在养老模式中,国家、集体、 家庭对养老的力量的具体运用,它在一定意义上它可以满足多层次的需要,具体体现为:(1)家庭养老将继续发挥作用。(2)建立农村养老服务网络,实     

我国社区居家养老的现状、问题与对策探析

我国已步入老龄化社会,目前全国的养老方式主要有家庭养老、机构养老、社区居家养老三种方式。社区居家养老是介于家庭照顾和社会机构照顾之间的一种运用社区资源开展的老人照顾方式,能有效弥补家庭养老和机构养老的不足。文章主要从社区居家养老的内容、各种养老模式的特点与社区居家养老的优势与不足等几个方面对国内的社区居家养老模式进行分析、总结,并提出基于社区的养老网络构建的政策建议。     

改革开放以来我国传统家庭养老制度的嬗变

改革开放以来,我国传统的家庭养老制度发生了嬗变,主要表现为:家庭养老仍占主要地位,但经济支持比例下降;家庭养老的照料支持弱化,养老的社会化程度很低;家庭养老形式由“共居式”向“分而不离式”转变;家庭代际关系由“以老为尊”转向平等互利;“养儿防老”的传统养老观开始松动。     

我国家庭养老传统的形成及其演变

家庭养老是中华民族上下五千年世代相传的民族美德。在我国建国后半个世纪以来逐渐形成的国家、集体、社会、家庭相结合的老年社会保障体系中,家庭养老传统在中国社会发展史上占有重要地位,它对于推动我国各个历史时期的经济发展、社会稳定以及精神文明与进步等方面,都产生了积极的影响和促进作用。我国原始社会家庭婚姻形态的演变过程及其孕育的养老习俗我国的民族史研究表明,我们的祖先在原始社会的低级阶段蒙昧时代,其社会组织形式是原始群体,这一阶段的婚姻形态是群婚,即“整个一群男子与整个一群女子互为所有。”(引自《马克思恩格斯选集》第四卷 P30。)进入古人阶段,由原始群体向氏族制度的过渡期,在婚姻形态上开始向血缘家庭发展,这是迈向家庭的第一个阶段。     

养儿防老与以房养老

养儿防老作为我国根深蒂固的养老观念，在老年人的养老选择中长期占据着主流位置。随着城市化和工业化进程的加快以及计划生育政策带来的家庭结构的小型化，家庭的养老功能逐步弱化，传统的养儿防老的观念受到挑战，以房养老正不断地走入老年人的视野选择中。对于这两种养老方式，不能轻易评价孰好孰坏，要全面分析，理性看待。     

农村家庭养老的思路和对策

由于我国经济尚不发达,国家养老功能还比较弱,农村社会养老保险才刚刚推广,所以现阶段我国的农村家庭养老还必须坚持以家庭子女养老为主     

广州市社区居家养老模式探索

社区居家养老是中国社会养老保障体系的必要补充,也是解决城市养老问题的重大战略选择。近几年广州市社区居家养事业取得显著成绩,成为全国的样板。社区居家养老工作要持续、快速、健康发展,必须走政府、社会、家庭相结合的养老保障道路。     

广州市社区居家养老模式探索

社区居家养老是中国社会养老保障体系的必要补充,也是解决城市养老问题的重大战略选择。近几年广州市社区居家养事业取得显著成绩,成为全国的样板。社区居家养老工作要持续、快速、健康发展,必须走政府、社会、家庭相结合的养老保障道路。     

老年人精神赡养的伦理思考

我国当今社会,老年人的物质需求已逐渐得到满足,老年人的精神赡养便成为了老龄人赡养的重要方面。近期关于老年人精神赡养如何实施的话题引起了人们的广泛关注。社会和政府在构建社会养老保障制度的同时应该着力从伦理的角度出发,建设一种精神赡养的社会伦理网络,使得老年人精神赡养得到广泛的伦理支持。     

Aging in the Third World

The relationships between the generations in Third World countries are changing as migration and industrialization erode traditional family responsibilities for supporting the elderly. It is no longer possible to assume that, as a matter of course, old people will be looked after by their families. Social change leads to an eroding of the support systems. The author finds growing evidence of this breakdown in Asia, particularly in Singapore, Hong Kong, and other highly industrialized centers. Singapore, for example, has reinstituted the compulsory study of filial piety in an attempt to push the younger generation into assuming its traditional responsibility toward the old. There has also been a significant decline in the status, prestige, and support given old people in Indonesia, although politicans insist that the family will always take care of its elderly. 2 reasons for this breakdown are 1) the impact of the mass media and 2) the increasing involvement of the younger generation in non-agricultural jobs which often involve a move to the city and away from dependence on a patriarch. Many Third World countries are in a twilight stage, between the traditionally strong structure of family support and government systems of social security.     

