龙头带动型集群政府研发补贴策略选择研究

创新投入补贴和创新产品补贴是两种典型的研发补贴方式。本文以龙头带动型集群为研究背景，构建集群中领导者和追随者的两阶段博弈模型，重点讨论政府研发补贴方式和补贴对象选择对集群领导者与追随者研发投入的引导效果。研究发现：（1）高技术溢出情况下，创新投入补贴引导效果总体优于创新产品补贴；低技术溢出情况下，两种补贴方式对企业研发投入的引导效果基本一致。（2）同时对领导者和追随者进行补贴仅有可能提高追随者的研发投入积极性；如果仅对领导者或仅对追随者进行补贴，大部分情况下会提高被补贴企业研发投入积极性，同时损害未被补贴企业的研发投入积极性。（3）对高技术溢出集群进行研发补贴的促进效果总体优于对低技术溢出集群进行研发补贴的促进效果。本文对已有研发补贴政策研究从理论上进行了拓展，可为政府制定面向产业集群的补贴政策提供有益参考。     

基于旧件质量和“以旧换再”补贴的分级定价研究

以旧换再补贴政策已经在我国试点施行，相关原型新品和再制品的市场购买行为和企业定价决策受此影响。根据传统销售和售后渠道以及消费者持有旧件质量的不同细分市场，考虑到消费者的"以旧换再"偏好程度构建了制造商分级定价利润模型并分段优化，得到了"以旧换再"补贴下的最优分级定价决策，面向企业给出了旧件分级再制造的成本条件，面向政府给出了授予企业产品补贴资格的参考依据。考虑到再制造领先企业和一般企业再制造条件的不同，采用算例分析展示了补贴对领先企业及一般企业再制造分级定价决策的影响，并分析了消费者"以旧换再"偏好程度的变化对企业分级再制造决策的影响。结果表明，分级定价可以提高再制造系统的整体利润；换购补贴对促进再制造领先企业与一般企业再制造体系发展的积极作用不同，政府应根据产业及企业特点结合其他举措选择实施补贴的时机和补贴比例。     

保证保险和产出不确定下订单农业供应链融资中的政府补贴机制

在贷款保证保险及农产品产出不确定性下，考虑农户受资金约束及政府补贴贷款利息，针对订单农业供应链融资中的农户存在破产风险情形，研究了政府、银行、公司及农户之间的四阶段动态博弈问题；并在分析政府补贴对供应链最优决策及各方利益的影响后，得到了社会福利最大化下的政府补贴机制。研究发现，（1）若丰收年的投入产出率超过灾害年的投入产出率2倍，政府应提供补贴机制。（2）政府补贴机制应为：①当价格敏感系数小于一定值时，政府不应提供补贴。②当价格敏感系数适中时，政府应提供部分补贴。③当价格敏感系数大于一定值时，政府应提供全额补贴。④特别地，当灾害年与丰收年的投入产出率比值提升到一定值时，政府始终应提供补贴，甚至当投入产出率比值提升到更大值时，政府应提供全额补贴。最后对"政银保"合作贷款新模式提出改进建议。     

外部投资者参与创新合作视角下研发补贴的最优边界问题研究

创新驱动战略实施过程中，提高地方政府研发补贴政策的效力至关重要。本文基于研发补贴对企业产生的双重“认证效应”,构建了地方政府、研发企业和外部投资者之间的随机演化博弈模型。通过模型求解，得出了主体策略演化稳定时研发补贴的有效边界条件。以2019年我国12个省份的601家创业板上市公司数据为样本，选取北京市作为研发补贴政策标杆区域，对其他省份研发补贴的效力进行了横向比较。研究结果表明：地方政府发放的研发补贴对企业和投资者选择研发和投资策略不具有决定性作用，但研发补贴会显著影响两类主体策略选择概率的收敛速度和稳定性；以北京市作为标杆区域进行横向分析时，各省份均存在研发补贴的有效边界，且各省份研发补贴效力呈现方向性差异。三类区域具体如下：第一类如安徽省和四川省，研发补贴缺口大，仍可继续追加；第二类如广东省，其与北京市的研发补贴效力趋近；第三类如湖北省、山东省和河南省，存在研发补贴“冗余”现象。     

政府研发补贴及制度环境对企业自主研发投入的影响研究

<正>阶段我国处于经济转型期,单纯考虑市场特征与企业本身特征对创新行为与创新能力的影响是不够的,随着制度经济学的兴起,越来越多的学者开始关注制度对经济行为和经济发展的影响。作为市场的主体之一,企业决策在很大程度上受到其所在国家或地区的法律和司法效率、产权保护、金融体系等制度因素的影响。政府干预并不总是有效的。通常来说,政府会采用公共研发投资或创新补贴的形式和手段干预私人研发行为,而这样的公共研发投资或补贴对私人研发的影响     

