鼓励按政策生育促进人口长期均衡发展

全面两孩政策落地实施后,政策效果明显,出生人数符合预判.在育龄妇女减少的情况下,出生人数增幅明显.计划生育服务管理改革有序推进,鼓励按政策生育的制度体系和社会环境正在构建,相应的配套政策措施陆续推出.为促进人口长期均衡发展,当前5个领域的重大问题急需关注和研究:一是把握人口自身发展规律,保持适度生育水平;二是厘清人口与社会发展关系,构建家庭友好的社会政策环境;三是科学研判人口与经济互动关系;四是探索流动人口和城镇化问题,提供促进人口合理分布的创新方案;五是把握世界人口发展趋势,将中国人口发展纳入全球视野观测和分析.中国处于人口发展的历史转折期,计划生育、改革开放等取得丰硕成果的开创性实践,为中国人口理论研究提供了丰富的素材,也为人口研究取得前沿性突破提供了良好机遇.     

全球人口干预与“新的中国选择”——超越“全面两孩”政策的思考

文章基于全球视角,利用联合国等机构发布的人口政策及生殖健康/计划生育数据,阐述国际社会人口调控与政策干预的总体变化趋势及特点,并在此基础上对未来中国计划生育的改革发展进行了思考,发现:近30多年来,在人口增长、生育水平、老龄化、生殖健康/计划生育以及国内乡-城迁移等人口政策的各个领域,全球采取不干预立场的国家数量和比例均在大幅下降,人口干预是世界性的时代潮流.全球超过90％的国家或地区都在践行计划生育,展现出这项实践的普适性、包容性和强大生命力.生殖健康促进极大地丰富和拓展了传统计划生育实践.建议中国的计划生育在人口政策等基本概念的区分、整合服务、“外围”政策支撑以及发挥社会组织“实体性”作用等方面推进改革创新.     

现行中国计划生育政策对中国人口安全的影响

本文从人口安全的定义出发,简单的分析了我国在发展中所面临的主要人口安全问题,并发现这些问题大部分都与我国的计划生育政策有着密切的关系。简要地阐述了我国现行计划生育政策的发展产生过程和主要内容。结合我国现行的“晚婚、晚育、少生、优生”的计划生育政策和我国主要的人口安全问题,从人口结构和人口素质两个方面,重点分析了我国计划生育政策对人口安全的影响。最后得出结论,要抓住现在的机遇期,调整现行的人口政策,最终实现中国人口与社会、经济、资源以及环境的协调可持续发展。     

家庭变迁背景下的中国家庭政策

在人口转变和经济社会变迁的过程中,中国家庭规模不断缩小、家庭结构逐渐简化、传统家庭功能趋于弱化。这对维系社会正常运作的各项社会政策带来巨大冲击,并由此将家庭政策的完善与改革提上议程。尽管改革开放以来,中国的家庭政策在影响人口发展、提供家庭保障和促进性别平等等方面有所建树,但仍未脱离含蓄型和补缺型模式的囿限。文章认为,中国的家庭政策体系应实现向明确型和发展型转变。首先应创建专门的家庭政策机构,在此基础上明确将家庭整体作为基本的福利对象、以发展家庭能力为目标进行家庭投资、推进家庭政策的适度普惠性,并尽量避免其他政策安排与家庭政策的相互制约乃至冲突。     

良好的人口环境是中国实现可持续发展的重要保证

可待续发展是关系人类发展的重大问题,它涉及许多方面,但人作为社会发展最可宝贵的动力资源,无疑是可持续发展的中心要素。人口数量、质量和结构等即人口环境直接影响可持续发展其他要素及整体的实现。结合当前中国人口现状,作者认为,中国要实现可持续发展,必须创建良好的人口环境,控制人口数量、提高人口质量。     

多目标决策视角下中国适度人口规模预测

对未来中国适度人口规模的基本判断是关系中国人口政策走向的根本问题,也是近年来各界关注的焦点之一。研究采用多目标决策技术中的"可能-满意度"方法(PS法),结合我国国民经济与社会发展远景目标,提取经济、资源环境、人口动态发展及与其他国家人口对比等四方面中的13个指标,首先对单个指标影响因素的可能-满意度曲线进行分析;其次设计由不同的指标并合而成的8种方案,以2050年为目标时间点,计算每种方案所对应的适度人口规模及人口结构,并分析对应的人口政策;最后对影响人口规模的关键因素进行分析和验证。研究结果表明,我国人口在2050年应当达到的适度目标规模的取值范围为14.8亿至15.4亿之间,此时,可能-满意度大于0.74,人们的生活质量达到一个较高水平,老年系数在0.226~0.236之间。     

