阿拉伯国家环境治理与可持续发展的制度因素

过去30年,阿拉伯国家环境治理和可持续发展取得了重大的成就,主要体现在国家环境战略和相关行动计划的制订、新环境机构的建立、支持环境政策的法律和法规的颁布以及多边和区域环境协定的批准等方面.以1992年联合国环境与可持续发展大会和2002年世界环境峰会的筹备工作为契机,阿拉伯国家开启了筹建区域性环境治理平台,并开始了可持续发展评估的进程,阿拉伯环境部长理事会和阿拉伯环境与发展联合委员会都为实现区域性可持续发展协调行动作出了重要努力.     

阿拉伯世界的合作

阿拉伯世界的合作有它的历史渊源。阿拉伯帝国解体后,阿拉伯人长期处于分裂状态。进入19世纪后,西方殖民主义的分而治之的政策使阿拉伯各地区出现政治经济发展的不平衡。为了重新实现统一,阿拉伯人作出了巨人的努力,但无论是近代的阿拉伯复兴运动还是现代的阿拉伯民族主义运动均未能实现这一目标。然而,令人欣慰的是,它推动了阿拉伯民族解放运动的发展,并取得了伟大的胜利,最终出现了一个个独立的观代民族国家。本文所谈的阿拉伯世界合作,是指阿拉伯各国之间国家关系的演变及发展。 一、合作组织概览 一战结束后,现代阿拉伯民族国家相继出现在国际政治舞台上。从第一个阿拉伯现代民族国家(也门,1918年摆脱奥斯曼帝国的统治宣布独立)的出现到最后一个阿拉伯民族国家(阿联酋,1971年摆脱英国殖民主义统治)实现独立,经历了约半个世纪。为增强阿拉伯民族的凝聚力,加强团结,推动阿拉伯各国的现代化进程,使其在国际事务中发挥更人作用,阿拉伯国家间进行了一系列广泛的合作,创建了一些双边、多边或区域性的合作组织。其中主要有以下几个: 阿拉伯国家联盟:1945成立,这是战后阿拉伯世界的第一个泛阿拉伯组织。最初山埃及、沙特、外约旦、伊拉克、叙利亚、黎巴嫩和也门等7国组成。阿拉伯国家联盟的宗旨是:加     

浅议阿拉伯经济

1991年以来,中东和平进程发生了实质性转变,为阿拉伯经济创造了有利的发展环境,使阿拉伯各国能够最大限度地投入经济建设,推动地区经济不断发展。 一、阿拉伯经济的过去及现状 阿拉伯经济基本上以石油生产为主。总体上看,石油一直是阿拉伯经济的命脉与支柱,为阿拉伯人民带来巨大财富。目前这一地区已探明的石油储量达6000亿桶,占世界石油储量的67％,石油出口占阿拉伯国家年出口总值的80％。天然气储量为434560亿立方米,占世界总储量的31％以上。阿拉伯国家通过出口石油和天然气换来大量的石油美元,为经济建设提供了雄厚的发展资金。     

海湾合作委员会及其经济一体化

海湾合作委员会又称“阿拉伯湾国家合作委员会”,是由沙特阿拉伯、科威特、阿曼、阿拉伯联合酋长国、巴林和卡塔尔组成的区域性组织。     

阿拉伯国家在华直接投资的现状与历史回眸

近20年来,随着我国改革开放政策的深入和投资环境的不断改善,阿拉伯国家在我国的投资额也得到了持续增长。我国企业家调查系统所做的《阿拉伯国家在华投资的中国企业经营环境调查报告》表明,近年来,阿拉伯国家之所以将我国投资环境的吸引力列在亚太地区之首,把我国当作理想的投资地,主要缘于我国稳定的政治、经济环境以及极具潜力的国     

阿拉伯国家数字经济发展现状与中阿数字经济合作机遇

在当前全球经济数字化转型快速发展的趋势下,数字经济是各国寻求可持续发展的重要机遇,也是促进传统产业转型和经济增长的主导力量。中国与阿拉伯国家在数字发展战略上高度契合,都致力于推动数字经济的发展和促进数字经济国际合作。阿拉伯各国经济发展水平和信息化程度差异较大,海合会国家在信息与通信技术指标方面处于与发达国家相当的先进水平,而其他阿拉伯国家则大多属于中低收入经济体,处于数字化发展起步阶段。在开展数字经济国际合作过程中,中国注重针对各国的具体情况来采取不同的合作模式。经过多年的努力,中阿双方已在数字基础设施、电子商务、移动支付、智慧城市、人才培养等合作领域取得了令人瞩目的成就,推动了阿拉伯各国数字经济协调发展。同时,与阿拉伯国家的务实合作也为中国与其他国家高质量共建“数字丝绸之路”作出了重要贡献,促进了中国内外双向融合新发展格局的构建和完善。     

