民族地区乡村振兴法治化推进中华民族共同体建设探析

中华民族共同体建设既是各民族的权利,也是各民族的义务。民族地区乡村振兴是中华民族命运共同体认同的物质文化基础,为之提供法治建设是中华民族共同体建设进程中破解民族问题、推动各民族地区从“自我意识”转向“中华民族共同体意识”的重要法治建设。《乡村振兴促进法》的颁布实施,有利于规范、强化民族地区乡村经济社会发展,巩固精准脱贫成果与乡村振兴有效衔接,体现了中华民族共同体意识与中华民族共同体建设之间的法治关系、法律维度与建设进路。     

文化认同与中华民族共同体建设

文化认同与中华民族共同体发展存在着十分密切的关系,中华文化认同是整合、凝聚中华民族共同体意识的强大力量。在中华民族共同体形成与发展的历程中,各民族文化认同得以萌发并日益浓厚,成为中华民族共同体形成与发展的主线。在中华民族共同体建设过程中,各民族共同守望和传承中华文化,中华文化认同得到了巩固和增强,并成为中华民族共同体建设的思想基础、精神动力和整合机制。当前铸牢中华民族共同体意识工作,应当紧紧围绕增强各民族中华文化认同来展开,促进各民族强化中华文化符号认同,树立正确的历史观,增强中华民族历史记忆,促进中华文化仪式的传承与创新,更好地发挥其社会团结的强大作用。     

中国式现代化背景下民族地区健康发展的“五位一体”与铸牢中华民族共同体意识

作为一个统一的多民族国家，民族地区能否实现和保持健康发展在整个中国国家的现代化发展中有着特殊地位，亦在铸牢中华民族共同体意识事业中有着“一荣俱荣、一损俱损”重要性。基于党的二十大报告提出的系列新观点、新论断、新思想，文章从政治、经济、文化、社会、生态等“五位一体”视角展开论述，认为在中国式现代化过程中，平等团结、和谐稳定的政治前提，互补共生、共同发展的经济基础，各美其美、美美与共的文化内核，创新协调、开放共享的社会机制，绿水青山、美丽家园的生态屏障，这些相互联系的层面共同决定着民族地区的健康发展。民族地区与国家、各民族与中华民族共同体均是局部与整体的有机关系，民族地区健康发展与新时代铸牢中华民族共同体意识互为保障，是中国式现代化的重要构成部分。     

中华民族共同体视域下民族地区经济高质量发展研究

铸牢以共同奋斗、共同繁荣为任务和目标的中华民族共同体意识,是马克思主义民族理论中国化的成果,也是新时代民族工作的主线。新阶段下,要以中国式现代化推进中华民族伟大复兴,民族地区经济高质量发展任务依然长期而艰巨,文章尝试找到民族地区经济高质量发展对铸牢中华民族共同体意识的理论和实践逻辑,以期探寻铸牢中华民族共同体意识的“经济密码”。文章首先剖析民族地区经济高质量发展和中华民族共同体的辩证统一性,从理论上构建二者的内在联系。然后进一步考察铸牢中华民族共同体意识的经济因素,通过民族地区经济发展的现实问题,分析这些问题如何影响铸牢中华民族共同体意识。最后,将铸牢中华民族共同体意识融入经济高质量发展的大局,从产业结构升级、提升创新能力、发挥比较优势、提升基本公共服务水平四个方面提出发展路径。     

以法治引领铸牢中华民族共同体意识工作

<正>党的十八大以来,习近平总书记提出铸牢中华民族共同体意识重大原创性论断,并将其确定为新时代党的民族工作的主线和民族地区各项工作的主线,强调民族地区的经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设和党的建设等,都要紧紧围绕、毫不偏离这条主线,这为做好新时代民族工作和整个西藏工作指明了前进方向、提供了根本遵循。当前,在“两个大局”时代背景下,西藏进入“五期叠加”新阶段,做好铸牢中华民族共同体意识工作离不开坚实的法治保障。     

