分年龄组死亡率变动对人均期望寿命影响的实验研究 ——以甘肃省为例

人均期望寿命是分析、评价人口健康状况,衡量社会经济发展及医疗卫生服务水平的重要指标。从2014年开始人均期望寿命的提高被纳入卫生计生系统考核内容,受到各级政府的重视。为了有效地甄别和评价政策实施对人均期望寿命提高的贡献程度,需要精确地估计和判断各年龄组死亡率变动对人均期望寿命提高的影响。在实践中,针对某一年龄组或某一特定人群死亡率的变动以及相关政策实施对人均期望寿命的影响鲜有较为精确的定量解答或快速有效的估算办法。本研究通过数据实验方法和计算机辅助计算建立一套可以较为精确地估算某一区域内某一年龄组死亡率变动对人均期望寿命影响的计算方法和结果集,利用这种方法可以开展不同类型、不同区域内人口死亡率变动对人均期望寿命影响的快速估算。利用估算结果可以对区域内政策实施效果进行较为科学的评估或评价。文章以中国2010年人口普查数据中甘肃省各年龄组分性别死亡率数据为基础对上述研究进行实证分析和验证。     

近20年来中国人口死亡的性别差异研究

文章利用1982~2000年间人口普查和抽样调查死亡数据及1989、1995和2000年卫生登记死亡数据,用人口因素分解方法研究了中国20世纪80年代初以来死亡水平性别差异的变化趋势、年龄别死亡率性别差异对男女出生期望寿命差异的影响及其发展趋势,比较了各种年龄-死因别死亡率的性别差导对出生期望寿命性别差异的影响。主要结论是中国近20年来女性死亡水平低于男性的趋势在逐渐扩大,造成这种差距的原因在于年龄别死亡率的性别差异及其变动差异。     

中国人口死亡水平的空间统计分析

文章以模型生命表为基础,对最近3次人口普查得到的各省份人口死亡数据进行修正,并利用基于地理信息系统(GIS)的探索性空间数据分析(ESDA)技术,对修正后的人口死亡水平(用出生时预期寿命表示)的时空变异进行研究,以辨明中国人口死亡水平的空间分布及演变特征.研究结果表明,1981～2000年中国各省份的死亡水平存在正向的空间自相关现象,但自相关程度随时间变动有所降低;死亡水平较高或较低省份与其周围同样较高或较低省份,在空间上更多地趋于集聚而非随机分布.研究结果为引导有限的社会卫生资源流向最需要的人群和地区可以提供一定的依据.     

中国人口的死亡水平及预期寿命评估——基于第六次人口普查数据的分析

本文基于2010年人口普查数据,以1981年的中国人口生命表为模型生命表对2010年的人口按龄死亡模式进行修正,测算2010年的中国人口预期寿命,对20世纪80年代以来人口死亡率的变化趋势以及性别模式进行分析。研究结果发现,2010年中国人口的死亡率下降至5.58‰;人口预期寿命达到75岁,其中男性的预期寿命超过73岁,女性预期寿命为78岁;近10年间中国人口预期寿命的增幅超过4岁,高于20世纪80年代以来的任何时期。然而,2010年的人口普查数据中婴幼儿和老年人口存在严重的死亡漏报,现有的经济利益和社会制度因素的制约对人口普查数据质量的提高提出了巨大挑战。偏高的女婴死亡率虽然较2000年有所改善,但依旧存在,对女性的社会歧视仍在威胁中国的人口安全。     

中国不同职业人口死亡水平特征

本文通过观察粗死亡率和期望寿命余年，从总体上分析了中国不同职业人口的死亡水平特征，如城乡特征、性别特征和年龄特征等，并进一步分析了全国６大区不同职业人口的死亡水平特征。结果表明，脑力劳动者的死亡水平明显低于体力劳动者的死亡水平。文章认为，不同职业人口的死亡水平的差异除职业因素外，还受到教育程度以及城乡、性别和地区差异的影响。     

中国知识分子:短命还是长寿?--中国知识分子健康研究报告之一

本文考察了中国知识分子的平均预期寿命,挑战了广为流行的观点.本文首先解释"死亡人口平均年龄"与"平均预期寿命"指标的概念和差异;然后使用2004年在中科院18个研究所以及北京大学、清华大学共20个单位调查的死亡人口资料,检验"知识分子死亡平均年龄下降趋势"的可信性;并利用全国第四次和第五次人口普查的权威数据,计算受过本科以上教育人群的生命表和"平均预期寿命",得出中国知识分子预期寿命大大高于普通人群的结论,推翻了"中国知识分子预期寿命比全国平均寿命低17岁"这个流传广泛且被反复引用的错误结论.     

