LMX 差异化对创造力的影响: 一项多层次研究

领导―成员交换关系的差异化是近年来学术界的一个热点课题． 尽管已有研究考察了它对一些个体和团队产出的影响，但领导―成员交换关系差异化对创造力的影响一直为研究者们所忽略． 领导―成员交换关系差异化文献和社会比较理论表明领导与不同下属交换质量的差异对团队及个人创造力的发挥具有重要意义． 基于此，本研究采用社会比较的理论视角，同时从个体和团队两个层面考察领导―成员交换关系差异化对团队和个体创造力的影响，并进一步分析团队层面的差异化对个体层面效应的调节作用． 通过对中国大陆 80 个知识型团队的 367 名个体的问卷调查，结果发现: 在个体层面，相对的领导―成员交换关系( ＲLMX) 对个体创造力有显著正向影响，团队自主支持感在这两者关系中起着中介作用; 在团队层面，领导―成员交换关系差异和团队创造力之间呈 U 型关系，领导―成员交换关系差异对个体创造力有消极影响，但团队层面的关系差异化对 ＲLMX 和个体创造力关系的调节效应不显著． 总体来看，本研究发现 LMX 差异化对个体层面和团队层面的影响是不一致的． 最后讨论了本研究的不足及未来潜在的研究方向．     

领导-成员交换关系质量和差异化对团队的影响

以3家制造企业的63个工作团队为研究对象,考察了团队层面的领导-成员交换关系质量和关系差异化对团队成员情感承诺和团队绩效的影响。研究结果表明,在控制变革型领导后,领导-成员交换关系质量对情感承诺和团队绩效仍有显著正向影响;关系差异化对这种影响有负向调节作用,表现为对关系差异化程度较低的团队,领导-成员交换关系质量对情感承诺和团队绩效的正向影响相对较强;对差异化程度较高的团队,领导-成员交换关系质量的正向影响较弱。研究结果在一定程度扩展了领导-成员交换研究的分析层次,同时发现了领导对不同下属的亲疏有别和差异对待会削弱领导-成员交换关系对团队的积极作用。     

领导—成员交换差异与团队关系冲突:道德型领导力的调节作用

基于领导—成员交换(Leader-Member Exchange,LMX)理论和社会比较理论(Social Comparison Theory),本文对领导—成员交换差异与团队关系冲突之间的关系进行了实证研究.研究从领导者角度探讨了团队关系冲突的影响因素.来自79个项目团队的334名员工构成了本研究的样本,实证检验结果表明,领导—成员交换差异对团队关系冲突有显著正向影响,且团队领导者的道德型领导力在领导—成员交换差异与团队关系冲突之间起调节作用,即相对于较低的道德型领导力,较高的道德型领导力可以缓解领导—成员交换差异对团队关系冲突的影响.     

科研团队领导者的社会网络交互及其对团队绩效的影响

本文采用社会网络分析方法,基于87个科研团队的配对问卷调查,研究了高校科研团队领导者的社会网络联系、领导—成员交换关系和团队绩效之间的关系问题。实证结论表明,科研团队领导的内部度数中心性对领导—成员的贡献和专业尊敬交换关系有显著的正向影响,领导—成员交换关系在团队领导内部度数中心性与团队绩效之间具有完全中介作用;但团队领导的外部程度中心性与团队绩效之间的关系没有得到验证。以上结论对科研团队管理具有一定的指导价值。     

善于质疑辨析就会有高创造力吗:中国情境下的领导—成员交换的弱化作用

尽管在教育学、哲学、心理学等领域,批判性思维被广泛认为是决定个体创造力的重要个性变量,但却缺乏相关的实证研究,而关于这种关系的作用机理与传导机制的研究更是一片空白。本文试图从个体认识论的角度,将批判性思维这一概念引入管理学领域,通过211对直接领导—下属—同事的三方配对问卷调查,实证研究工作情景中批判性思维对员工创造力的影响,尤其是研究创新自我效能感的中介作用与领导—成员交换关系的调节作用。本文通过结构方程和回归分析发现,批判性思维与员工创造力显著正相关,创新自我效能感在两者之间起完全中介作用,而领导—成员交换在批判性思维与创新自我效能感之间起缓冲调节作用。     