迟发展效果与中国的人口问题

<正> 中国人口的迅速膨胀,既有以前政策失误的原因,同时也是社会发展过程中不可避免的,它与落后的经济、文化相结合,形成社会发展过程中的两难选择,与历史上发达国家相比,由于发展环境巳根本改变,解决我国人口问题的政策、措施也必须随之改变,人口有计划增长的政策至为迫切和必要,     

人口政策与人力资源开发

人口政策是宏观调控人口数量和质量的政策 ,是对国家未来发展具有决定性影响的战略政策。一个国家的人口政策如何 ,将会极大地影响这个国家的人口发展 ,影响人力资源的发展方向和发展趋势 ,进而影响到国家未来社会经济的发展和国家的综合国力。我国的人口政策 ,在促使人力资源数量与社会经济发展相适应 ,提高人力资源的身体素质和科学文化素质 ,促进人力资源的合理利用方面 ,发挥了巨大的作用 ,产生了巨大的经济效益和社会效益     

社会政策与日本人口的发展

社会政策已成为很多国家调整国内人口发展的重要手段。面对总和生育率多年来不断下降的趋势,日本政府自1994年开始出台各种有利于人们生儿育女的社会人口政策。这些政策在目标、影响人群、法律效力及涉及政府部门方面有所不同。就目前来看,一些改善育儿环境、间接提高受孕几率的政策是有效的,但这些政策对最终提高出生水平的效果却不理想。在任何人口和文化中,人们生育观念的转变,无论是多生还是少生,都是一个长期的过程。     

改革开放三十年中国人口政策回顾与展望

改革开放三十年来，随着中国人口形势的变化和人口管理理念的转变，中国人口政策发生了巨大变化：人口政策目标由单纯的严格控制人口增长和人口迁移逐渐转变为“优先投资于人的全面发展，稳定低生育水平，提高人口素质，改善人口结构，引导人口合理分布，保障人口安全，促进人口大国向人力资本强国转变，促进人口与经济、社会、资源、环境协调和可持续发展”。与此相对应，中国的人口政策已经发展为包括人口数量控制和人口分布控制两个大类及其相关的优生、就业、福利等公共服务的社会政策体系。     

"Mummies and babies" and friends and lovers in Lesotho

This paper examines an institutionalized friendship among adolescent girls and young women in southern Africa. Lesotho's economy is based on migrant male labor which leaves the women dependent on male earnings or subsistence from the land, and also creates unstable marital relations. Young girls in the modern schools develop close relationships, called "mummy-baby," with slightly older girls. Sexual intimacy is an important aspect of these relationships. Mummy-baby relationships not only provide emotional support prior to marriage, but also a network of support for married and unmarried women in new towns or schools, either replacing or accompanying heterosexual bonds.     

Understanding and Using Mediators and Moderators

Mediation and moderation are two theories for refining and understanding a causal relationship. Empirical investigation of mediators and moderators requires an integrated research design rather than the data analyses driven approach often seen in the literature. This paper described the conceptual foundation, research design, data analysis, as well as inferences involved in a mediation and/or moderation investigation in both experimental and non-experimental (i.e., correlational) contexts. The essential distinctions between the investigation of mediators and moderators were summarized and juxtaposed in an example of a causal relationship between test difficulty and test anxiety. In addition, the more elaborate models, moderated mediation and mediated moderation, the use of structural equation models, and the problems with model misspecification were discussed conceptually.

Beliefs and values and the sterilization decision

A decision-making framework based on the models of personal decision making developed by psychologists and economists and a methodology based on axiomatic conjoint measurement are used to explore individuals' beliefs and values regarding contraceptive sterilization. Particular emphasis is given to demonstrating a. that there exist individual differences in beliefs and values, b. that there exist differences in beliefs and values between persons who choose sterilization—either tubal ligation or vasectomy—and persons who choose non-sterilization contraceptive methods when no more children are wanted, and c. that the effect of beliefs and values on the sterilization decision is an interactive one. The methodology used is compared to that typically used in studying fertility- and health-related behaviors.This research was supported by grants HD-10802 and HD-14403 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The technical assistance of Doreen Victor and the editorial suggestions of Sarah Gaskill, Alice Healy, and two anonymous reviewers are greatly appreciated. This paper is Publication No. 253 of the Center for Research on Judgment and Policy, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0344. Requests for reprints should be sent to the Publications Librarian at the Center.     