试论中国人口的死亡水平

与世界其他国家相比,中国人口的死亡水平如何?第三次人口普查第一次公布了分年龄死亡人口的详细资料,使我们有可能对这个问题进行研究。本文就是利用第三次人口普查的死亡资料,对中国近代的死亡水平(确切地说为1981年的死亡水平)进行分析。模式生命表是研究死亡问题的重要工具。较为准确地搞清中国人口死亡属于何种模式生命表,就易于将中国的死亡水平与其它发展中国家相对比了。利用模式     

2000年以来中国人口死亡水平分死因研究

文章分析了21世纪初中国人口的死亡水平,并对死因进行分类,对分死因类别死亡率及其构成进行深入的研究,同时分解了每种死因类别对平均预期寿命变化的影响,并利用去死因生命表,通过分析去某一死因类别后平均预期寿命的变化研究各死因类别。     

20世纪90年代中国人口死亡水平

在人口普查中,人口死亡容易发生漏报。文章分析了中国人口死亡漏报的社会原因,利用两次普查的人口数据证明了人口死亡漏报确实存在。为了估计出实际的人口死亡水平,对两次普查的人口数据质量进行了推敲,根据登记的人口和死亡率数据的不同情况,提出了相应的修正方法。研究结果表明,20世纪90年代男性的预期寿命为67.97岁,女性的预期寿命为71.34岁,均比人口普查登记资料算出的结果小1.5岁左右。     

人口死亡的logit模型和双对数模型的比较研究

本文提出了用l(x)的双对数函数形式来表示两个人口死亡的联系模型.并从模型结构、参数意义和模型的精度把它和W.Brass提出的logit体系进行了比较.理论(模型)生命表的数据表明,在期望寿命较低的情况下,logit体系精度相对地要高一些;而在期望寿命高的情况下,则双对数模型精度要高一些;在婴幼儿期,logit模型的误差小子双对数模型,而在老年期,双对数模型的误差小于logit模型.从实际人口(日本人口)的生命表数据来看,双对数模型的稳定性要大大好于logit模型.     

"Mummies and babies" and friends and lovers in Lesotho

This paper examines an institutionalized friendship among adolescent girls and young women in southern Africa. Lesotho's economy is based on migrant male labor which leaves the women dependent on male earnings or subsistence from the land, and also creates unstable marital relations. Young girls in the modern schools develop close relationships, called "mummy-baby," with slightly older girls. Sexual intimacy is an important aspect of these relationships. Mummy-baby relationships not only provide emotional support prior to marriage, but also a network of support for married and unmarried women in new towns or schools, either replacing or accompanying heterosexual bonds.     

Understanding and Using Mediators and Moderators

Mediation and moderation are two theories for refining and understanding a causal relationship. Empirical investigation of mediators and moderators requires an integrated research design rather than the data analyses driven approach often seen in the literature. This paper described the conceptual foundation, research design, data analysis, as well as inferences involved in a mediation and/or moderation investigation in both experimental and non-experimental (i.e., correlational) contexts. The essential distinctions between the investigation of mediators and moderators were summarized and juxtaposed in an example of a causal relationship between test difficulty and test anxiety. In addition, the more elaborate models, moderated mediation and mediated moderation, the use of structural equation models, and the problems with model misspecification were discussed conceptually.

Complementary and alternative medicine: Interaction and communication between midwives and women

BackgroundMany pregnant women use complementary and alternative medicine. Although midwives are often supportive, how they communicate with women about the safe use of these therapies has received limited research attention.AimThe aim of this study was to explore how midwives interact with women regarding use of complementary and alternative medicine during pregnancy.MethodsWe utilised grounded theory methodology to collect and analyse data. Twenty-five midwives who worked in metropolitan hospitals situated in Melbourne, Australia, participated in the study. Data were collected from semi structured interviews and non-participant observations, over an 18-month period.FindingsHow midwives communicate about complementary and alternative medicine is closely associated with the meaning they construct around the woman's role in decisionmaking. Most aim to work in a manner consistent with the midwifery partnership model and share the responsibility for decisions regarding complementary and alternative medicine. However, although various therapies were commonly discussed, usually the pregnant woman initiated the dialogue. A number of contextual conditions such as the biomedical discourse, lack of knowledge, language barriers and workplace constraints, limited communication in some situations.ConclusionMidwives often interact with women interested in using CAM. Most value the woman's autonomy and aim to work in partnership. However, various contextual conditions restrain overt CAM communication in clinical practice.     