我国与阿拉伯国家的贸易关系

我国和阿拉伯国家相隔千山万水,但相互间的通商却很久远.著名的陆上丝绸之路和海上香料之路就是中阿人民友好关系与经济联系的有力证明.1949年新中国成立以来,我国政府根据平等互利原则,逐步发展了同阿拉伯国家的贸易.1955年的万隆会议后,我国扩大了在亚非地区的影响,有力推动了我国与阿拉伯国家贸易关系的发展.埃及、叙利亚、也门、伊拉克、摩洛哥、阿尔及利亚、苏丹等是首批与我国建立正式外交关系,并与我国签订贸易合作协议的阿拉伯国家.70年代末,除少数海湾国家外,我国与大多数阿拉伯国家建立了全面的经贸合作关系.进入80年代后,我国和阿拉伯国家的贸易关系又有了进一步发展,特别是同海湾国家的贸易,由于双边正式外交关系的建立而突飞猛进,贸易额均超过了其他阿拉伯国家.到目前为止,我国几乎同所有的阿拉伯国     

突尼斯的旅游业与环保

突尼斯的地理位置和历史使其具有特色旅游资源,成为阿拉伯的重要旅游国家.突政府十分重视旅游业及相关产业与环保,制定了可持续发展的计划.     

论中国对阿拉伯国家的政党外交

中国与阿拉伯国家依靠政府外交、政党外交、公共外交与民间外交等形式开展全方位合作,并在此基础上构建中阿战略伙伴关系网.中国对阿拉伯国家的政党外交以机制统筹为理念,以中联部为实施主体,以阿拉伯国家政党、政治组织、政治领导人、媒体和智库为合作对象,通过召开中阿政党对话会、签订政党合作备忘录、举办政党研修班、促进政党领导人与青年交流等方式,积极配合中国与阿拉伯国家间的整体交流.中国对阿拉伯国家的政党外交是中国特色大国外交的有机组成部分,促进了中阿加强政治互信、交流治国理政经验、共建"一带一路"和实现民心相通,维护了中国主权、安全与发展利益,推动了阿拉伯国家和平与发展事业,丰富了中国特色政党外交的内涵.     

阿拉伯经济的一体化

阿拉伯国家具有相似的政治和文化社会环境,其经济实现一体化的基础不亚于欧洲国家.阿拉伯国家在经济一体化发展道路上的机遇与挑战并存,在信息经济的背景之下,阿经济一体化有了更丰富的内涵和更广阔的发展空间.     

“Let’s talk about the real issue”: Localized perceptions of environment and implications for ecosocial work practice

ABSTRACT

This interpretive study investigated how residents from socioeconomically challenged communities in North St. Louis understand and make meaning of environmental change and its impact on their well-being. Based on these localized data, we argue that racial minorities facing socioeconomic challenges may experience some environmental issues as less of an immediate concern than violence and racism. However, race and racism shape both the realities of environmental threats as well as residents’ perceptions about environmental injustice in their communities. This study informs ecosocial work practices such as educating communities on local environmental issues and mobilizing community members toward environmental decision-making.     

CAPTAIN PLANET AND THE PLANETEERS:

The environmental crisis is presented as a contested cultural discourse with conflicting social and political narratives pervasively targeted at children. Textual analysis of an environmental cartoon, and interviews with the cartoon's producers and child viewers, are used to deconstruct popular themes being transmitted to children in the name of "saving the planet". The cartoon is critiqued as representing and promoting a liberal environmental paradox espousing: a simultaneous call for children to both conserve and consume; a diffusion of responsibility that supports the notion of environmental crisis as everybody's fault; simplistic, individualistic solutions to complex corporate and bureaucratic problems. Narratives of nature as a social actor are proposed as rhetorical and epistemological alternatives for the recreation of children's social, political, and environmental awareness.     

Challenges and opportunities for evaluating environmental education programs

Environmental education organizations can do more to either institute evaluation or improve the quality of their evaluation. In an effort to help evaluators bridge the gap between the potential for high quality evaluation systems to improve environmental education, and the low level of evaluation in actual practice, we reviewed recent environmental education literature to reveal the challenges and opportunities for evaluating environmental education programs. The literature review identified strategies for confronting the challenges in environmental education evaluation, as well as notable opportunities for increasing the quality of evaluation in environmental education.     