河西走廊在铸牢中华民族共同体意识战略榫接中的逻辑演判

铸牢中华民族共同体意识是实现国家统一之基础、加强民族团结之根本、提振民族精神之灵魂。厘清河西走廊在铸牢中华民族共同体意识过程中的生成过程,把握河西走廊之历史定位,统筹规划和认识河西走廊在促进民族团结、铸牢中华民族共同体意识中的重大战略支撑作用,有助于在新时代战略框架下铸牢中华民族共同体意识,推进民族团结进步事业,实现中华民族伟大复兴。新时代铸牢河西走廊民族共同体意识必须切实全面加强党的领导,深化民族团结教育;强化地区经济互助,守正创新发展特色;深化爱国统一战线,强化思想政治引领;加强民族文化交流,增进民族文化认同;完善民族法治建设,依法治理民族事务。     

论民族法治与民族和谐

民族法治是指制定完备的民族法律制度,并以其作为处理民族关系的基本依据.民族法治是我国依法治国的基本内容.民族和谐是社会和谐的重要内容,包括各民族之间、各民族内部的和谐关系.民族法治与民族和谐是一个辩证统一的关系.一方面,民族法治是民族和谐的基础和保障;另一方面,民族和谐是民族法治的理念和目标.民族法治与民族和谐二者有机的联系,共同服务于我国的社会主义建设事业.     

民族地区医事卫生法治人才培养路径

民族地区医事卫生法治人才的培养,既是铸牢中华民族共同体意识下共抗新冠疫情的现实需求,亦是全面依法治国的内在要求,更是促进全民健康和实现全民小康的时代使命。目前我国民族地区医事卫生法治人才培养出现“缺”“少”“空”的困难局面,究其原因,与民族地区自身的特殊性和复杂性、民族地区医事卫生法治领域的复合性与边缘性以及民族高等教育发展缺少特色性和前沿性等原因有关。完善民族地区医事卫生法治人才的培养路径,首当确立“一体双核多元”的人才培养理念,并通过“订单式”人才培养、校际联合等方式,不断探索民族地区医事卫生法治人才培养新路径。     

铸牢中华民族共同体意识的PEST-SWOT模型分析与路径研究

铸牢中华民族共同体意识是马克思主义民族理论中国化的创新发展，是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的重要组成部分，是实现中华民族伟大复兴中国梦的根本遵循。本文对新时代背景下我国民族地区中华民族共同体意识的发展路径进行了PEST与SWOT分析，并构建了铸牢中华民族共同体意识的PEST－SWOT模型，提出了铸牢中华民族共同体意识的路径：坚持党的领导，完善民族干部队伍建设与“民族区域自治”制度；发展区域经济，奠定不同民族与不同区域的经济基础；引导社会发展，坚定中华民族共同体意识的舆论导向；促进创新驱动，建立宽领域多层次全方位的传播体系。对铸牢中华民族共同体意识的外部环境和内部因素进行综合性分析和研究，不仅有利于构建、发展和完善铸牢中华民族共同体意识的国家宏观生态，也有利于营造、巩固和深化铸牢中华民族共同体意识的地区微观环境。     

西部大开发以来民族地区的经济发展：基于“铸牢中华民族共同体意识”的分析

铸牢中华民族共同体意识是新时代民族工作的主线。加快少数民族和民族地区的经济发展,努力缩小各民族之间的经济社会发展差距,实现共同发展、共同富裕,是铸牢中华民族共同体意识的必然要求。文章基于“铸牢中华民族共同体意识”视角,分析了西部大开发以来,民族地区的经济发展,主要聚焦于缩小差距和基本公共服务供给。文章认为,取得了一系列历史性成就,为“铸牢中华民族共同体意识”奠定了较为坚实的经济基础。文章认为,铸牢中华民族共同体意识,核心是增强“五个认同”;加快少数民族和民族地区发展与铸牢中华民族共同体意识之间是相互联系和相互促进和共赢的;西部大开发二十年来,民族地区经济总体上实现了高速、持续和包容的增长,虽然绝对差距还在扩大,但相对差距在缩小,基本公共服务供给的覆盖面大,供给质量在有效提高,劳动者就业能力显著提升,这些都为“铸牢中华民族共同体意识”打下了坚实的物质基础。文章认为坚持党对民族工作的全面领导是加快民族地区经济发展,铸牢中华民族共同体意识的根本保证。     