差异化变革型领导对员工创新行为的影响：资源转化视角

 差异化变革型领导是变革型领导多层次建构的结果。早期的变革型领导研究尚未触及领导层面的核心，而差异化变革型领导研究为分层面探讨领导理论提供了新视角。按照中国式交往原则，领导在不同的工作场所会根据与员工不同的关系质量形成差序格局，进而表现出差异化的领导行为。而资源守恒理论认为，差序格局是领导与员工间资源交换差异的结果。        基于资源守恒理论和领导-成员交换理论，将环境动态性、环境竞争性、领导-成员交换引入差异化变革型领导与员工创新行为关系机制中，构建以领导-成员交换为中介、环境动态性和环境竞争性为调节的三维交互下有调节的中介模型，从资源视角揭示差异化变革型领导对创新行为影响的内在机制。采用结构方程模型、Bootstrapping法和双因素分析方法进行层面和简单效应分析，以25人以上的科技企业作为调研对象，收集软件研发、电子通信、生物医药、新材料制造等多个行业32家科技企业人力和研发部门的58个团队配对样本进行实证。        研究结果表明，团队一致性和个体差异性变革型领导均对员工创新行为具有显著正向影响，领导-成员交换在个体差异性变革型领导与员工创新行为间起部分中介作用，在团队一致性变革型领导与员工创新行为间没有中介作用；环境动态性与环境竞争性的交互项在个体差异性变革型领导与员工创新行为间以领导-成员交换为中介的间接关系中有正向调节作用，且高动态-高竞争环境组合更能促进领导资源优化配置。        中国情景下形成的圈子文化更利于领导与员工间的资源互动，进而促进创新行为，且组织内外部环境的高度协同更能促进领导与员工间的资源转化进程。均衡分配领导资源可以直接促进员工创新，但并不利于二者间的资源交互。研究结果厘清了复杂环境下差异化变革型领导者与成员的资源传递机制，为解释中国本土文化提供了新的视角。     

团队凝聚力、工作-家庭促进与员工在职行为关系研究

通过对中国大陆19个省市自治区的1 795名在职员工的问卷调查发现,员工感知到的团队凝聚力能够通过工作-家庭促进的中介效应影响员工在职行为(积极行为与退缩行为);伴随着领导-成员交换关系的密切,团队凝聚力对员工积极行为的影响也更为显著;而在团队凝聚力与退缩行为的关系中,并没有发现领导-成员交换关系的显著调节作用。     

化被动为主动:共享型领导对员工主动变革行为的影响及作用机制研究

如何让员工将其工作角色外的行为,如主动变革行为,视为其角色内的行为越来越受到学者和管理者的关注。主动变革行为是指个体通过自愿的和建设性的努力来影响组织功能改变的行为,属于一种挑战性的组织公民行为。尽管以往研究对员工主动变革行为的影响因素进行了一些探讨,但主要聚焦于正式垂直领导和个体因素,鲜有研究关注团队情景因素对其的作用效果。通过问卷调查法,以69个部门和262名员工的配对数据为样本,本研究考察了共享型领导对员工主动变革行为的影响及作用机制。跨层次分析结果表明:(1)共享型领导对员工主动变革行为有积极影响;(2)主动变革行为的角色定义与和谐工作激情会分别中介共享型领导与员工主动变革行为之间的关系;(3)领导-成员交换质量会分别调节共享型领导与员工角色宽度自我效能与和谐工作激情之间的关系,领导-成员交换质量越高,共享型领导对员工角色宽度自我效能与和谐工作激情的积极作用越显著;(4)领导-成员交换质量会调节共享型领导通过角色宽度自我效能对员工主动变革行为的间接作用,领导-成员交换质量越高,这一间接作用越显著。     

变革型领导与员工任务绩效:主动性人格和领导-成员交换的作用

旨在研究变革型领导对员工任务绩效的影响,并以主动性人格理论、领导-成员交换理论为基础,研究领导成员交换和主动性人格在以上关系中所起的中介及调节作用.研究以河北省的6家企业中的213名员工和88名主管为研究对象,对问卷调查所获得的匹配数据进行层级回归分析和结构方程模型分析,结果表明变革型领导对员工的任务绩效有显著的正向影响,领导-成员交换在其中具有完全中介效应;员工的主动性人格得分越高,变革型领导与领导成员-交换之间的正向关系就越强.     