Beliefs and values and the sterilization decision

A decision-making framework based on the models of personal decision making developed by psychologists and economists and a methodology based on axiomatic conjoint measurement are used to explore individuals' beliefs and values regarding contraceptive sterilization. Particular emphasis is given to demonstrating a. that there exist individual differences in beliefs and values, b. that there exist differences in beliefs and values between persons who choose sterilization—either tubal ligation or vasectomy—and persons who choose non-sterilization contraceptive methods when no more children are wanted, and c. that the effect of beliefs and values on the sterilization decision is an interactive one. The methodology used is compared to that typically used in studying fertility- and health-related behaviors.This research was supported by grants HD-10802 and HD-14403 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The technical assistance of Doreen Victor and the editorial suggestions of Sarah Gaskill, Alice Healy, and two anonymous reviewers are greatly appreciated. This paper is Publication No. 253 of the Center for Research on Judgment and Policy, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0344. Requests for reprints should be sent to the Publications Librarian at the Center.     

Injecting and Rejecting,Framing and Failing

This paper seeks to examine how female subjectivities are privileged by Canadian human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination discourse and, in turn, how homosexual male subjectivities are displaced. Employing a Critical Discourse Analysis approach, I analyze selected HPV vaccination (HPVV) promotional materials, and depict the discursive strategies which privilege and exclude gendered subjectivities. My critical analysis is influenced by feminist linguistic works that seek to uncover the discursive constructions around sexuality, gender and identity, and the discursive strategies used to communicate ideas about sexual health risks and responsible citizenship. In addition, I adopt feminist theories of knowledge and power to rethink the discursive representations of some bodies and subjectivities as normal, and Others as unintelligible within HPVV discourse in today's neoliberal time.     

Family Instability and College Enrollment and Completion

This research uses data from waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health, N = 9,631) to consider whether and how family instability in early or later childhood affects college enrollment and completion of a Bachelor’s degree by age 24. Explanatory factors include maternal selection into unstable unions, household resources available in adolescence, and adolescents’ academic achievement, behavior, and attitudes in high school. The association of later family instability with college enrollment and completion is largely explained by household resources in adolescence. The association of early family instability with college enrollment is partially explained by each set of factors, and its association with college completion, given enrollment, is explained by pre-existing maternal characteristics. The results demonstrate that early family instability has enduring consequences for eventual status attainment and that the mechanisms that connect family instability to educational outcomes vary by the timing of family structure change.     

The relationships between population and economy, and between population and education]

The relationship between population and economy is regarded seriously by China and other countries. This problem can be analyzed and studied under 2 aspects: 1) the influence of economic development on changes in population, and 2) the influence of population increases on economic development. Under the 1st aspect, improved living conditions, hygiene, and health care generally result in lowered mortality rates. Improved economic conditions in China also increased the birthrate and at the same time increased birth control among the people; the increased birthrate was due to more marriages after liberation. In economically advanced countries, due to high expenses in raising children, people tend to limit family sizes to 2 children/family. Under the 2nd aspect, population increases place strains on the food supply and nutritional requirements, especially when increases are too rapid. They also demand more educational resources and influence quality of education. As there are currently 210 million students in China, the quality of education suffers, particularly at the college level, since most of Chinese manpower, physical and financial resources are spent on primary and secondary education. In terms of housing, transportation, health care, and natural resources, they are all intimately related to and influenced by increases in population. Consequently, the living standard would be difficult to raise if population increases are too rapid. Since 1971, population increases have been incorporated into 5-yearly and later yearly national economic plans in China. The large Chinese population is a major obstacle in raising the Chinese economic level, hence a well-planned population control program is essential.     

第五届亚太生殖健康大会

为推动开罗国际人口与发展大会《行动纲领》及“千年发展目标”在亚太区域如期实现，2009年10月18-20日，由中国国家人口计生委、中国计划生育协会、中国人口学会、国际计划生育联合会、联合国人口基金、人口与发展南南合作伙伴组织等共同举办的第五届亚太生殖健康大会在北京召开。