外部经济效应与政府研发补贴的效率

为提高政府研发补贴资金的使用效率,使政府在科技创新领域发挥更大的杠杆促进作用,从外部经济视角出发,在对政府研发补贴促进技术创新的内在作用机制进行理论分析的基础上,利用中国14个制造行业的面板数据,借助中介效应和调节效应等内在机制分析方法,对企业吸收能力的中介效应和产业集聚的调节效应进行定量分析,实证研究中国研发补贴有多大比例促进企业吸收能力的培养以及产业集聚对提高政府研发补贴利用效率的程度.研究结果表明,中国研发补贴主要通过低效率的无外部经济效应的渠道发挥作用,而高效率的有外部经济效应的渠道作用偏小,低产业集聚水平会制约政府研发补贴对技术创新的促进作用,明确政府在科研领域的职能分工、完善补贴资金的配置机制并促进技术的良好扩散对提高中国公共补贴资金的利用效率至关重要.     

政府补贴方式对绿色供应链制造商减排决策的影响机制

考虑制造商自主研发减排与外包减排任务两种情形,研究政府分别依据减排研发和单位产品减排量进行补贴下供应链的最优决策问题。从供应链制造商的角度,对给定政府补贴方式下,制造商的两种减排决策进行了对比,同时从政府的角度,在制造商特定的减排情形下,两种政府补贴方式的减排效果进行比较。进一步,通过数值仿真分析两种补贴方式下补贴系数对供应链决策的影响。研究结果表明,当政府采取依据减排研发的补贴方式进行补贴时,自主研发减排情形下制造商利润大于外包减排任务情形的利润;当政府采取依据单位产品减排量的补贴方式时,相比外包减排任务,制造商选择自主研发减排均能得到更多的减排量和利润。当制造商自主研发减排时,政府依据减排研发补贴方式比单位产品减排量补贴方式的减排效果更好,但利润较低;当制造商外包减排任务时,两种政府补贴方式的减排效果和利润均相等。通过数值仿真验证了以上结果,同时表明补贴系数对减排效果和利润具有显著影响。以上结论为政府制定合理的补贴方式及企业减排策略的选择提供了理论支撑。     

不同阶段研发投资对企业绩效的动态效应研究:基于中国上市公司的面板数据分析

研发投资是提高企业绩效的重要途径,不同阶段的的研发投资对于企业绩效的改善存在着差异化作用。本文构建了不同阶段研发投资对企业绩效影响效应的理论模型,并以我国103家上市公司2010-2016年的相关数据为样本,从动态效应的实证分析阶段和开发阶段两个阶段的投资强度对企业绩效影响的异同,结果发现:研究阶段和开发阶段的投资对企业绩效影响均具有正向的积极影响作用,开发阶段的投资在当期对企业绩效的影响较强但不可持续,研究阶段的投资具有滞后效应并且对企业绩效的提升有比较长远的影响。因此过多关注开发阶段的投资并不能有效提高企业绩效,企业应加大研究阶段的投资,以更好地实现其在提高企业绩效中的长效作用。     

企业环境研发、产品差异化与政府环境管制

气候变暖已成为全球日益关注的重要问题之一,实施环境管制政策是政府控制企业碳排放量的重要手段。基于东道国企业和外资企业产品差异化竞争假设,建立了企业环境研发策略(环境研发卡特尔策略和独立环境研发策略)与政府环境管制的三阶段博弈模型,运用逆向求解法求得各阶段均衡解,比较了不同环境研发策略下企业环境研发水平(及碳减排量)、政策环境管制水平及国家福利。结果表明:企业环境研发投入越多,政府最优碳排放税越低;碳排放对环境造成的损害越大,政府最优排放税越高,企业越致力于环境研发。对关键参数赋值和模拟后进一步发现,总体而言,环境研发卡特尔策略要优于独立环境研发策略,但随着产品差异化程度的缩小和环境研发溢出程度的降低,环境研发卡特尔策略优于独立环境研发策略的程度也在缩小。因此,本文的研究可为外资企业和东道国企业产品策略选择和环境研发策略选择提供理论依据,也可为政府政策制定提供参考。     

