公共管理理论视角下的思想政治工作--评《公共事业管理概论》

公共管理作为一种社会组织活动,与思想政治工作也有着十分紧密的联系。随着我国改革开放事业的不断深入,公共管理与思想政治工作迎来了一场深刻的变革,如何探寻两者的优化整合,推进公共管理与思想政治工作的有机融合,在公共管理中开展好思想政治工作成为一项新的研究课题。《公共事业管理概论》(朱仁显著,中国人民大学出版社2016年版)一书为读者构建了一个全面完整的公共事业管理知识体系框架,不仅系统阐述了公共事业的人力资源管理、财务管理、项目管理、监督管理等职能,还有针对性地探讨了教育、科技、卫生、文化、体育等具体公共事业领域的相关问题,并梳理介绍了当前我国公共事业管理的状况及其发展趋势。     

中国农村公共事业发展中的问题与对策

农村公共事业发展的滞后是影响社会主义新农村建设顺利进行的重要制约因素,加强农村公共事业的发展与建设是建设社会主义新农村的突破口。只有发展农村公共事业,才能增强农村的自我造血功能,城乡差距才有望逐步得到缩小,农村的面貌才会迎来新一轮的历史巨变。在推进新农村建设过程中,政府应结合农村的实际需要,改革原有公共事业发展机制,逐步扭转农村公共事业发展滞后的局面。     

新形势下医学卫生国际合作与外事工作的思考

随着中国综合国力快速提升和国际地位崛起,医学卫生领域国际合作交流活动出现了规模扩大、重要性提升的特点,不仅有效地推动了我国医学卫生事业的发展,也构成了巨大的挑战.本文通过分析近年国内外医学卫生外事工作的形势和面临的挑战,结合目前存在的问题,提出在新形势下,要以“全球卫生”的战略高度开展对外合作与交流,统筹国内外资源,加强实质性合作,继续做好引智工作等建议,更好地服务我国医学卫生事业发展.     

公共职位代际传递的实现途径及治理措施

在我国,"公共职位通常是指政府和各类公共事业部门中的具体工作岗位"(王振海、薛风平:《公共职位数量的国际比较与优化配置》,《政治学研究》2010年第6期).这里的政府是指"大政府即广义上的政府……等于国家机构的总体与执政党之和"(朱光磊:《当代中国政府过程》,天津人民出版社2008年版),"公共事业部门指具有很强的公益性与正外部性的行业与部门"[刘焰:《公共事业部门改革的思考》,《武汉理工大学学报》(信息与管理工程版),2004年第6期],在我国主要指为了社会公益目的,国家机关举办或者其他组织利用国有资产举办的,从事教育、科技、文化、卫生等活动的社会服务组织,即事业单位以及具有垄断经营性质的公共企业,即公用事业.     

中国东-西部旅游协同发展机制分析与对策建议

在对目前区域旅游合作研究综述的基础上,坚持系统观,并运用协同论和协同管理思想,站在旅游战略联盟的高度,提出区域间旅游协同发展的基础理论模型,具体分析了中国东-西部区域间旅游协同发展的机制(包括形成、实现和约束机制)。最后,提出中国东-西部区域间旅游协同发展的对策建议。     

中俄“西—西合作”的机遇与挑战

近年来,随着中国与俄罗斯战略协作伙伴关系的持续、稳定发展,两国间经济贸易与科技交流日趋活跃,地区间合作在两国经济技术合作中的比重也越来越大。中国西北地区与俄罗斯西西伯利亚相邻相近,二者的区域合作(以下简称为中俄“西—西合作”)已具备了政治优势、地缘优势以及经济基础。在中国实施西部大开发战略和俄罗斯实施开发西伯利亚计划的大背景下,中俄“西—西合作”拥有发展经济、能源等多方面合作的良好条件和巨大潜力。     

中国与东盟服务贸易合作的理论研究

中国与东盟服务贸易发展迅速,并在多方面展开贸易合作,取得了一定的成功。中国与东盟拥有利于服务贸易发展的两个巨大市场,具有很大的发展潜力,并且双方在吸引投资、促进双方服务项目发展等方面出台了许多相关的政策,有利于服务贸易的合作发展。此外有力的地理位置优势,有利于双方展开服务贸易并不断扩大合作规模。本文通过对影响中国与东盟服务贸易额度相关因素的分析,确定了各个因素与服务贸易相关性,并提出了促进中国与东盟服务贸易进一步合作的相应的建议与对策。     

事业单位的定位与改革

中国的事业单位虽说在世界上是独一无二的,但它离我们却又是那样的近在咫尺,我们每个人只要上过小学就都与它打过交道,更不用说一代代青年学子仰慕向往的北大、清华、中科院……事业单位与我们的生活息息相关。在我国,事业单位在教育、科研、文化、卫生、社会服务等各项公共事业中扮演着十分重要的角色,可以说,没有它们,就无从谈起科教兴国、科技振兴、自主创新。尤其在当前中国社会奏响和谐主旋律的今天,事业单位在促进社会公平与正义、实现和谐发展中发挥着日益重要的作用。但回顾我国事业单位改革的发展历程,人们的认识曾经走入过一个误…     