Ecological Modernization as a Basis for Environmental Policy: Current Environmental Discourse and Policy and the Implications on Environmental Supply Chain Management

Sustainable development and ecological modernization are the two theoretical frameworks that underlie environmental policy making in industrialized countries. It is especially the theory of ecological modernization that describes recent changes in environmental policy making and assumes a positive-sum game between the economy and the environment. The article critically reflects upon ecological modernization as a basis for current environmental policy and discourse. It uses experiences of a project on environmental supply chain management to explore the implications of ecological modernization on practical environmental policy outcomes. We conclude that sustainable development and ecological modernization must be viewed as ideological and political concepts, at least as much as they are about the relationship between the economy and environment. Therefore, further analyses of environmental policy making must include issues of power and influence.     

Ecologically unequal exchange: A theory of global environmental injustice

In this article, we review the theory of ecologically unequal exchange and its relevance for global environmental injustice. According to this theory, global political–economic factors, especially the structure of international trade, shape the unequal distribution of environmental harms and human development; wealthier and more powerful Global North nations have disproportionate access to both natural resources and sink capacity for waste in Global South nations. We discuss how the theory has roots in multiple perspectives on development, world‐systems analysis, environmental sociology, and ecological economics. We detail research that tests hypotheses derived from ecological unequal exchange theory on several environmental harms, including deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity loss, and water pollution as well as related human well‐being outcomes. We also discuss research on social forces that counter the harmful impacts of ecologically unequal exchange, including institutions, organizations, and environmental justice movements. We suggest that ecologically unequal exchange theory provides an important global political–economic approach for research in environmental sociology and other environmental social sciences as well as for sustainability studies more broadly.     

Social Evolution and Environmental Context: Explanative Pluralism and Potentiality

We identify four common, but we argue fallacious, reasons social scientists object to theories that rely on environmental conditions to explain variation in the evolution of societies. First, some sociologists exclude environmental forces as beyond the domain of sociology. Second, environmental theories are often pejoratively labeled “determinist,” and rejected on those grounds. Third, environmental theories are regularly dismissed as being functionalist. Fourth, environmental theories are frequently charged with being Eurocentric and serving to justify colonialism and social inequalities. We argue that although there are examples of theories that fail in these regards, there is no inherent reason that environmental theories are more prone to these limitations and problems than are more sociologically “pure” theories. We argue that sociology should strive to be more transdisciplinary and can benefit from consideration of environmental conditions.     

环境挑战与对策

雾霾等大气污染、水危机、固体废弃物的资源环境污染问题,以及环境灾害和气候变化问题已经引起全社会的关注。日益凸显的生态环境问题与不可持续的生产和消费方式密切相关;解决环境问题的必由之路是新能源和可再生能源利用、系统角度的能源和资源节约、全生命周期的资源循环利用和创新理念与高新技术的应用。     

中国经验的环境之维:向度及其限度——对中国环境社会学研究的回顾与反思

改革开放以来的中国经验既包括经济、政治、文化、社会等维度,也包括了环境这一重要维度。本文通过对中国环境社会学研究的回顾来重新理解中国经验;通过对中国经验的反思,检讨中国环境社会学研究的缺陷与局限。中国经验与中国环境社会学存在着休戚相关、互相建构和重塑的关系,对二者互为映照的关系需要予以深入的批判和反思。     

Changing Issue Representation among Major United States Environmental Movement Organizations*

Abstract Histories of the environmental movement have emphasized the importance of a shift in focus from those issues traditionally associated with the movement, such as resource and wildlife protection, towards “new” quality of life issues, such as environmental pollution and its human health effects. Here, time‐series data between 1970 and 2000 on the issue agendas of fifty leading environmental movement organizations (EMOs) are used to empirically assess the veracity of this hypothesized shift. Results indicate that while there is dramatic growth in the salience of new environmental issues, those issues traditionally associated with the environmental movement continue to dominate the collective agendas of major EMOs. Further, new environmental issues are most likely to be represented in organizational fields composed of smaller EMOs on average.     

An analysis of corporate environmental responsibility on the global corporate Web sites and their dialogic principles

This study investigated how corporations use their Web sites as a way of helping to build corporate environmental responsibility. A content analysis of 2008 Fortune Global corporate Web sites compared environmental concerns and the use of dialogic principles across three regions (i.e., Asia, Europe, and North America). Results show that about 71% of Web sites have a stand-alone environmental menu as a central location for environmental information, and that Europe is the highest, followed by North America and Asia. The environmental concerns of ‘resources/waste management’ and ‘climate changes’ are more commonly highlighted than are ‘ecosystem’ and ‘environmental governance.’ Furthermore, most Web sites do not fully employ dialogic features, regardless of region.