图像、接受与生命——兴象的现代诗学意义阐微

兴象具有民族性审美特征及多方面现代诗学意义,应成为中国诗学的一个核心范畴。首先,兴象是具有整体性、结构性、开敞性的内视图像,超越了语词符号和物象叠加,它与意象不同,可不包含物象,指向整体视觉审美经验。其次,兴象具有生成性、共生性、生发性,其生成受语境和情境制约。兴象与意境有心观与身临之别,是抵达意境的必由之路。“物象、意象、兴象、意境”可建构新的审美接受次序。再次,兴象源于生命感动,包含欣赏者的全部生命体验,是其生命图式借由艺术品得到的感性印证。兴象审美反对话语生产和技术思维。激活兴象不仅在于理论阐发,还需重返鲜活的审美实践。     

兴与象:中国文化的原型批评

本文认为原型是一部凝缩和积淀了的人类历史和文化历史,原型批评是一种“精神考古”。历史虽然消逝得无影无踪,但是人类认识世界和感觉世界的特殊符号——象征,却用最简洁的形式贮存着人类那部惊心动魄的历史。从原型批评出发,本文分析了中国古老的象征系统——兴与象。作者认为《诗》之“兴”与《易》之“象”是中国艺术和中国哲学最早对原型的理论表述,而兴象系统中那些富于联系和富于传统的象征物,正是中国最早的文化原型模式。从这一理论出发可以看出,兴象根源于远古文化传统;兴象是一种深刻的象征;兴象也是一种集体无意识。依据兴象与原型的联系,文章找到了《易》与《诗》作为表现方法的共同文化基础,阐述了《易》之阴阳与《诗》之男女的逻辑联系,破译了《易》与《诗》作为兴象之物的密码系统。     

“兴寄”说发微──一种诗歌审美运动的剖析

“兴寄”说是华夏诗国中源头最早、内涵最富、歧义又最纷纭的诗学专论。本文从研究文艺审美“自己运动”的高度，剖析审美主体、审美客体诸要素对主客、心物之间兴会感应的决定作用；把握从具象到兴象、从心绪到兴义、从立意到取境等兴象与兴义间辩证运动的过程和形态；兼及此说所涉及的心、物、象、理等古代诗学概念的疏理。通过对“兴寄”说──一种诗歌审美运动规律的揭示，体现传统诗学所具有的科学性、系统性。     

“东门”兴象文化意蕴考论——《诗·郑风》意象及其意象经营艺术研究之二

《诗·郑风》作者选取郑国都邑东门来经营＂东门＂兴象,使这一处所名词包含了丰富的文化意蕴,由此形成了具有郑地域性文化特质的诗歌兴象。东迁后郑国独特的地理环境与历史条件共同形成的发达商业文化则为＂东门＂兴象形成的经济基础。故《诗·郑风》作者所经营的＂东门＂兴象表征了郑国上层贵族生殖崇拜文化意识,其文化内涵则具有商业文化性特征。     

论唐代意象创构中“象”的时空合一主题

在中国传统意象论中,讲究“心物一体”,主客交融。意象是主体在审美活动中对客体进行审美观照而产生的,随之还有对于审美中时间和空间观念的理解和认知。在古代审美意象理论中,时空既是思维方式,也是其成“象”的一种譬喻方式。因思而成象,时空不仅存在于所思之“意”中,还存在于所观之“象”里。唐代是一个重视“兴象”的朝代,且“象”中蕴含着时空观,主要体现为时空合一的审美意象时空主题的建构。“象”中时空的分析成为唐代意象创构中时空观审美建构的重要主题,对意象创构中的时空关系探究具有深刻启示意义。     

论诗歌的意象

在诗歌创作及其评论中,诗歌的意象简直成为形象思维的一种方式,被许多诗人称为意象思维。诚如艾青所说:“它是蝴蝶,当它终于被捉住,而拍动翅膀之后,真实的形体和璀灿的颜色,便伏贴在“雪白的纸上。”(《诗论》)这说明从生活实感中产生的精致而奇警的意象,经常构成诗歌艺术肌体的基本细胞。因此,进一步开展诗歌的意象的讨论无疑是必要的。一 所谓“意象”一词并非来自国外,我国古典诗论多有所论及。刘勰在《文心雕龙》中强调过“神与象通”;胡应麟在 《诗薮》中也指出古诗“专求意象”,注重“兴象风神”。他们所说的“神”、 “意”等,都是指…     