Complementary and alternative medicine: Interaction and communication between midwives and women

BackgroundMany pregnant women use complementary and alternative medicine. Although midwives are often supportive, how they communicate with women about the safe use of these therapies has received limited research attention.AimThe aim of this study was to explore how midwives interact with women regarding use of complementary and alternative medicine during pregnancy.MethodsWe utilised grounded theory methodology to collect and analyse data. Twenty-five midwives who worked in metropolitan hospitals situated in Melbourne, Australia, participated in the study. Data were collected from semi structured interviews and non-participant observations, over an 18-month period.FindingsHow midwives communicate about complementary and alternative medicine is closely associated with the meaning they construct around the woman's role in decisionmaking. Most aim to work in a manner consistent with the midwifery partnership model and share the responsibility for decisions regarding complementary and alternative medicine. However, although various therapies were commonly discussed, usually the pregnant woman initiated the dialogue. A number of contextual conditions such as the biomedical discourse, lack of knowledge, language barriers and workplace constraints, limited communication in some situations.ConclusionMidwives often interact with women interested in using CAM. Most value the woman's autonomy and aim to work in partnership. However, various contextual conditions restrain overt CAM communication in clinical practice.     

Injecting and Rejecting,Framing and Failing

This paper seeks to examine how female subjectivities are privileged by Canadian human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination discourse and, in turn, how homosexual male subjectivities are displaced. Employing a Critical Discourse Analysis approach, I analyze selected HPV vaccination (HPVV) promotional materials, and depict the discursive strategies which privilege and exclude gendered subjectivities. My critical analysis is influenced by feminist linguistic works that seek to uncover the discursive constructions around sexuality, gender and identity, and the discursive strategies used to communicate ideas about sexual health risks and responsible citizenship. In addition, I adopt feminist theories of knowledge and power to rethink the discursive representations of some bodies and subjectivities as normal, and Others as unintelligible within HPVV discourse in today's neoliberal time.     

The relationships between population and economy, and between population and education]

The relationship between population and economy is regarded seriously by China and other countries. This problem can be analyzed and studied under 2 aspects: 1) the influence of economic development on changes in population, and 2) the influence of population increases on economic development. Under the 1st aspect, improved living conditions, hygiene, and health care generally result in lowered mortality rates. Improved economic conditions in China also increased the birthrate and at the same time increased birth control among the people; the increased birthrate was due to more marriages after liberation. In economically advanced countries, due to high expenses in raising children, people tend to limit family sizes to 2 children/family. Under the 2nd aspect, population increases place strains on the food supply and nutritional requirements, especially when increases are too rapid. They also demand more educational resources and influence quality of education. As there are currently 210 million students in China, the quality of education suffers, particularly at the college level, since most of Chinese manpower, physical and financial resources are spent on primary and secondary education. In terms of housing, transportation, health care, and natural resources, they are all intimately related to and influenced by increases in population. Consequently, the living standard would be difficult to raise if population increases are too rapid. Since 1971, population increases have been incorporated into 5-yearly and later yearly national economic plans in China. The large Chinese population is a major obstacle in raising the Chinese economic level, hence a well-planned population control program is essential.     

Family Instability and College Enrollment and Completion

This research uses data from waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health, N = 9,631) to consider whether and how family instability in early or later childhood affects college enrollment and completion of a Bachelor’s degree by age 24. Explanatory factors include maternal selection into unstable unions, household resources available in adolescence, and adolescents’ academic achievement, behavior, and attitudes in high school. The association of later family instability with college enrollment and completion is largely explained by household resources in adolescence. The association of early family instability with college enrollment is partially explained by each set of factors, and its association with college completion, given enrollment, is explained by pre-existing maternal characteristics. The results demonstrate that early family instability has enduring consequences for eventual status attainment and that the mechanisms that connect family instability to educational outcomes vary by the timing of family structure change.     

山东省人口发展与工业化城镇化的互动及其协调发展

改革开放至今,山东省的人口发展与工业化城镇化发展相互促进,共同推动了人口再生产方式的转变和工业化城镇化进程,进入了健康、合理、良性互动的发展时期。但是,人口规模持续膨胀、城镇化发展水平滞后、城镇体系结构不合理、人口分布与城镇分布矛盾等问题依然制约人口与工业化城镇化的协调发展。促进人口数量、素质、结构、分布协调发展,走新型工业化和新型城镇化道路,实现人口与工业化城镇化协调发展,是山东省不懈的追求。