萧灼基:研究经济体制改革理论的先导

萧灼基现任北京大学经济学院教授、博士生导师,全国政协常委,全国政协社会与法制委员会副主任,《经济界》杂志编委主任,《经济学家》杂志副主编,兼任中山大学、国防大学、对外经贸大学等十多所大学的名誉教授或客座教授,《中国改革》《管理世界》等数十家报刊的学术委员或顾问,北京市、武汉市、成都市、吉林省、云南省等政府顾问,还担任香港《南华早报》、新加坡《联合早报》等多家报刊的特约撰稿人和专栏作家,1992年至今享受政府有突出贡献专家特殊津贴.     

问责官员的复出

随着国家能源力、公室的设立,原中国石油天然气总公司总经理马富才,走马上任国家能源办公室副主任。因重大事故问责制而引咎辞职的几位官员的复出,成为媒体和公众关注的焦点。在这份问责名单中,原卫生部部长张文康,现任宋庆龄基金会副主席,全国政协“教科文卫体委员会”副主任委员;     

谈述职报告的写作技巧

述职报告是指国家公务员实事求是地把自己在一定时期内履行职责的情况和称职与否表达出来的一种常用的事务文书.述职报告具有总结性、评估性和理论性的特点.述职者对任期内干了哪些工作,取得了哪些成绩,做出了什么贡献,都必须进行客观、中肯的叙述和分析.这里包括工作的数量、质量、效率、水准等,不仅要有定性分析,而且要有认真、准确的定量分析,实事求是地做出切合实际的自我总结和评价.     

领导者的涉外商务礼仪

某城市组织了由市领导为团长的赴法国商务考察团.当地华侨商会的王先生为表示对"父母官"和老乡的尊敬,请考察团吃法国大餐.他们来到巴黎一个著名的西餐馆.装修典雅豪华,古色古香,男侍者彬彬有礼,女侍者丰满艳丽.因这批中国客人希望集中就餐,因此,经与侍者沟通,把几个餐桌拼到一起就餐.当王先生询问点什么菜时,团长说有特色的尽管上.请客的王先生向大家推荐了鹅肝、生蚝等菜.     

中学生拖延行为的心理探究

中学阶段是一个人成长的关键时期,也是一个人树立正确的世界观、人生观、价值观的重要时期,青少年是否能健康茁壮成长关系到一个民族的盛衰.但在现实生活中,许多学生都有遇事爱拖延的毛病,老师和家长叹息,学生也身陷拖延怪圈,难以自拔.而这样的心理问题似乎没有引起老师和家长的足够重视,他们对学生的拖延习惯或无可奈何,或熟视无睹,致使这种现象有更加严重的趋势.     

体改委情结为何挥之不去

2003年国家将体改委相关职能并入发展和改革委员会之后,各界对于恢复重建体改委的呼声一直没有间断过.2006年、2007年两会期间,代表不断提交提案、议案,为什么会有这样的呼声,关键在于,体改委在中国改革进程中曾经扮演过非常重要的角色,作为一个利益完全超脱的部门它承担着改革进程设计、协调等工作.     

小公司敢做大文章——武陟县农业综合开发公司探索纪实

随着经济的发展,作为农民命根子的土地逐渐被降格,农村农民90%的收入都不从土地中获得,撂荒、粗放经营土地在农村中时有发生,尤其在沿海和东部发达地区,这种现象大量存在.一家一户的土地经营模式与信息化高质量的发展方式时有冲突,如何解决这个矛盾呢?既不能强行兼并农民的土地,走人民公社时的老路子,又要未雨绸缪和谐地化解体制与发展中存在的问题.2002年10月以来,武陟县农业综合开发公司尝试从农民手中返租土地600亩,筹建了阳光农业园区.农民既可以从土地返租中获得稳定的地租收入,又可以腾出大量的时间去务工、经商增创收入,或者重新在公司的统一安排下工作,成为耕种园区土地的农民工.     

短缺加竞争的效力

罗伯特·西奥迪尼是美国著名的心理学家,他曾经在一家牛肉进出口公司做过一次营销实验.他要求公司的销售人员,以三种不同的方式分别给客户打电话,也就是给各个批发单位、超市和食品零售店的采购员打电话,向他们征求订货.     

办公室人员要学会“变脸”

要做好办公室工作,必须做到"十见",即:政务见水平、会务见特色、事务见效率、勤务见保障、服务见态度、材料见深度、信息见角度、协调见大度、宣传见广度、督查见力度.几年来,围绕单位的中心任务和上述"十见"的工作目标,我们办公室人员在不同的工作阶段、不同的工作场合不断"变脸",努力扮好"参谋长"、"大老支"、"办事员"、"管家"、"服务生"、"笔杆子"、"通讯员"、"协调员"、"解说员"、"督查员"等不同的角色.     

恒大构筑德阳财富之“城”

<正>四川恒大国际装饰建材城位于德阳市旌阳区工业集中发展区,扼守绵竹、什邡、广汉黄金通道。市场距商业中心2公里、汽车站1公里、火车货运站1公里,即将开建的“成-德-绵”城际特快和长江路西延线由此经过。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.