“多元一体格局”理论视阈下和谐民族关系实现途径探讨

本文从＂中华民族多元一体格局＂理论视阈,论述了和谐民族关系的必要性与实现途径,要旨在于说明：古往今来,我国就是统一的多民族国家,构建和谐民族关系,始终是祖国统一、民族团结和国家安全的重要保障,也是增强中华民族凝聚力和当前实现民族复兴大业的关键所在;费孝通先生所提倡的＂中华民族多元一体格局＂理论,不仅是对中华各民族关系之历史与现状的精辟的理论概括和真实写照,而且对于我们正确认识中国国情,做好民族工作,构建社会主义和谐民族关系,亦有着非常重要的理论价值和现实意义。     

论少数民族文化发展与民族关系和谐的互动

我国是一个多元文化的国家,少数民族文化是中华文化的重要组成部分。少数民族文化的繁荣发展对于社会主义民族关系的健康发展以及和谐社会的构建具有重要的作用和意义。十七届六中全会提出了"文化强国"战略,少数民族文化的发展对于中国经济社会建设的作用愈发凸显。厘清少数民族文化发展繁荣与社会主义民族关系构建的关系,明确少数民族文化的大发展大繁荣对于中国经济社会发展的重要作用和意义,规划发展繁荣少数民族文化的有效措施,将是我们当前民族研究工作的重要内容之一。     

少数民族影视铸牢中华民族共同体意识的多重逻辑

少数民族影视是生产、培育、传播并塑造各个民族共同心理的重要载体，也是构筑中华民族共有精神家园的有机要素，更是铸牢中华民族共同体意识的主要阵地之一。本文主要从少数民族影视与铸牢中华民族共同体意识的关系视角进行分析得出：少数民族影视生产、发展、传播、创新是铸牢中华民族共同体意识的有效路径，并在理论与实践逻辑两个方面都具有高度的一致性。具体来说，理论上主要表现为少数民族影视生产、发展与铸牢中华民族共同体意识在本质逻辑上的紧密相连与结构逻辑上的相辅相成；实践上主要表现其传播、创新在功能逻辑上的相得益彰与选择逻辑上的殊途同归。正确认识少数民族影视生产、发展、传播、创新层面与铸牢中华民族共同体意识的多重逻辑，才能促进少数民族影视与铸牢中华民族共同体意识协调发展。     

