研发/制造/营销跨职能整合与新产品开发：产品创新性的差异效应研究

本文考察了研发/制造/营销跨职能整合的前端驱动要素及跨职能整合对新产品开发绩效的提升机制。结果表明：联合创新激励、高层管理者支持、产品开发正式化和产品开发动态性是增强跨职能整合有效性的重要前因变量,跨职能整合提升了产品线协同和新产品开发绩效,产品线协同和新产品开发有助于增加企业市场绩效,而产品创新战略则在以上路径关系间发挥了差异效应影响。当企业开发低创新性产品时,高层管理者支持和产品开发正式化对跨职能整合的驱动效应以及产品线协同对企业市场绩效的促进作用要更大,而当企业开发高创新性产品时,联合创新激励和产品开发动态性对跨职能整合的正向影响以及研发/制造/营销跨职能整合对产品线协同和新产品开发绩效的驱动效应则更为显著。     

网络嵌入性视角下基于知识的动态能力构建机制

基于知识的动态能力、网络嵌入性以及创新绩效之间的影响关系,本研究利用探索性案例的方法证实了多样性、信任、共同解决问题和承诺等不同网络嵌入属性分别对知识获取能力和知识整合能力具有显著的正向影响,证实了知识整合能力对创新绩效具有关键性的正向影响,从而建立了网络嵌入性——动态能力——创新绩效的理论框架,进一步打开了网络嵌入性作用机制的黑箱,为网络环境中的动态能力及创新研究的深入开展创造了条件。     

外部知识搜寻对创新绩效的作用机理研究

开放式创新背景下,外部知识搜寻成为创新领域的热点问题。针对已有研究对外部知识搜寻作用机理研究的不足和中国企业实证检验的缺失,从外部市场环境和内部创新策略两个层面探讨外部知识搜寻(宽度和深度)的作用边界和作用机理。采用问卷调研方法获取294家中国企业的数据,利用验证性因子分析方法检验测量量表信度和效度,采用层级调节回归分析方法验证各项研究假设。研究结果表明,搜寻渠道的种类(搜寻宽度)和对某类渠道搜寻的力度(搜寻深度)显著线性影响创新绩效,不存在明显的过度搜寻问题;外部知识搜寻与市场环境(竞争强度、动荡性)的匹配显著影响创新绩效,在竞争激烈的市场环境中加强搜寻宽度更加有效,在顾客需求和产品技术频繁变化的市场环境中加强搜寻深度更加有效;外部知识搜寻与创新策略的匹配显著影响创新绩效,搜寻深度与开发式创新交互正向影响创新绩效。     

创业失败经验与新产品开发绩效的倒U形关系：创业导向的多重中介作用

已有研究忽视先前经验中创业失败经验的独特价值,缺乏对创业失败经验是否以及如何影响新产品开发绩效的研究。整合经验学习和认知理论,基于231位创业老手及其新创企业的经验数据,使用层次回归和自助方法检验创业失败经验对新产品开发绩效的影响,同时探索创业导向在两者关系间的多重中介作用。研究结果表明,创业失败经验与新产品开发绩效存在倒U形关系,创业失败经验与创业导向的预应性、创新性和风险承担性3个维度间存在倒U形关系,创业导向在创业失败经验与新产品开发绩效的关系中起部分中介作用。研究结果深化了对创业情景下失败经验与组织绩效关系的理解,提出失败经验向新产品开发绩效转化的中间路径,对创业者和风险投资家有重要的实践启示。     

组织知识、学习导向与新产品创新绩效

在文献回顾的基础上,把组织知识划分为顾客知识、竞争者知识、技术知识3种类型,提出组织知识、学习导向与新产品创新绩效关系的研究模型,构建结构方程和层次回归模型,利用L isrel和SPSS分析软件对长三角地区189家企业数据进行实证分析。研究结果表明,顾客知识对新产品市场绩效有正向影响,但对新产品创新效率没有影响;竞争者知识对新产品创新效率有正向影响,但对新产品市场绩效没有影响;技术知识对新产品市场绩效和创新效率都有正向影响;学习导向对新产品市场绩效和创新效率有正向影响,并正向调节顾客知识与新产品市场绩效、技术知识与新产品创新效率的关系。最后给出提升新产品创新绩效的管理启示。     

