课外补习、贫富差距的映像与代际变化

本文以武汉市L小学和M大学的调查为基础，说明课外补习与贫富差距之间的联系。各种形式和内容的课外补习既是城乡差距和贫富差距的具体映像，也是维持和推动社会贫富差距的重要力量，使得这一差距具有代际传递特征。在人们越来越关注学校教育公平的今天，课外补习对贫富差距的形成与扩大的消极作用却被忽视；但它所起的维持和传递作用在将来会更大、更顽固。因此。政府要将课外补习限制在一定范围内，并改革正规学校教育系统及人才评估与选拔机制．尽可能地消减这一市场活动的负面作用。     

陕西华阴市打造专业化乡村计生队伍

陕西省华阴市从建立健全制度机制入手，以“公开公平、选拔招聘、竞争上岗”为原则，以“稳定队伍、优化结构、提高素质、强化责任、增强活力”为目的，以“知识化、年轻化、专业化、女性化”为目标，建立健全了选人、用人和育人机制，努力建设一支专业化的乡村计生队伍。     

卫生医疗资源的可及性与农村儿童的健康问题

文章利用中国健康与营养调查2000年数据,分析目前中国农村卫生医疗资源的可及性及其对农村儿童健康状况的影响。实证结果发现,卫生医疗资源对不同社会经济特征家庭具有不公平的可及性。新时期卫生医疗资源的投入和使用应更着眼于提高农村儿童及其家庭公平享有卫生医疗资源的程度,从而有效地提高贫困及低受教育水平家庭儿童的健康水平,促进农村地区和谐发展。     

机会不平等对就业水平和就业层级的影响

党的二十大报告强调促进机会公平，使人人都有通过勤奋劳动实现自身发展的机会。本文基于环境-努力二元因素分析框架，以机会不平等为分析工具，将“不合理的不平等”从“过高的不平等”中抽离出来，利用2010-2015年中国综合社会调查（CGSS）数据，系统全面地分析县区层面机会不平等的发展趋势、成因分解及其对个体就业水平和就业层级的影响。研究结果表明：使用事前参数法测度得出县区机会不平等在测度期内从30.43%小幅上升至31.49%，使用Shapley值分解法得出居住地环境和父辈教育环境对于机会不平等生成的贡献度较高。使用就业水平和就业层级表征个体就业“有没有”和“好不好”，回归分析得出机会不平等的增加显著降低了个体就业水平和就业层级，该负面效应在女性或城镇劳动力群体中更为明显。稳健性采用改变机会不平等测度和改变样本选择后结论依然稳健，机制分析表明机会不平等通过限制劳动力地区间流动、阻碍人力资本积累、强化职场用工性别歧视，进而对个体就业产生负面影响。基于上述结论，建议对于公平的关注点应从事后结果公平转向事前机会公平，政策设计与实施应重视机会不平等加剧问题，政策重点放在降低甚至消除机会不平等。通过...     

健康的教育梯度及其影响机制研究

当前健康不平等问题已经受到国际社会的广泛关注,成为社会经济领域重点研究的主题之一。社会经济地位的差异是造成健康不平等的根本性影响因素,其中教育的作用最为关键。教育和健康是人力资本的重要组成部分,也是关乎社会发展和个人福利的关键变量,同时两者关系也十分密切。不同教育水平的群体在健康水平上存在差异,从而形成健康的教育梯度。为了探究我国是否存在健康的教育梯度,厘清教育对健康的影响及其影响机制,基于格罗斯曼健康需求理论、教育影响健康的群体化差异理论等,构建对数二项分布回归模型,通过分析2010—2018年中国综合社会调查数据,从理论和实证两个方面考察中国居民健康的教育梯度及其影响机制,研究结果得到多个稳健性检验的支持。研究发现,教育对人们的健康水平产生正向促进作用,尤其在初中教育阶段最为显著,同时该影响存在性别、年龄、城乡和地区性差异。在此基础上进一步探索了教育对健康的影响机制,结果表明,教育主要通过收入水平、生活方式和社会交往等物质性和非物质性中介路径影响个体的健康状况。因此,加大教育的全方位投入力度,特别是基础教育阶段的投入,以及提高居民收入水平、倡导健康生活方式、促进社会和家庭支持等政策...     