研发项目投资决策与最优政府补贴研究

补贴是政府支持企业创新的重要方式之一。在政府采取研发项目资金补贴策略的基础上，构建政府和企业家双方博弈的不确定性投资与融资模型，并给出博弈均衡下最优投资时机、投资成本、融资策略以及最优政府补贴的显式表达式。研究发现企业家的债务协商能力会影响到政府对企业的补贴策略，只有当企业家在债务市场拥有一定议价能力的时候，政府补贴才能有效缓解研发项目的投资不足问题。另外，随着企业收益流的不确定性的增加，均衡下政府补贴出现先增后减的趋势，政府应尽可能根据不同风险的研发项目来采取补贴策略。本文的结论从理论上丰富了已有研发补贴政策的研究，为政府更有针对性实施补贴政策提供有益参考。     

创新网络嵌入视角下企业研发竞争的博弈研究

研发投入是创新发展的基础和源泉,如何促进企业研发投入是实施创新驱动战略的关键。本文基于创新网络嵌入的背景,构建同一创新网络内两个企业间的博弈模型,针对不同网络位置企业竞争博弈和相同网络位置企业竞争博弈两种情形,探究在研发竞争状态下企业研发投入受网络地位、网络关系的影响情况。研究结果表明:创新网络嵌入下,同质企业的竞争性研发投入与网络范围的技术溢出、网络平均吸收能力以及网络中心度均存在正向相关关系。研究结论丰富了企业研发投入影响因素的研究成果,也为有效激励企业创新提供一个有价值的思路。     

Internationalization and Indigenous Technological Efforts of Emerging Economy Firms: The Effect of Multiple Knowledge Sources

Getting engaged in competitive international markets motivates exporting firms to enhance their technological competitiveness and invest in research and development (R&D). While in-house R&D investment is important for getting advanced technologies, the technologies needed by exporters located in emerging economies (EEs) typically readily exist overseas. Drawing on organizational learning literature, we argue that the R&D intensity stimulated by exporting may be reduced when 1) EE exporters are better prepared and motivated to absorb foreign knowledge, 2) foreign sources of knowledge are more available, and/or 3) local technology supply is poor. An analysis on 5592 automobile parts and component manufacturers in China during 2005–2007 supports these arguments. To compete in markets abroad, Chinese firms' R&D intensity increases with export intensity when their export intensity is low. As the export intensity exceeds a certain threshold, their R&D intensity starts to decrease as intensive exporters are better prepared and motivated to acquire knowledge from foreign sources. When substitutive foreign knowledge sources such as foreign parents and FDI spillovers in the local industry is available, firms' R&D intensity stimulated by exporting can be further reduced. Better local technology supply can increase the R&D intensity stimulated by exporting.     

The role of political ties and political uncertainty in corporate innovation

We examine the relationship between firms' political connections and corporate innovation in a European context. We also consider the moderating effect of political connections on the relationship between political uncertainty and firms' innovation. We use two different metrics of innovation: R&D (an input measure), and patent counts (an output measure). We find that firms with former politicians on their board of directors invest less in R&D than their counterpart firms. However, the presence of this type of director on the board is positively associated with the number of a firm's patent applications. It seems that, although political ties reduce the amount of resources devoted to R&D activities, they increase the effectiveness of intellectual rights protection. Results also show that political uncertainty decreases R&D investment but exacerbates the need for legal protection of innovation through patents. According to our results, political connections attenuate the effect of political uncertainty on firm innovation such that the negative (positive) effect of uncertainty on R&D intensity (patents) weakens when the firm is politically connected.     

How do shareholders influence international firms’ environmental strategies? The differential impact of strategic and financial investors

Debates about the drivers of corporate environmental strategy as well as the influence of shareholders on environmental investments have grown exponentially in the last decade. This paper provides a novel perspective on the influence of investors on a firm's environmental strategy by theorizing how the shareholders' orientation may provide different resources for firms to outperform environmental institutional pressures, and further analyzing how foreign market exposure moderates this relationship. Our results, produced from a longitudinal sample of 2237 observations between 2007 and 2017 from 276 US firms in 11 industries, show that having a higher percentage of strategic shareholders positively drives firms' environmental proactivity. Meanwhile, having a higher percentage of financial shareholders is positively related to firms' environmental proactivity only at high levels of foreign market exposure, but is negatively related at low levels. Our results contribute to the ownership and environmental strategy literature by delimitating the different influences of strategic and financial investors on firms' environmental strategy and making a bridge between institutional and resource-based perspectives.     

Governance Structure,Innovation and Internationalization: Evidence From India

We examine the impact of firm-level governance structure on the innovation and internationalization strategies of emerging market firms. We propose that in the case of emerging market firms, governance is a response to the prevailing institutional environment and affects the innovation and internationalization strategies of firms. Based on a longitudinal sample of 16,337 firm-year observations of Indian listed firms over a year time period from 2002 to 2009, we find a positive effect of family ownership and group affiliation on R&D intensity and new foreign investments. Institutional ownership also positively affects new foreign investments, but has no effect on R&D intensity. Further, we find that R&D intensity interacts with family ownership, institutional ownership and group affiliation in affecting new foreign investments.     