顾客参与新产品开发及其绩效影响:关系嵌入的中介机制

尽管顾客参与对新产品开发绩效的重要影响已经得到广泛认同,然而到目前,还尚未有文献对两者之间的影响机制进行过系统研究。在引入关系嵌入这一概念的基础上,本文旨在通过对相关概念进行科学的维度划分,运用中国企业的实证数据揭示顾客参与各维度通过关系嵌入各维度对新产品开发绩效各维度的影响机制,从而引导学者与企业家对新产品开发过程中顾客参与的作用形成更为科学的认识。结果发现:共享活动在信息提供与新产品开发绩效、参与创造和创新绩效之间的部分中介作用显著;联系强度和相互依赖性在参与创造和新产品开发绩效之间的部分中介作用也显著;共享活动在参与创造和时间绩效、共同解决问题在顾客参与和新产品开发绩效之间的中介作用不显著。最后,对本文的研究结论、启示与不足进行了阐述。     

二元联盟伙伴的重叠性和稳定性对企业新产品开发的影响研究

近年来,企业广泛利用战略联盟来整合外部资源,促进新产品开发。但是创新管理领域的研究还未涉及企业如何通过管理探索性联盟与利用性联盟的关联性,更好地利用外部研发资源和临床研究及产品市场化资源,提升新产品开发效率,这也正是本文的研究目的。探索性联盟和利用性联盟的伙伴重叠性越高,外部研发知识源与临床研究及产品市场化知识源的同一性越高,这些知识更易整合,有助于新产品开发;探索性联盟伙伴和利用性联盟伙伴的各自稳定性越高,则将提升企业与探索性联盟伙伴和利用性联盟伙伴的信任度,促进研发知识和临床研究及产品市场化知识的流入。本文基于84家全球顶尖生物医药企业1995—2018年的面板数据的实证分析发现:(1)企业参与探索性联盟的数量正向影响其新产品开发;(2)二元联盟伙伴的重叠性正向调节探索性联盟数量与企业新产品开发的关系;(3)在探索性联盟数量与企业新产品开发之间的关系中,探索性联盟数量、二元联盟伙伴的重叠性和探索性联盟伙伴稳定性存在显著的三重交互作用,即当二元联盟伙伴的重叠性以及探索性联盟伙伴稳定性均处于高水平时,探索性联盟数量对企业新产品开发正向作用越强。本研究的结论为企业组建二元联盟和新产品开发...     

我国制造型企业市场导向和创新导向对新产品绩效影响的实证研究

本研究基于我国227家制造型企业的问卷调查数据,实证考察了市场导向和创新导向对新产品开发绩效的影响,以及创新导向和环境变动在市场导向和新产品绩效关系中的调节作用。结果显示:(1)本研究的概念模型整体拟合度优于西方常用模型;(2)市场导向和创新导向对制造型企业新产品开发绩效的影响显著为正,且均高于以前文献研究的一般水平;(3)创新导向和技术变化对于市场导向和新产品绩效的关系起到正向调节作用;(4)市场变化和竞争强度的调节作用不显著。研究结果对于制造型企业改善产品创新绩效具有重要的启示意义。     

新产品开发团队领导行为、团队效力与团队绩效关系研究

本文根据变革型领导理论和团队效力理论,引入团队效力作为过程变量,提出了新产品开发团队领导行为、团队效力和团队绩效之间关系的研究框架和14个研究假设,并对67个团队样本进行了实证检验.研究表明,新产品开发团队领导的关怀度、目标导向和过程导向对团队绩效有显著影响,而且团队领导的目标导向和过程导向通过团队效力对团队绩效产生显著影响.最后,还提出了提高新产品开发团队绩效的有效措施.     