云南少数民族老年妇女经济保障的结构性脆弱——社会性别视角

I. The current situation of ethnic minority women’ s economic security One of the most prominent problems faced by the international community is how to ensure the e-conomic security of the elderly, and how to help those elderly people who have lost the ability to work to be properly cared for. According to Yang Shijie’s investigation, 75% of the poor population in Yunnan are ethnic minorities, and of this fig-ure, minority women are more impoverished than men. 1 . The poverty rate in Yunnan is a little bit higher than the national average poverty level. Although Yunnan’s economic indicators have made considerable progress, they have yet to reach the national average because of the province’s ho-mogenous industrial structure, low level of indus-trialization, and high proportion of resource indus-tries. The average wage of workers in Yunnan is only 85. 85% of the national average wage, and the poverty rate is higher than the national aver-age. 2 . There is a significant number of elderly women without pensions, and their poverty rate is high in Yunnan. Due to the dual urban-rural structure of the social and economic system, as well as the design issues related to the social pension security system connected with employment, the number of elderly women without pensions is quite significant in Chi-
na. In ethnic minority areas, only 24. 12% of peo-ple over the age of 60 have a pension, among them, the number of women is considerably lower than for men, accounting for only 10%. Elderly women from ethnic minorities are further excluded from the social pension security system. Only a small population of elderly ethnic women enjoy the benefits of the system, and their average monthly pension is significantly lower than that of the men. Compared with elderly men, elderly women rely more on other members of the family. 3 . The high rate of widowhood brings difficul-ties to the elderly. According to a sampling survey of 10% of the national population in 2010 , the widower ratio is 29. 55%, and widow ratio is 70. 45% among eth-nic minorities aged over 60 . Ethnic minority women devote more energy to unpaid housework in their youth and middle age, and their chances of finding employment are low. This means they normally de-pend on their spouse when they become old, how-ever, the loss of their spouse makes them even poorer, and increases their risk of falling into pov-erty. 4 . The ethnic minority women ’s property rights are difficult to be protected. Because of the influence of outmoded feudal i-deas in the ethnic minority villages, women gener-ally have no right to inherit property. For example, among the Pumi, property is inherited by the men, and women generally have no right to inherit. The
case is the same with the Naxi ethnicity. In the in-heritance systems of the ethnic minority people in Yunnan, wives rarely have the right of inherit-ance;the custom of“passing property to the men, but not the women” is still quite prevalent. If the husband dies, the wife will not only find it difficult to inherit her husband’s property, but may also lose her own property, including land rights. This leads to a low rate of property ownership among widows. II. Analysis of the causes of vulnerability of the gender structure 1 . Cultural lag American sociologist W. F. Ogburn was the first to use this concept, which refers to the time lag between material culture and non - material culture in the course of social change. Generally speaking, change in material culture occurs faster than in non -material culture, and they are not synchronized, so there is a gap between them. Ethnic minority women in Yunnan have been af-fected by the patrilineal system up to the present day, which influences the thought and behavior of all ethnic groups, and gradually builds a psycho-logical barrier in the ethnic women’ s minds, con-straining their talent and creativity. Yunnan is lo-cated in China’s southwest frontier region, and the ethnic minorities live in remote and isolated moun-tainous areas, where the concept of the low status of women is ingrained, and thus not easily changed. 2 . The cumulative effect of education and em-ployment Compared with boys, there are different edu-cational expectations on or investments in the girls in the social culture, which brings disadvantages to women looking for employment of in their youth and middle age. Because they can generally only involve themselves in housework, it is not possible for them to accumulate employment experiences, and this leads to a negative economic status when they become old. 1) Low level of education. Due to the tradi-tional influence of “valuing sons over daughters”,
the number of ethnic minority women who have not attended school is significantly higher than that of men; the number of ethnic minority women who have never received an education is more than twice as high as the number of men. The phenome-non of early marriage and childbearing in ethnic minority areas is still prominent. Due to the influ-ence of early marriage culture, the girls do not generally wish to receive a higher education. Addi-tionally, because of the development of tourism, girls tend to drop out of school very early and in-volve themselves in business or becoming tour guides. All these factors lead to ethnic minority women’s lower level of education. Because they do not receive a higher, or even elementary educa-tion, women’s lives are concentrated around the family and housework. 2 ) Devotion to housework. The elderly ethnic minority women not only have to take part in agri-cultural production, but they also have to take care of the “left-behind” children whose parents have left to work in urban areas. For instance, De’ang women play an important role in family, social and economic activities; they have to bear the load of heavy housework every day, including carrying wa-ter, collecting firewood, cooking, feeding pigs, cattle and children, weaving, washing clothes and farming. The Bulang women, together with the men, have created the ancient Bulang culture, and women play the role of “main tentpole” in the housework and farming. According to our investi-gations of the Yi in Chuxiong of Yunnan province, Yi women spend on average over six hours each day on housework, and most men almost never par-ticipate in housework. 3 ) Unemployment or low paid occupation. Ethnic minority women’s degree of participation in social labor is low, however, their housework du-ties are taken for granted, and not recognized by the wider society, so their labor value is underesti-mated, even ignored. Due to their low level of ed-ucation and contribution to unpaid housework, a lot of ethnic minority women are unemployed. E-
ven though a small number of them are in employ-ment, their jobs are concentrated in the low in-come industries, and few of them are supported by social insurance. 3 . Traditional gender roles in the division of labor Because of the traditional gender roles in the division of labor, the social expectations for the women’s role is still family-centered. This means women have to bear a lot of housework duties and child rearing responsibilities. Due to women’s spe-cial physiological characteristics, women have a double burden: the responsibility of human pro-duction and social production. However, under the influence of gender inequality, women who have made great contributions to the development of so-ciety and humanity have been subjected to unfair treatment. Their contribution is regarded as a bur-den unique to women or indeed the women’s natu-ral weakness, and can even become a discrimina-tory factor in employment and promotion—this is a great injustice to women. In summary, it seems that the structure of the fragility of elderly ethnic minority women is a sim-ply an issue of sex difference, but it essentially re-flects the social system and conceptual culture of“valuing sons over daughters” which is ingrained in the minority areas, and is an issue of gender in-equality. III. Countermeasures and suggestions The elderly ethnic minority women are a spe-cial group in China’s aging population. This group shows a structural vulnerability due to such as in-fluences of ethnicity and regional location, eco-nomic conditions, educational level, marital sta-tus. From the perspective of social gender, this paper studies the economic security status of ethnic aged women, analyzes the problems of economic security for this group, and puts forward some poli-cy recommendations for improving the economic se-curity situation of the elderly women in ethnic mi-nority areas. 1 . The state should increase investment in tye economic development of ethnic minority areas in order to provide more jobs and solve the problem of employment of women. Economic development in the minority areas could provide adequate economic security to improve the living conditions of the eld-erly women in those areas. 2 . The concept of gender equality needs to be strengthened. Women should enjoy equal rights in education, and equal employment opportunities as men, as well as equal rights in the husband-wife relationship. In addition, we cannot simply take each gender as exactlythe same, but should under-stand the psychological and physiological difference between men and woman, and pursue gender e-quality in terms of society, personality, opportuni-ties, and rights. 3 . National policy should afford some recogni-tion to women and their capacity for childbirth. Due to physiological factors, women have to take the responsibility of childbirth and feeding the child, however, they also have to work . Women’s contributions to the family will inevitably lead to their inferior position in terms of social professional competition. Therefore, when policies are drawn up, the physiological characteristics of men and women should be considered, moreover, gender awareness and gender equality should be a part of various policies. 4 . Policies should protect women’s employ-ment rights, and ethnic minority areas should en-courage women to go out to work. The state should make policies to protect women’s employment rights, solve the problem of sexual discrimination which might exist in the workplace, and create e-qual employment opportunities so as to reduce the probability of elderly women from ethnic minority areas becoming impoverished . 5 . Improve the urban and rural pension sys-tem, and improve women’s pension insurance cov-erage rate.     

