Stemming inequality? Employment and pay of female and minority scientists and engineers

When white men overwhelmingly dominated the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) work force, the high pay in STEM occupations was a major source of gender and race inequality in the U.S. economy. As women, Blacks, and Latinos increasingly study STEM fields, new possibilities for achieving pay equality are opening. We test whether the reality matches the promise using two large data sets. Analysis of a five percent Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) of the 2000 Census and the 2001-06 American Community Surveys shows that women and minorities earn more, relative to comparable white men, in STEM than in non-STEM fields. This general pattern persists in analysis of a 1% sample of federal personnel records, which include better measures of work experience and education. Thus, federal efforts to increase the representativeness of the STEM workforce should increase pay equality in the economy by moving women and minorities into traditionally high-paying fields.     

Historical Materialism and theGenerality and Particularity of Culture

Incurrentdiscussionsonculturalissues,someopinionscontainanunclearpresupposition;themostbasicelementforac0untry,anation0raregionisculture.Culturedistinguishesmanfromotheranimals,andvariouscountries,nationsandregionsarealsodistinguishedfromeachotherbytheirdifferentcultures.Forexample,arelativelypopularideaisthatthebasicdifferencebetweenChinaandtheWestisthattheformerhasaculturedefinedbytheunity0fnatureandman,whilethelatterhasacultureembodyingadichotomybetweensubjectandobject-Isthissuppositionten…     

Communication and Culture

Thereasonformyad0ptionofcommunicationandcultureasanimportanttopicliesinthefollowingunderstandingofculture:Cultureisacategorysymbolicofthedevelopmentalprocessandaccomplishmentsofman,andthescientificepitome0fsocietyandhistoryintermsoftheselfactualizationofmanasthesubject.Cultureinvolvesanendlessprocessofactivityandistheresultofman'sessentialpower(socialandpotential)thattakesshape,exists,accumulates,transfers,developsandfuncti0nsthroughman'spractice,inthecontinuousresolution0ftheconflictbetweensu…     

Philosophy and Freedom

“Freedom” is not an important concept in ancient Greek philosophy. The way of recognizing truth through logical inference pioneered by Parmenides determines that “nothing can be born of nothing.” Peoplecannot create things freely, nor can they bring into play their inherent dynamism; this fol- lows from Parmenides’ argument. Plato, Aristotle and others were awed by Parmenides’ philosophy and dared not comment on it. Neither Aristotle, the Cynics nor the Stoics truly recognized the ph…     

Rationality and Modernity

Defined by its philosophic implications,the term modernity refers to a complete setof ideological concepts and behavioralmodes. While promoting success in mod-ernization they show themselves as its resultin the modernization process, giving rise tothe distinctive personality of modern man anda modern society’s specific attributes in thefields of economy, politics and culture.Among them rationality is a fundamental fac-tor of modernity. A source of cognition andvalues, it is the highest expres…     

The Conflict between and Inter-mingling of Christianity and Chi-nese Culture

From their ignorance and contempt forbasic human rights and freedom of belief thediehard conservative officialdom of the Mingand Qing dynasties adopted a caustic atti-tude toward Catholic and Protestant churchesfrom the West. Undertaking long journeys,the missionaries went to China to preach thegospel. This in itself constitutes a proclama-tion to Chinese men of letters that freedomof belief itself is a cardinal hallmark in theconcept of human rights. The generousnessand benevolence shown b…     

The Relationship Between Sun Yat-sen and Zhang Zuolin and the Declaration of Sun Yat-sen and Joffe

ItiswellknownthatSunYat-sen'srelationshipwithZhangZuolinwasagreatobstacletoSun'seffortstobefriendSovietRussia.IllthispaperIwillusematerialsfromtheCommunistPartyoftheSovietUnion(Bolshevik)andtheCommunistInternationalthatweremadepublicin1994tostudytherelationshipbetweenSunYat-senandZhangZuolinandtheinfluenceoftheirrelationshiponthesigningoftheDeclarationOfSunYat-senandAdolfAbrahamvichJoff-ISunYat-senreturnedtoShanghaionl4Angust1922aftertherebellionlaunchedbyChenJiongming.Joffe,aspec…     

Political Culture and Contemporary Studies of Chinese Literature and Art

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Conflicts and Options in a Composite Criminal and Civil Case

Trial regulations and conflicts of a com-posite criminal and civil case in judicial practice In judicial practice, when a composite criminal and civil case is dealt with, the court usually follows “criminal before civil” trial regulations. However, the application of these regulations should be confined to cases where the same legal fact makes the same     

Structure and agency between French and Morphogenetic Régulation

This article examines the gradual evolution of the French Régulation school (FR) for the study of capitalism through the lens of structure and agency. The analysis first segments the school into two epochs, the early Régulation, led by authors Aglietta and Lipietz, and the later Régulation, which saw the rise of Boyer. We find that the gradual progression that occurred within the FR school is linked to its authors' implicit ontic engagement with structure and agency, which, in turn, provides natural linkages to Critical Realism. In the second part of the paper, we demonstrate how the comparison between Morphogenetic Régulation and French Régulation (FR) can facilitate a much deeper reading of the structure-agency debate pertaining to the transformation of capitalism. In so doing, it discusses the value addedness of Morphogenetic Régulation through three specific concepts by stressing their relevance for contemporary studies in international political economy. These concepts are: stratified emergence; causality and the problématique of hierarchy.     