基于制度逻辑的不同上下级关系对员工创新行为的差异化影响机制研究

作为组织中影响员工创新的重要人际关系，层级性上下级关系目前存在着基于西方文化的LMX （领导-成员交换）与基于中国文化的SSG （上司-下属关系）两种界定。为探求不同上下级关系对员工创新行为的影响机制是否有所不同，本研究从制度逻辑视角出发，基于社会交换理论和制度逻辑二维分析框架，构建了上下级关系透过心理授权作用于员工创新行为的路径，剖析了SSG和LMX对创新行为的差异化影响机制。来自72个团队的252名成员为样本的实证分析表明，SSG和LMX均能正向影响员工创新行为，心理授权在这种影响中均发挥着中介作用；尤为重要的是，相较于基于工作逻辑的LMX，基于家族逻辑的SSG对中国情境下的员工创新行为有更强的解释力度，这种差异是通过两者的不同交换逻辑对心理授权的不同影响而产生的。本研究为解构中国情境下的创新行为和上下级互动及其关系提供了全新的理论视角，丰富了本土化的创新管理研究。     

道德领导的影响过程分析:一个社会交换的视角

通过问卷调查北京地区的280名员工,运用社会交换理论框架,从领导-员工二元关系的角度研究道德领导的影响过程。研究结果表明,道德领导对员工的工作态度与工作结果有显著的正向影响;LMX在道德领导与员工工作态度之间起到了部分中介作用;组织公平在道德领导与员工工作态度和组织公民行为之间起到正向调节作用。     

Leader-member exchange as a linking pin in the idiosyncratic deals - Performance relationship in workgroups

In the current investigation, idiosyncratic deals (i-deals; individualized work arrangements) are modeled as differentiated resources that shape leader-member exchange (LMX) relationships in workgroups. We integrate literature on leader-member exchange (LMX) with research on i-deals to argue that employee evaluations of i-deals received from the grantor –typically the leader- enhance employee perceptions of LMX, which in turn become instrumental in generating positive performance outcomes. Furthermore, because workgroup characteristics have potential implications on the relationship between a deal grantor and the deal recipient, drawing upon social identity theory of leadership, we reason that the i-deals-LMX relationship is affected by the overall value congruence among the group members. Cross-level moderated mediation analyses on multi source data obtained from 289 employees nested in 60 workgroups showed that the mediational role of LMX in the i-deals to performance outcomes relationship was weaker in high value congruence groups.     

Social and economic leader–member exchange and employee creative behavior: The role of employee willingness to take risks and emotional carrying capacity

In the current study we explore the relational aspect of leadership for stimulating employee creative behavior. Drawing on leader-member exchange (LMX) theory, we propose that the association between two distinct types of leader-member exchange relationships (social [SLMX] and economic [ELMX]) and creative behavior is mediated by employee willingness to take risks and moderated by emotional carrying capacity. Based on two-wave data from a sample of 147 employees, we surprisingly find only marginal support for the association between SLMX and creative behavior, and, as expected, we find no support for the association between ELMX and creative behavior. We do find evidence of the full mediation of willingness to take risks in these two associations. Furthermore, we also find a positively significant interaction of SLMX with emotional carrying capacity (ECC), but no support for the interaction of ELMX with ECC in predicting employee creative behavior. We contribute to a deeper view of understanding the leadership of employee creativity as a relational process, contingent upon both employee characteristics as well as the nature of leader-member exchange.     

The servant leadership advantage: When perceiving low differentiation in leader-member relationship quality influences team cohesion,team task performance and service OCB

How does servant leaders' unique ability to place each follower's needs above their own influence relationships between followers and impact their collective performance? In a study that integrates principles of servant leadership with the social comparison theoretical framework, we tested a group-level model to examine how servant leadership induces low perceived differentiation in leader-member relationship quality (perceived LMX differentiation) within a group, which strengthens team cohesion and in turn positively influences team task performance and service-oriented organizational citizenship behaviors (service OCB). Our sample comprised 229 employees nested in 67 work teams. Structural equation modeling results indicate that servant leadership significantly predicts low perceived LMX differentiation; perceived LMX differentiation is strongly related to team cohesion such that the lower the perceived differentiation, the stronger the team's cohesiveness. And, team cohesion is also strongly related to both the team's task performance and service OCB. Perceived LMX differentiation and team cohesion mediate the effect of servant leadership on both team task performance and service OCB.     