民族地区自然生态利益探析

本文认为 ,自然生态利益是民族地区的一种重要利益。维护民族地区的自然生态利益 ,是发展民族经济 ,提高少数民族群众物质文化生活水平 ,加强民族团结 ,保持社会稳定 ,全面推进民族地区小康社会建设的需要 ,是代表少数民族群众根本利益的表现。目前 ,民族地区自然生态利益正受到严重威胁 ,必须采取有效措施予以保护。要从提高思想认识、加大经费投入、调整产业结构、实行制度创新、运用现代科技、加强法治等方面来维护民族地区的自然生态利益     

文化融合与民族大学生国家认同教育

文化融合是一种客观的历史现象,也是现今的一种社会存在状态;是民族关系的重要内容,也是文化得以发展的重要途径。国家的概念则是近现代才从西方国家传入的新鲜产物,是生活在其地域范围内的人们对其所在国家的认识、评价与情感,主要表现于国家政治共同体和结构层面以及共同的中华民族的精神层面的认同。国家认同于国家本身、于个人都具有非常重要的意义,其中少数民族的国家认同问题显得尤为迫切。而国家认同教育是国家认同构建中的重要内容和方式。学校教育是建立国家认同的有效途径。我国的各民族的文化融合是少数民族国家认同教育的前提与基础、有力保障、表现形式,也是少数民族大学生国家认同教育的高级目标,具有重要的意义与深远的影响。我国也从中国的实际情况出发,并吸收了中国历来坚持＂和而不同＂处理民族关系的宝贵经验与优秀传统,制定出了相应的民族政策,坚定地保障民族文化融合,加强少数民族的国家认同教育,促进国家的稳定与团结。     

铸牢城市少数民族中华民族共同体意识的价值、困境及路径

大量少数民族由农村迁移至城市,既为城市的发展注入了活力,也为民族工作和城市治理带来了挑战。铸牢城市少数民族中华民族共同体意识是做好民族工作的关键,能够帮助少数民族更好地适应并融入城市生活,并有助于在城市地区进一步做好民族团结进步示范创建工作,有效破解城市治理的难题。应从完善保障城市少数民族合法权益的机制和体制,努力提高城市少数民族贫困群众的生活质量与水平,关注并及时满足城市少数民族的精神需求,充分调动和发挥城市常住少数民族群众的积极性和带头作用四个方面去铸牢城市少数民族中华民族共同体意识。     