企业-供应商关系与合作绩效路径模型实证研究

企业与供应商的合作已成为中国企业运营的重要方式,企业与供应商的关系成为双方合作成功的关键.依据相关理论分析提出假设路径模型,针对 139 家企业的 260 份有效问卷的调查数据,运用因子分析的方法,证实中国企业-供应商关系包括信任、信息共享、承诺和依赖4个维度,合作包括直接合作和间接合作两个途径,然后进行信度和效度检验.针对提出的假设模型,运用结构方程模型的方法进行假设检验和路径分析.实证结果表明,企业与供应商双方的信任通过直接合作和间接合作的途径对企业合作绩效具有直接和间接的正向影响,且影响程度不同;信息共享通过直接合作途径对合作绩效具有间接影响;双方的承诺通过间接合作对合作绩效具有间接影响;双方的依赖程度对合作绩效的影响不显著.研究结果为管理者提供了提高企业合作绩效的方法和启示.     

杨建明的金考拉秘密

2011年,金考拉通过和重庆轻纺控股集团合作,成功与3533印染纺织公司进行合作,全面形成了集印染、纺织、加工、销售于一体的服装产业链,让金考拉发展成为中国驰名商标和中国著名内衣品牌     

The effect of public involvement on firm inefficiency: evidence using Japanese private firms

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of public involvement on firm inefficiency. Public involvement is defined as the actions taken by governments to control firm management, as expressed in regulation and public ownership. We make the following three contributions. First, we show public involvement is an important determinant of the inefficiency of private firms. Although public involvement has been shown to influence firm behavior in public or regulated sectors, existing studies in the private sector tend to ignore its effects. Second, we analyze firm inefficiency rather than firm performance by focusing on cost factors. Previous work tends to use performance measures such as return on assets or return on equity rather than inefficiency measures to judge a firm’s management level. Performance measures are problematic, however, in that they are affected by not only cost factors but also demand factors. Therefore, we must separate these factors when we analyze a firm’s management. Third, we use a stochastic cost frontier model for the estimation. Although this is a suitable approach for estimating firm inefficiency, it is rarely used for private firms. Our results suggest that public ownership increases firm inefficiency while regulation decreases firm inefficiency. It is also clear that the effect of public ownership is not significant in the manufacturing industry, while it is strongly significant in the nonmanufacturing industry. This shows the importance of studying the effect of public involvement in the private sector.     

Rethinking Risk Assessment for Public Utility Safety Regulation

To aid in their safety oversight of large‐scale, potentially dangerous energy and water infrastructure and transportation systems, public utility regulatory agencies increasingly seek to use formal risk assessment models. Yet some of the approaches to risk assessment used by utilities and their regulators may be less useful for this purpose than is supposed. These approaches often do not reflect the current state of the art in risk assessment strategy and methodology. This essay explores why utilities and regulatory agencies might embrace risk assessment techniques that do not sufficiently assess organizational and managerial factors as drivers of risk, nor that adequately represent important uncertainties surrounding risk calculations. Further, it describes why, in the special legal, political, and administrative world of the typical public utility regulator, strategies to identify and mitigate formally specified risks might actually diverge from the regulatory promotion of “safety.” Some improvements are suggested that can be made in risk assessment approaches to support more fully the safety oversight objectives of public regulatory agencies, with examples from “high‐reliability organizations” (HROs) that have successfully merged the management of safety with the management of risk. Finally, given the limitations of their current risk assessments and the lessons from HROs, four specific assurances are suggested that regulatory agencies should seek for themselves and the public as objectives in their safety oversight of public utilities.     

The future of forms of data communications

The first section of the paper is a review of current and planned data communications services. This covers the current state of the art in these services, identifies the need for change and surveys what plans have been made for new services. It looks at what forms of data communications have been established in various countries including the U.K., Germany, U.S.A. and Australia. The second part of the paper poses some key questions. These are broadly similar to those involved in planning other major new investments in utilities or public transportation involving a high degree of technical innovation. They cover the problems of designing a new technology, the pricing of data communications utilities, how to evaluate new services and what the role of the monopoly supplier should be. The paper does not set out to answer these questions but to expose them as areas where controversy is centred, and new research work required.     

Is Corporate Social Responsibility in Japanese Firms at the Theoretically Derived Achievable Level? An Analysis of CSR Inefficiency Using a Stochastic Frontier Model

The purposes of this study are to investigate whether current corporate social responsibility (CSR) is at the theoretically derived achievable level (hereinafter referred to simply as achievable level), to introduce “CSR inefficiency” as the difference between actual and achievable levels of CSR, and to specify its determinants. We established that the achievable level of CSR activity is determined by a range of keiretsu group, government, sector, and resource factors, and choosing specific activities can affect the priority levels of social contributions. CSR inefficiency is affected by its own factors such as internal management, which are different from those of CSR activity. Our study suggests the importance of the differences between the achievable levels of CSR among firms. For example, firms in machinery, electrical equipment, public utilities, and service industries have greater inefficiency in environmental CSR than the other industries. Conversely, the achievable levels of construction and petroleum and gum industries for environmental CSR are higher. Service firms can achieve higher level of environmental CSR, although their emissions and wastes are not as large as those of manufacturing firms in general. In retail industries, the achievable level of environmental CSR is lowest among all industries, while those for labor issues and social contribution are as high as those of other industries. Public utilities have large CSR inefficiency compared with other industries, while construction, steel and nonferrous metals have small CSR inefficiency.     