Idiosyncratic deals and individual effectiveness: The moderating role of leader-member exchange differentiation

Extending prior research on idiosyncratic deals (i-deals), in the current study we examine the functioning of i-deals in the context of leader-member exchange (LMX) differentiation. To that end, we integrate justice, social exchange, and social comparison theories and hypothesize that employee perceptions of their managers' procedural fairness and LMX quality partially mediate (in sequence) the positive relationship between i-deals and individual effectiveness, including job satisfaction, in-role performance, and helping behavior. Furthermore, we propose that LMX differentiation moderates this mediated relationship, such that the mediation effect becomes stronger when LMX differentiation within the group is greater. Data from a U.S. sample of 961 employees and their managers in 71 restaurants supported our hypothesized model. Results shed light on managerial practices regarding how to gain positive effects from i-deals by considering the influence of LMX differentiation.     

领导-成员关系对组织与员工间社会交换的调节作用研究

通过对256位员工和他们的主管的调查,发现主管和员工报告的领导-成员关系对组织投入与员工贡献之间的关系有一定的调节作用,这说明主管扮演的员工代言人角色的确会对组织代理人的角色产生影响.主管认为领导-成员关系较好时,可以促进组织与员工间社会交换的顺利进行,使组织的投入能得到员工较高的绩效回报;而员工认为领导-成员关系较好,也有助于提升其对组织的承诺.     

A team level investigation of the relationship between Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) differentiation,and commitment and performance

Although the differential treatment of team members by their leader is at the heart of Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) theory, empirical studies exploring the role of within-team LMX differentiation in relation to team outcomes are still relatively scarce. This study among 269 Dutch secondary school teachers from 33 different teams tested the hypotheses that the relationship between LMX differentiation and team commitment, and team performance is moderated by LMX-quality median. Moreover, we hypothesized that team members' perceived dissimilarity regarding work values and orientations would be positively related to within-team LMX differentiation. Teachers completed questionnaires on LMX-quality, dissimilarity, and team commitment, whereas team performance was rated by school principals. Results indeed showed that LMX differentiation is positively related to both outcome variables in teams with a low LMX-quality median only. As expected, more perceived dissimilarity between team members was related to more within-team variability in LMX-scores. These results contribute to knowledge on hypothetical antecedents and consequences of LMX differentiation at the team level.     

社会交换视角下的组织沉默形成机制:信任的中介作用

以278名护士为研究对象,采用问卷调查的方法,探讨了社会交换视角下组织沉默的形成机制。研究结果表明,组织支持感对默许沉默和防御沉默有显著的负向影响;领导-成员交换对默许沉默有显著的负向影响;此外,信任组织在组织支持感对默许沉默的影响过程中起部分中介作用,在组织支持感对防御沉默的影响过程中起完全中介作用;信任上级在领导-成员交换对默许沉默的影响过程中起部分中介作用。这些发现丰富了现有的组织沉默理论,为组织对沉默现象进行干预提供了对策和相应的理论支持。     

Effects of relational schema congruence on leader-member exchange

Drawing on social exchange processes in leader-member exchange (LMX), we posit that expressive relational schema (ERS) and instrumental relational schema (IRS), which refer to knowledge structures in social exchange processes, act as antecedents of follower-rated LMX. Specifically, we discuss how leader-follower relational schema congruence/incongruence informs follower-rated LMX. Using polynomial regression models, we analyze 205 leader-follower dyads and test the congruent/incongruent effects on follower-rated LMX. The findings show that ERS congruence has a positive effect on follower-rated LMX, while IRS congruence has a negative effect on follower-rated LMX. Results also demonstrate that ERS incongruence impairs more follower-rated LMX than does ERS congruence, and IRS incongruence and IRS congruence have the same follower-rated LMX. Implications for LMX theory and research are discussed.