供应商参与新产品开发对企业自主创新能力的影响研究

本文以装备制造企业为实证研究对象,探讨了供应商参与新产品开发对企业自主创新能力的影响关系.同时,构建了包括供应商参与新产品开发、关系互动、知识创造、企业自主创新能力四个变量的概念模型,并提出相应的理论假设.通过结构方程模型的检验,表明供应商参与新产品开发对关系互动和知识创造均有显著的正向影响,进而通过两者对企业自主创新能力有显著正向影响.     

The joint effects of customer participation in various new product development stages

The notion that customers provide distinct inputs that help tackle unique tasks in each new product development (NPD) phase leads firms to engage customers concurrently in various NPD stages rather than involving them only in one NPD stage. Involving customers in diverse NPD stages is based on the belief that the constructive effects of customer participation in each NPD phase could be supplementary. However, little is known about the joint effects of embracing customers in multiple NPD stages such as whether customer participation in a certain NPD stage enlarges or undermines the returns of customer participation in another NPD stage, and whether customer participation throughout the entire NPD process is really beneficial. Drawing upon the knowledge management perspective, this research investigates in which combination of NPD stages (ideation, development, and launch) engaging customers creates a synergistic or destructive impact on new product market performance. The results reveal that involving customers in both ideation and development stages and in both development and launch stages yields synergistic returns, whereas customer participation in both ideation and launch stages does not create any additional gains. Furthermore, customer participation across all three NPD stages does not improve new product market performance beyond the sole and joint effects of customer participation in two NPD stages. These noteworthy findings imply that the joint effects of customer participation do not always lead to synergistic impacts and depend on the value of customer knowledge and the difficulty of knowledge management of transferring and integrating customer knowledge gathered in various NPD stages. In a certain combination of NPD stages, where the difficulty of knowledge management becomes higher, customer participation cannot generate supplementary returns, and thus, firms can achieve a similar level of new product market performance with customer participation in limited NPD stages.     

The moderating effect of product complexity on new product development and supply chain management integration

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether product complexity moderates the impact of integration programs in both new product development (NPD) and supply chain (SC) management on operational performance. Results are based on statistical analyses of data collected from an international sample of manufacturing firms through the fifth edition of the International Manufacturing Strategy Survey (IMSS 5). The main findings are that NPD and SC integration do have an impact on performance, while product complexity alone has not. When considering the moderating effect, complexity has no impact on NPD integration, while there is a negative moderating impact on SC integration. This study bridges together different streams of research, showing how both NPD and SC integration allow managing product complexity while improving performance.     

Organisation of new product development in Asia and Europe: results from Western multinationals R&D sites in Germany,India, and China

From research on Western new product development (NPD) practices a rich body of literature has emerged. However, the impact of country specific and cultural influences has not been examined in this context yet. This study is a first attempt to identify differences in NPD practices between Research and Development (R&D) subsidiaries in Germany, China and India within multinational companies. Data has been generated by qualitative interviews with R&D executives in those countries across multiple cases. The study samples strategic, organizational and operational aspects indicates definite differences in process coordination, rewarding systems, market orientation and the average age of NPD teams. Other aspects like strategic targets, the management involvement, etc. show rather slight differences across the countries. Hence, findings suggest that while some aspects are universally applicable across cultural frontiers, Western companies have to understand different expectations regarding NPD in India and China by adjusting practices accordingly.     

网络环境下客户参与对产品开发绩效的影响研究-以我国软件企业为例

本研究以网络环境为背景,回顾了客户参与和产品开发绩效方面的研究成果.根据对中国软件企业的调查结果,利用结构方程模型(SEM),分析了客户网上参与和产品开发绩效之间的关系.研究发现:虚拟客户参与平台(VCE)的设计特征、客户知识管理能力、客户网上参与强度都对产品开发绩效有直接正向影响;虚拟客户参与平台的设计特征还通过客户网上参与强度、客户知识管理能力对产品开发绩效有间接正向影响,而客户特性和产品开发绩效之间关系不显著.研究结论为提高企业产品开发绩效提供了实践指导意义.     