Electric-Utility Resource Planning and Decision-Making: The Importance of Uncertainty

Uncertainty is a critical factor that pervades all aspects of electric-utility planning. Uncertainties about future load growth, about the continued performance of existing supply and demand resources, and about the costs, construction times, and operations of new resources greatly complicate utility resource acquisition. This paper discusses the factors that lead to uncertainty, reviews the methods that utilities use in planning and in acquiring resources, and suggests future research to help deal with these uncertainties. This review is based on assessments of the long-term resource plans prepared by 10 utilities and one Public Service Commission, telephone interviews with staff at these 11 organizations and with staff at three consulting firms, and reviews of many other related publications.     

Public–private versus public ownership and economic performance: evidence from Italian local utilities

In the last century local public services have often been reformed. The declared outcome of the most recent reforms is the privatization and liberalization of the sector. However, in almost all European countries, the privatization of local public services has been only partial, because local governments have sought to privatise a minority stake in the public owned-companies, while remaining committed to retaining public ownership and control over the longer-term as a means of protecting public interest. The phenomenon of mixed public–private companies emerged as a result of this process. In this context, the article investigates whether differences in financial performance can be found between public–private companies and totally public-owned enterprises. Empirical quantitative studies on this particular topic are quite lacking at the moment. The present study tries to fill this gap through an empirical analysis on a sample of 623 Italian local utilities. The results of the study suggest that there are differences in economic performance between local utility companies with varying degrees of public ownership. In particular, public–private utilities show better economic performance than publicly owned firms, especially in terms of profitability. The results also seem to suggest that the majority private ownership is not necessary for better performance. In other terms, public–private partnership—and not private majority ownership—seems to be the key point for good performance.     

外商直接投资影响因素的偏最小二乘回归建模分析

改革开放的20多年来,我国的外商直接投资逐年增加,对我国经济的快速发展发挥了重要的作用。而影响外商直接投资的因素有很多,不同的因素变量之间往往存在多重共线性或近似多重共线性关系,使得分析问题的难度加大。本文运用新型的多元统计数据分析方法——偏最小二乘(PLS)回归方法(既克服了传统方法的不足,又有效地消除了因素变量之间的多重共线性),分析了影响我国外商直接投资的因素,以及其影响程度,为我国进一步引进外商直接投资提供了有益的定量依据。     

所有权结构与影响因素分析

本文以821家上市公司1999-2001年的观察值为样本,研究分析了一些决策公司所有权结构的要素,即公司价值最大化规模、潜在控制和系统管制,并引入公司的特殊风险等作为与不稳定考核的因素.本文的研究发现公司所有权结构的变化,始终以与价值最大化相一致的方式进行,受管制公司所有权的平均集中程度比其他公司更重要,公用事业类公司的所有权结构受管制的影响比金融业更大.本文的研究为国有股减持和股权多元化提供了经验证据.     

Water Price Regulation: A Review of Portuguese Tariff Recommendations

The context of severe economic crisis and financial constraints has reinforced existing pressures on services considered to be of community interest by public authorities and therefore subject to specific public service obligations. This is the case of the water industry, with increased pressure for full cost recovery and on the use of prices as a tool for the management of water resources in EU countries. The Portuguese situation confirms these trends and the expected increases in water tariffs raise special concerns. In these volatile times it is particularly relevant to analyze the management and regulatory work of the Portuguese Water and Waste Services Regulation Authority, which recently acquired extended powers in pricing regulation. Findings reveal a complexity of tariff schemes in Portuguese municipalities, with tariff recommendations being a clear commitment to selected economic theory proposals and the harmonization of price schemes in the heterogeneous water utilities national context.     

内部性与外部性及其政府管制的产权分析

文章以一个生产安全的案例为切入点 ,尝试用现代产权理论分析框架而非传统的方法来分析内部性问题及其政府管制产生的根源。在产权理论看来 ,由于交易成本为正 ,产权便不能完整界定清楚而必有一部分被置于公共领域 ,成为有信息优势的交易者攫取的公共财富 ,从而对交易者另一方造成未在合同条款中反映的损害。这即所谓的内部性。因此 ,政府管制的目的在于降低充分界定产权的成本 ,提高资源配置的效率。以此为基础 ,文章最后把内部性和外部性整合在同一个产权理论框架内 ,使二者及其政府管制有一个统一的理论基础。一、引言在管制经济学中 ,内…