经济金融化与资本结构动态调整

通过构建包含厂商、家庭和银行的AD-AS产品市场均衡模型, 本文推导得到企业目标资本结构的测算方程.在此基础上, 以金融渠道获利作为经济金融化的度量指标, 基于2007年～2015年中国非金融类上市公司半年期数据, 系统考察了经济金融化对资本结构调整速度及其偏离度的影响.实证结果显示, 经济金融化程度越高, 企业资本结构偏离度越大且调整速度越慢, 尤其在非国有企业、过度负债企业和小规模企业更为凸显, 即存在非对称效应.此外, 本文还发现经济金融化显著抑制固定资产投资, 投资偏好改变及抵押担保能力下降有助于理解其对资本结构动态调整的负向作用.可见, 基于金融渠道的获利模式促使企业形成对高杠杆率的路径依赖, 加剧实际资本结构与目标值的偏离度, 从而不利于宏观去杠杆及供给侧结构性改革.     

The Impact of Vicarious Experience on Foreign Location Strategy

MNEs can learn from the foreign investment experiences of other firms when evaluating their own foreign entry strategies. We argue that other firms' experiences reduce investment barriers arising from formal and informal institutional environments in host countries that are dissimilar from an MNE's home country, thereby encouraging new entry. Our empirical analysis of foreign entries by Japanese public manufacturing firms over more than a thirty-year period indicates that the prior experiences of other firms in a host country mitigate the negative effect of formal and informal institutional distance on entry decisions: as other firms' experiences in a host country increase, a firm is less deterred by greater institutional distance from entering the country. We also find that the distance-mitigating effect of other firms' experiences in different industries is less significant when a larger body of same-industry firm experience exists in a country, implying a substitution effect between different types of vicarious experience.     

Shareholders' Wealth‐Maximizing Operating Decisions and Risk Management Practices in a Mixed Contracts Economy

This paper establishes a critically important positive role for operations management practices and financial hedging. We show that operations management decisions and financial hedging are intertwined, and we advance a framework that can identify their combined effects on investors' wealth. We show that: (a) firms (publicly traded corporations) will optimally hold adequate riskless working capital (e.g., cash) to minimize the cost of obtaining non‐financial inputs, and the magnitude of this cash holding depends on operating details, and (b) operations management and financial hedging can lower firms' cash requirements, and boost productivity, defined as the wealth created in the firm per dollar of invested capital. Productivity‐enhancing practices—by “freeing up” some of the firm's cash—can maximize the investors' wealth. We show that these results obtain because firms' contracts with many of the providers of non‐financial inputs are not traded, and because investors can invest not just in public corporations but also in businesses “outside the markets” (e.g., proprietorships, partnerships, and private equity).     

债务约束下的企业广告与R&D投资研究

本文以Brander和Lewis的资本结构产业组织理论为基础,结合资本市场与产品市场,分析了企业负债与广告投资、R&D投资之间的关系。通过模型推导提出理论命题,并运用我国沪深两市A股上市公司数据进行验证得到相关结论。研究结果显示负债对企业广告投入存在刺激作用而对R&D投资存在抑制效应。企业广告投入与R&D投入行为存在明显的行业差异,制造业企业两种投入相对均衡,非制造业企业通常偏好于二者之一。企业广告与R&D投入之间相互影响,制造业两种投资之间存在互补关系,而非制造业两种投资之间存在替代关系。负债对企业广告与R&D投资行为的影响存在差异,并且不同债务类型的影响同样存在差异。本研究可进一步促进资本结构产业组织理论的发展,同时为企业改善广告与R&D投资策略提供理论和经验依据。     

基金持股的创新偏好与基金业绩研究

作为经济增长的重要推动力，企业创新持续吸引了政府、学者与媒体的关注.尽管研究表明创新会提升企业长期业绩，然而，在基金绩效评估中，针对基金经理对创新企业的偏好及其经济后果的研究依然较少.本文利用我国开放式基金的投资组合数据，考察基金偏好投资于创新型公司是否能提升基金业绩，并进一步基于基金特征与基金经理交易能力，深入探讨前述发现的横截面差异.研究发现:偏好投资于创新型公司的基金在长期能够创造更高的超额收益;基金的行业偏好、团队基金经理以及投资组合集中程度对基金投资于创新型公司存在正面影响.本文的结论对于投资者、基金公司以及监管部门在投资实践中如何评估创新型公司的影响提供了明确的政策借鉴.