中国民族间发展的多重差异格局与差别化、协同性政策开发研究——论中国民族关系的新形态与民族政策的新体系

After 60 years of implementation, the ethnic regional autonomous policy has provided basic political support for promoting the common development and prosperity of all ethnic groups. Especially since the period of “Reform and Open-ing Up” began, the national preferential policies and support for ethnic minority areas gradually in-creased, and economic and social development in the ethnic minority areas clearly speeded up. Ac-cording to official statistics, after more than 30 years of “Reform and Opening Up”, the economic growth rate of China’s ethnic minority areas is high-er than the national average. However, at the same time , the economic and social development gap be-tween different ethnic groups has become more and more pronounced. The development of the ethnic groups has created a structure of multiple dispari-ties, which fundamentally restricts ethnic unity, as well as political and social stability in ethnic areas of China. This structure of multiple disparities re-flects the imbalances mainly in four aspects: 1 ) the ongoing large gap between the ethnic minority areas and Han Chinese regions remains; 2 ) the unequal economic and social development among the various ethnic minority people has expanded;3 ) the economic gap within the same ethnic minor-ity autonomous region has gradually become more pronounced;and, 4 ) the differences in develop-ment within the same ethnic group who live in vari-ous regions of China are also very obvious. The multiple inequalities of the economic and social development of China’s ethnic groups add more complexity to the ethnic problems of China. The disparity in economic and social development between different ethnic groups is not only an eco-nomic problem, but is also a significant political issue. Hence, promoting a balanced economic and social development among the various ethnic groups has a very obvious practical significance for main-taining ethnic unity, promoting national integra-tion, and maintaining national stability . Based on the discussion above, this article mainly explores which kind of ethnic policy can ef-fectively resolve the multiple disparities found with-in ethnic development and is beneficial for promo-ting the integration of the various ethnic groups in China? On the basis of summarizing and reviewing approaches found in earlier research, the author puts forward the following core ideas:1 ) The economic and social development differences of various ethnic groups have formed a pattern of multiple disparities in China, and it is no longer simply a gap between the Han and ethnic minorities. Since the implementation of the “Re-form and Opening Up” policy, the differentiation or disparity between China’s ethnic minorities has become more and more pronounced—this phenom-enon constitutes a new challenge to China’s ethnic unity and national unification. Therefore, we must adjust ethnic policy in order to solve the “true problem” or “new problem” concerning China’s ethnic problem. 2 ) The multi-faceted disparities found in the economic and social development among China’s ethnic minorities result from many factors, inclu-ding institutional, policy, historical, geographical, cultural, and psychological. Therefore, we must realize a diversity of ethnic policy, and build a comprehensive ethnic policy system. 3 ) For the purpose of realizing the integration and state construction of the ethnic groups, in ad-dition to implementing the current policy of differ-entiation, we must also ensure a “four balanced and coordinated development”. This includes a balance between the Han areas and ethnic minority areas, a balance among the various ethnic minori-ties themselves, a balance within the same ethnic minority areas, and a balance within the same eth-nic group who live in different areas. This requires the central government to strengthen a double dif-ferentiation and collaborative orientation of ethnic policies concerning the market, labor, resources, technology, and capital.     

高校少数民族毕业生就业问题及对策研究——以西南民族大学为例

大学生就业问题近年来成为社会各界关注的热点问题,少数民族大学毕业生的就业问题因其既具有共性,又带有特性,更应成为关注的焦点。本文基于对西南民族大学少数民族毕业生就业问题的调研,发现当前成都地区高校少数民族毕业生一定程度存在热衷大城市就业,沟通能力相对不足,从事工作与所学专业不对口,易受到不公对待等就业问题。究其原因,我们认为与少数民族大学毕业生的传统择业观、汉语水平、学校的专业设置以及用人单位的不当认识有关。为此,本文提出政府应加大对少数民族大学毕业生就业的关注程度;学校应提高少数民族大学生的综合素质;社会应创造公平公正的就业环境;少数民族大学生应提升自身能力、转变择业观念等相关对策建议。