农民工反生产行为影响因素及其作用机制研究

农民工反生产行为不仅严重阻碍流动人口社会融合进程,也成为新型城镇化建设的阻力。本文运用全国1 514名农民工的调查数据,利用描述性统计、多元线性回归方法,基于"挫折-攻击"、"压力源-情绪"理论探讨农民工反生产行为现状、关键影响因素及其作用机制。结果表明,农民工反生产行为较为普遍,其影响因素主要来自于他人的不公正对待,具体表现在由受教育程度、工作经验、农村户籍引发的雇佣歧视;雇佣歧视不仅直接引发农民工反生产行为,还会通过消极情绪间接导致反生产行为。企业与政府应从推进社会公平、消除雇佣歧视、缓解消极情绪等方面入手减少农民工反生产行为,促进社会和谐发展。     

黑龙江省黑河市生育补偿机制构建研究

全面做好人口工作,切实提高计划生育家庭发展能力,是新形势下研究和化解社会矛盾的切入点之一,也是政府"关注民生、走近群众",贯彻落实科学发展观的具体实践。生育补偿机制是一项基本的公共政策和制度建设,对全面做好人口工作具有明显的促进作用,分析研究在实施过程中存在的问题,总结有价值的经验,会进一步促进生育补偿机制逐步完善,对维护社会公平和社会稳定,化解社会矛盾意义深远。     

健康素养促进对低收入家庭儿童健康的影响

低收入家庭儿童健康促进是政府、社会以及学界普遍关注的问题。文章使用中国家庭追踪调查2010～2020年共6期追踪数据，借助多时点DID模型考察健康素养促进示范县建设对低收入家庭儿童健康发展的影响，并进一步探讨了其具体作用机制。结果表明，健康素养促进示范县建设可以有效促进低收入家庭儿童生长发育、显著减少重度低体重问题；其作用途径主要包括改变健康态度、增加预防性医疗服务利用和促进健康行为。健康素养干预不仅有利于提高健康投资效益，还有利于促进健康公平。通过提升健康素养，促进低收入家庭儿童早期健康发育，能够以较低的成本实现长期可持续的健康改善效果，实现“健康中国”发展目标。     

我国西部地区农村居民健康公平及其影响因素分析

利用西部地区两个县农村居民健康状况调查数据，用“集中指数”和“不相似指数”测量西部农村居民健康的公平性及其影响因素。研究结果表明，医疗保险类型对农村居民健康公平影响最大，其次是教育、职业和收入水平。     

社会性别视角下的流动人口社会保障状况研究

本研究通过利用2009年中国流动人口问题调查资料,在社会性别视角下展示了男女两性流动人口社会保障的状况与差异,探究了社会保险参保率性别差异的主要原因,提出了提高女性流动人口社会保障程度、缩小两性差距、促进男女公平享有社会保障权益的政策建议。     

What’s in a Pronoun?: The Ungovernability and Misgendering of Trans Native Kids in Juvenile Justice in Washington State

ABSTRACT

Recognition of transgender identities and best practices in care for trans youth in juvenile justice settings have been gaining increased visibility. However, in interviews with juvenile justice defense attorneys, I have found that even attorneys who want to be supportive and affirming of transgender youth struggle with consistently affirming the youth’s pronouns, especially in the case of Native trans youth. In this article, I will explore the ways that systems of “justice” are not set up to recognize transgender and Native youth correctly, because the goal is always to make Native youth invisible/assimilated and to make trans youth normative. For a transgender Native kid, even the best intentions of people working within this system are not going to be enough to overcome these systemic goals of settler colonial justice systems. This article highlights the limits of the U.S. juvenile justice system and argues for a turn to two-spirit critiques to fundamentally change the justice system for transgender Native youth.     

我国城乡贫困人口医疗保障研究

城乡贫困人口虽然都存在医疗保障覆盖率低、卫生服务利用不足的现象,但其制度根源却不同。城市医疗保障制度的主要问题在于虽有医疗保障制度,但是保障资源在各个收入层间分配不公平,向中高收入层倾斜,贫困人口从中获益的可能性较小;农村医疗保障的主要问题在于近几年农村医疗保障的制度建设刚刚开始,过去长久以来农村几乎没有任何医疗保障,大多数农民一直处于无保障状态,因病致贫比率较高。今后城市医疗保障制度建设的重点在于提高公平性,满足贫困人口的医疗保障需求;农村医疗保障制度建设的重点在于搭建制度框架,使医疗保障覆盖大多数农村居民,防止因病致贫。     

择校的人本经济学分析

优质教育供给和需求的严重失衡是择校热产生的根源。本文以优质教育的需求为着眼点 ,反思马斯洛需要理论 ,认为需要的发展过程不是直线渐进式的 ,而是呈现出螺旋式循环上升趋势 ,并以此对择校热进行人本经济学分析 ,提出家长生理和社会安全需要是产生择校的一个重要原因 ,同时指出健全和完善社会保障体制是从根本上解决择校热的有效途径之一。     

A better future is ahead of us

China's family planning program is implemented under the unified leadership of the Chinese government. The main responsibilities under this program are to set up and strengthen family planning offices at all levels, formulate relevent laws and regulations, work out programs, principles, and policies for population growth, carry out intensive publicity and education, speed up scientific and technological research on family planning, and mobilize all the people and related departments to support the work of family planning. Family planning in China is practised on a voluntary basis. Education on patriotism is conducted among the people to enable them to see that strict control of population growth and conscious practice of family planning according to policy have a crucial bearing on China's prosperity and well being. As shown in practice, China has not only succeeded in maintaining sustained and steady economic growth, but has also succeeded in drastically reducing the population birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, and in extending average life expectancy. This demonstrates the superiority of China's socialist system. To control the growth of the population is an extremely arduous task. However, as long as China keeps to a practical and effective policy, the goal of keeping the total population at around 1.2 billion by the end of the century can be attained.     