创造：理性人的游戏

“人是理性者”这是近现代西方哲人的命题,但是人类所有伟大的创造都是在巨大情感和游戏之乐的牵引下,在理性人的高尚游戏中产生的。游戏之乐是一切创造的基础;游戏者就是创造者：“童心”的“至人”、素朴的“天才”;游戏态就是创造态：“以天合天”、“游戏神通”;游戏的心智之果就是创造成果：“天地大美”、“万物成理”。     

六朝至唐取士标准的调整与中唐士风的转变

六朝至唐代的选官标准主要有经术、德行、辞章和吏能。初盛唐时期这些标准有论争也有融合，如儒学派批评辞章派体性轻薄。在张说、张九龄的引导下产生了以兼擅礼乐、文章为特征的盛唐文儒，是经术、辞章两项标准的融合。盛唐文儒不屑吏事，和李林甫代表的吏能派产生过论争。“安史之乱”后，出于整顿士风的需要，德行成为首要的取士标准；“黜华用实”的用人政策和经世之学的兴起使吏能受到重视。贞元、元和时期，德行、文章、吏能三项标准趋于融合，“君子儒”成为理想官员的人格范式，这对中唐士风产生了深刻的影响。     

诗歌原型中的角色与面具

集体表象是物象的图腾的崇拜观念,浓缩了氏族的神力,是原始兴象的"他物",成为原始意义上的象征面具,在沟通古今生存活动时的有原型意味的诗歌创作中,成为审美体验的内核与精神源头。     

论诗词意境审美的不确定性

诗词意境审美具有朦胧性与不确定性,是“视而不见”的“无象之象”,是“玄之又玄”的难以言明的审美范畴;中国文化思维中的朦胧客体的“道”、“玄”、“气”、“禅”及其直觉思维方式,决定了意境创造及鉴赏的不确定性;意境的不确定性导致了意境的多样性和丰富性及意境创造与欣赏过程情景交融、虚实相生的“神游外象”直觉性与“空白”的独特审美倾向。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Social security reforms in Kenya: Towards a workerist or a citizenship‐based system?

With social security provisions in Kenya remaining under‐reported in the more recent literature, this overview covers recent reforms in key areas of the country's social security system. In the health sector and in old‐age pension provision social security is still mainly workerist (biased toward those in formal employment), and attempts to expand coverage have had limited effect only – cash transfer programmes, for instance, have been expanded but in practice they do not universally cover the entitled categories. Thus, although the Kenyan social security system now has a considerable pro‐poor social assistance component it remains biased toward those in formal employment, to the benefit of the highest income quintile.     

A Man Can be Destroyed but Not Defeated

Santiago,the main hero in the Old Man and the Sea is characterized as someone struggling against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish,the sail of his skiff resembles "the flag of permanent defeat." But the old man refuses defeat at every turn:he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin,tying his record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight,and he continues to ward off sharks from stealing his prey,even though he knows the battle is useless. He establishes a great hero:a man can be destroyed but not defeated.     

Feminist Criticism in The Scarlet Letter

The Scarlet Letter written by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a great book. Through feminist criticism we can get how The Scarlet Letter may be read as dramatizing Hester Prynne's spiritual and physical struggle to survive as an individual in a society whose values authorize the privileged power of men.     

循环经济与可持续发展刍议

发展循环经济已经成为当今世界的潮流和趋势,循环经济将经济活动组织成为"资源-产品-消费-再生资源"的物质反复循环的闭环式流程,从上世纪90年代确定可持续发展战略以来,发达国家正在把发展循环经济、建立循环型社会看作是实施可持续发展战略的重要途径和实现方式.循环经济是集经济、技术、社会于一体的系统工程,其启动和推广不仅需要政府、企业、科学界和公众等社会各界的不懈努力和共同参与,而且需要资金、技术以及法规、制度等软硬环境的强力支撑.     

Determinants of Perceived Safety Among the Elderly

Abstract

A survey of randomly selected elderly residents (N = 301) of a largely rural county in Northwest Ohio sought to explore the perception of the fear of crime victimization. Those who participated in the study were asked a series of questions about their community, actual experiences of crime victimization, perception of fear related to victimization, and social support. Logistic regression analyses were computed to explore perceptions of neighborhood safety. Most participants reported limited experiences of victimization. As expected, in this rural environment, there was more reliance on informal supports and limited use of existing formal services.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.