农村留守老人的社会支持探析——以河南省罗山县F乡Z村为例

农村留守老人成为当前一个亟需关注的群体。本文通过对河南省罗山县F乡Z村的25位留守老人进行了深度访谈,分析农村留守老人的社会支持现状,找出了其中存在的不足之处,探究其原因,并尝试构建包括家庭成员、家庭成员以外其他个体、政府、村委会和民间社会组织在内的农村留守老人社会支持体系。     

Old,Sad and Alone

This paper reports the findings of a survey of 108 elderly heterosexual and homosexual men and women in urban Central and Southern California. The purpose of the study was to test the assumption that elderly gay men and lesbians are more depressed and socially-isolated than their heterosexual cohort. The findings indicate that there are no significant differences between older heterosexuals and homosexuals in regard to depression and social support. However, the sources of social support from friends, while heterosexual elderly derive more support from family. The findings suggest a need to redefine the concept of family to include "friendship families." Future research which investigates the way in which these friendship families are created and maintained has the potential to benefit all elderly, especially those who have no biological families or whose biological families are unavailable for support.     

THE USE OF SOCIAL SERVICES BY BLACK AND WHITE ELDERLY

Little is known about the roles of the family, kin, and non-kin support networks in determining the use of social services by the elderly. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of the formal and informal support systems in explaining social service utilization by Black and White elderly. Path analytic procedures are used to test an explanatory model of utilization by a national area probability sample of 3.996 non-institutionalized elderly. The findings indicate that informal family support was more important for Black elderly than White elderly. In addition, family aid was found to be supplementary rather than an alternative support system. In the planning, designing, and delivery of social services to the elderly, it is imperative that racial and cultural differences become explicit input factors. Additionally, future researchers have a responsibility to employ research procedures capable of simultaneously dealing with a comprehensive range of variables in investigating this rather complex phenomenon.     

Social Policies for the Elderly in the Republic of Korea and Japan: A Comparative Perspective*

The Republic of Korea (South Korea) and Japan are highly industrialized and modern nations which are both influenced by the Confucian tradition of respect for the elderly and family responsibility for the care of aging parents. In both countries the proportion of the elderly population is increasing. Japan, since the end of World War II, has utilized its government bureaucracy to help develop the social welfare system and to formulate social policies and programs for the elderly. Japan's tradition of samurai Confucianism is congruent with the commitment of the Japanese government to such social development as a matter of national policy. The Republic of Korea has not assigned a comprehensive planning role to its government bureaucracy. Lacking the mix of industrial/post-industrial infrastructure of Japan and not yet faced with the immediacy of a very large elderly population, the Republic of Korea's government has developed its social policies for the elderly in a more incremental manner, usually emphasizing small scale and piecemeal initiatives. With respect to social support, it has emphasized voluntary family efforts as congruent with the Korean (and Chinese) variant of Confucianism. This paper will compare and contrast these different approaches.     

构建老人福利机构危险管理机制——日本经验之启示

"养儿防老"是中国传统的养老模式,长期以来老人的养老主要依靠子女来解决,但是随着生活方式的改变、家庭规模的日趋小型化,老人的长期照顾问题受到了社会的广泛关注。近年来国家制定了相关的政策、制度以及服务来满足老人及其家人的需求,然而老人福利机构及所提供的照顾服务,其服务质量离人性化照顾服务仍有一段距离。就现阶段而言,老人福利机构所提供照顾服务的质与量,均有提升与改善的空间。日本是亚洲第一个施行公共性长期照顾保险的国家,其施行之初也面临着一些与我国同样的问题,为提升长期照顾机构的服务质量,日本厚生劳动省在介护保险制度施行后的2002年,就开始倡导老人福利机构应建立危险管理机制的理念,并于2006年修订老人长期照顾福利机构管理规则,规定老人福利机构应建立危险管理机制,以提升照顾服务质量。有鉴于此,本文将对日本老人长期照顾福利机构建立危险管理机制的过程、基本架构,以及相关课题做系统说明,为我国老人福利机构经营管理提供参考,也可为我国未来在探讨老人长期照顾问题之际,提供必要的配套依据。     

城市社区老人心理健康服务现状调查——来自重庆市主城社区的调查数据

以重庆市主城社区老人为调查对象,从老人的基本情况、心理健康状况、心理健康服务需求、心理服务支持系统等方面的调查数据进行详细分析,得出了家庭、邻里同辈群体是老人心理健康的重要支持系统、需要建立完善的城市社区老人心理健康服务体系等结论。