On the relationship between population and education]

The social and historical development of population and education is subject to the restriction of the means of production. Although it is not the major factor in determing the direction of social development, it has a great impact on social progress and historical development. The scale and level of educational development are not only influenced by social and economic conditions but are also related to the scale of population growth and the number of people who receive an education. In studies of the relationship between the population and education, special attention should be given to the impact of population growth upon education as well as the everlasting influence of education upon the population structure and social mobility. Since 1949, because of a rapid population growth, the existing educational system in China has suffered severe damage and destruction. There have been an insufficient number of schools and a shortage of funds for education for quite some time, and the population growth has caused great pressure on education. The relationship between the population and education in a modern society is a rather complicated problem. As a country with a large population and a backward education, China needs to develop its education and promote its population quality in order that favorable conditions may be created for the overall development of Socialist modernization.     

中国大陆、中国台湾地区和日本人口问题之探讨及其对策

日本、中国大陆和中国台湾地区均处于低生育率水平,但各自所处发展阶段和面临的人口问题迥异,应对战略不尽相同:中国台湾地区地狭人稠,人口减少未必是坏事,应以稳定生育率为首要,鼓励适龄结婚,带动生育率回升,放宽移民政策,移入高素质人才,提升竞争力;日本总人口已经负增长,应鼓励生育,改革教育,坚持能力主义;中国大陆人口面临结构和数量双重压力,应以调整人口结构和控制人口数量并重为首要任务,提升人力素质。     

Ethical Leadership and Subordinates’ Occupational Well-Being: A Multi-level Examination in China

Prior research and managerial practices have often over-emphasized employees’ performance and ignored their occupational well-being. However, a series of employee suicide scandals in China have drawn people’s attention to employees’ occupational well-being and heightened the importance of how ethical leadership can enhance such well-being. Based on social exchange theory, this study examined the main effect of ethical leadership on subordinates’ occupational well-being in China, as well as the underlying mechanisms and contextual factors between them. Our sample comprised 302 employee questionnaires and 34 questionnaires completed by supervisors about their group. Using a multi-level approach, we implemented hierarchical linear modeling to examine the hypotheses. The results revealed that ethical leadership positively influenced the subordinates’ occupational well-being. This effect was partially mediated by distributive justice and interpersonal justice. Moreover, group level collectivism moderated the influence of ethical leadership on employees’ perception of distributive justice, interpersonal justice and their occupational well-being.     

在中国实行安乐死的迫切性

本文介绍了国内外安乐死的发展与状况。从法律、道德、经济、民意、价值等方面分析了安乐死的合理性与进步性。结合我国人口特点（老龄化越来越严重社保基金压力越来越大，国家未富先老将阻碍经济发展），提出在不能放开生育的情况下，允许身患绝症、各种痴傻、生活不能自理者安乐死，不失为利国利民之良策。     

城乡一体化与我国“二元”生育政策改革

我国目前实施的是以户籍为标志的城乡有别的二元生育政策。随着城乡一体化的发展,户籍制度的改革是大势所趋,由此会带来生育政策适用对象不明确的问题。为了克服这一问题,本文通过比较多种生育政策调整方案,认为选择新的区分城乡人口的标志来代替户口以维持现有二元政策的方法不能成立;城乡统一的更严格的生育政策不符合我国人口和社会经济发展需要;将现有的二元生育政策经两阶段六步骤调整为城乡一体的普遍二孩的生育政策是一种更优方案,它既能解决户籍制度改革带来的生育政策执行问题,又符合我国社会经济发展的客观需要。     

How colonisation determines social justice and Indigenous health—a review of the literature

Disparities in health status persist for Indigenous people in Australia. In the bid to reduce the disparity gap, the concept of achieving social justice is central to advancing the services and systems that can challenge inequitable circumstances within a nation. Colonisation is well known as the underlying factor influencing the social injustices that result in inequitable health for Indigenous people. A literature review was conducted identifying how the colonial impact on social justice is described in the relationships with the health of Indigenous Australians. A comprehensive search strategy was developed, including four broad search terms of ‘Indigenous people’ and ‘health status’ and ‘colonisation’ or ‘social justice’, and applied within five databases. Publications were limited to Australia, dated from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2014. The literature acknowledging the effect that colonisation has on Indigenous Australians includes evidence from oral and political histories, and social determinants frameworks. There was a general consensus that the impact of colonisation on the health of Indigenous people is highly complex and that the legacies are experienced intra-generationally and inter-generationally. There is paucity in the evidence that examines the associations of colonisation and its impact on social injustice. Because social justice is considered central to equitable practices across all sectors in society (health, education, legal etc.), questions are raised about the magnitude of the effect that colonisation has on health disparities and importantly how the desideratum to tackle disparities that have stemmed from colonisation are adequately addressed.