联盟企业的战略导向与知识获取——控制机制使用的中介与干预作用

探讨了联盟企业的控制机制使用对于其战略导向与知识获取间关系的中介与干预作用.目的在于揭示不同控制机制使用对于联盟企业的战略导向与知识获取间关系的影响效果及作用机制.通过对389家联盟企业的实证研究发现,信任控制是市场导向与知识获取的中介变量,也是企业家导向与知识获取的正干预变量;契约控制是企业家导向与知识获取的中介变量,却不是市场导向与知识获取的负干预变量.该项研究结论对于发展战略联盟管理文献、促进联盟企业的知识获取具有重要的理论价值与实践指导意义.     

知识管理战略、组织能力与绩效的关系实证研究

本文在文献研究的基础上归纳出描述和测量知识管理战略的六个主要维度:外部导向、内部导向、显性导向、隐性导向、探索导向和利用导向.基于397家中国企业的问卷调查所得数据,本文检验了知识管理战略、组织能力和企业绩效三者的关系,发现知识管理战略能显著地提升组织能力,而组织能力对企业绩效有显著的促进作用,组织能力在知识管理战略与企业绩效的关系中起完全中介作用.     

The Differential and Contingent Impact of Concurrency on New Product Development Project Performance: A Holistic Examination*

This article comprehensively examines how the four facets of new product development (NPD) concurrency, consisting of process and product concurrency groupings, influence NPD project performance under the five contextual conditions of (i) location of product in family stream, (ii) project size, (iii) stage in the product life cycle, (iv) innovativeness of the product, and (v) predictability of market demand. Using data from a large sample of NPD projects in multiple industries, there is support for this hypothesized four‐faceted structure of concurrency, consisting of process and product concurrency groupings, thereby contributing new knowledge to the concurrency literature. All four facets of concurrency display a contingent impact on NPD project performance, even though individual effects vary according to the specific contextual variable under consideration. In particular, the process concurrency facet of dynamic iterative routines was universally effective across all five contextual variables, while the product concurrency facet of cross‐functional coordination was effective in significantly influencing at least one NPD project measure. This article also reports similar, but less strong, contingency patterns, with respect to the process concurrency facet of the implementation of downstream coordination and the product concurrency facet of the use of computer‐based integrated design tools. Theoretical and practical implications of our results are also offered.     

The Role of Existing Knowledge in New Product Innovativeness and Performance

The purpose of this study is to provide a more thorough assessment of the link between existing knowledge and organizational performance than currently exists in the literature. We identify factors and processes influential in the management of existing knowledge within the areas of learning culture, knowledge building, and organizational performance. Through structural equation modeling, a more thorough examination is given of the role existing knowledge plays in new product performance and innovativeness. In completing this task, we provide insight into the subprocesses of knowledge building by evaluating the influence of shared interpretation and two aspects of information acquisition—efficiency and degree of innovativeness of newly acquired information—on new product development (NPD) outcomes. Included in the examination of these processes are organizational culture and structure characteristics believed to influence knowledge management success.     

基于组织忘记的企业动态能力成因机理研究

为了探索企业动态能力的成因和机理,对相关文献进行了梳理,提出了动态能力成因机制;运用复杂理论,从知识活动层面构建了NK模型,指出了组织忘记分别通过改变组织记忆系统和增强再学习能力而形成动态能力;最后进行了案例分析讨论.     

The impact of knowledge management and strategy configuration coherence on SME performance

According to recent literature, effective knowledge management should be coherent and based on the firm’s strategy. Prior empirical research, in contrast, tries to evaluate the impact of knowledge management initiatives directly on performance but finds inconsistent results and not allows the understanding of knowledge management contribution to competitive advantage generation. In this study we aim to investigate the impact of knowledge management and strategy configuration coherence on SMEs innovation and organizational performance through a quantitative analysis carried out on a sample of 60 manufacturing SMEs in northeast Italy. Our findings reveal that a significant coherence exists between knowledge management and strategy configurations. Most of the SMEs with a prospector and defender strategy adopt, in turn, an aggressive and conservative knowledge management. Moreover, we find that such coherence has a significant impact on the overall performance. This is particularly interesting since it suggests that the inconsistency in the results of prior studies on the impact of knowledge management on performance (Kalling in J Knowl Manag 7(3):67–81; 2003) may be due to the lack of consideration of knowledge management and strategy configuration coherence.