Wang Yangming''''s School and the Theory of Gongfu and Benti

Benti(originalnature)andgongfu(virtueattainedbyperfection)arecategoriesfrequentlyusedbySongandMingdynastyNeo-Confucianscholars,especiallybytheschoolofWangYangming.ThesetermsdefineoneaspectoftheYangmingschool'suniqueness,andarefurthermorethepointofdeparturefordivisionandchangewithintheschool.Thisarticleattemptstoprovideapreliminarydiscussionoftherelationshipbetweenthecategoriesofbentiandgongfuandthecategoryofti-yong(substance-function),WangYangming'stheoryofbentiandgongfu,andtheprocessofdivi…     

The Song Dynasty's Fiscal and Economic Policy and Its Social Economy

The fact that industrial and commercial taxation in the Song dynasty greatly exceeded agricultural taxation was unprecedented in previous dynasties. This is mainly explained by the Song government’s financial and economic policy which was dominated by industrial and commercial taxation, made good use of the laws and characteristics of market relations and the commodity economy in business operations, actively stimulated consumption and was clearly utilitarian. Under this policy, the rulers, in p...     

Public Power and Public Responsibility: Limiting Power and Demanding Responsibility

Recent reports on the "basic failure of reform in the health care system" have trig- gered a widespread debate on the "crisis in the supply of public goods,"     

An Analysis of Enforcement and Persuasion and Education in Civil Justice

Ｉｎｔｈｅｒｅａｌｍｏｆｔｈｅｅｎｆｏｒｃｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｃｏｕｒｔｊｕｄｇｍｅｎｔｓ,ｉｔｉｓｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙａｓｓｕｍｅｄｉｎＣｈｉｎａｔｈａｔｉｔｉｓａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｔｏｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｐｅｒｓｕａｓｉｏｎａｎｄｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎａｍｏｎｇｔｈｏｓｅｆｏｕｎｄｇｕｉｌｔｙｏｒａｔｆａｕｌｔ,ｏｒｔｏｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｐｅｒｓｕａｓｉｏｎａｎｄｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｃｏｅｒｃｉｖｅｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓ.Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,ｓｏｆａｒｔｈｅｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔ…     

Maintaining and DevelopingSocialist Democracy

Inthehistoryofhumancivilizationeachnationhashaditsowncourseandmodelofdemocracy,aswellasitsowntraditionandculture.ThedevelopmentofChinesehistoryhasshownthatfollowingthesocialistroadandmaintaininganddevelopingsocialistdemocracyin2OthcenturyChinaarenotonlyoptionsinkeepingwiththeaspirationsofthepeople,butalsobasicdemandsofthetimesandthesocialistmodernizationdrive.ISincethefoundingofNewChina,andespeciallysincetheThirdPlenarySessionoftheEleventhCentralCommittee,China'ssocialistdemocracyhasmader…     

Foreign Capital and Russia'sIndustrialization

ThroughananalysisoftheintroductionofforeigncapitalanditsroleintheindustrializationofRussia,theauthorwillattempttoanswertwoquestions'(l)TowhatextentdidRussiadependonforeigncapitalintheperiodfromthelatel9oostotheearly2oOOs?;and,(2)Didforeigncapitalpromoteor…     

Domestic Inter-regional Division of Labor and Trade,and International Competitiveness

对大国来说,国内区际分工状况会影响该国整体国际竞争力。我国幅员辽阔,资源的省际差异很大,而由于历史的和现实的一些原因,国内区际分工和区际贸易不发达,特别是地方贸易壁垒所造成的国内市场扭曲不但降低了资源配置效率,而且严重制约着产品市场的扩大、产业结构的升级和企业规模经济的形成,并在一定程度上导致了各省区的对外贸易偏好。加入WTO以后,面对新的对外开放形势和日益全球化的国际环境,国内地方市场的开放将有助于我国产业的成长壮大和整体国际竞争力的提升。     

Marx and Liberal Humanism

Ｉｔｉｓａｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｉｎｔｈｅｈｉｓｔｏｒｙｏｆｉｄｅｏｌｏｇｉｅｓｔｈａｔａｎｏｌｄｂｏｔｔｌｅｈａｓｂｅｅｎｕｓｅｄｔｏｈｏｌｄｎｅｗｗｉｎｅ .Ｏｎｔｈｅｏｔｈｅｒｈａｎｄ ,ｉｔｉｓａｌｓｏｃｏｍｍｏｎｅｎｏｕｇｈｔｏｓｅｅａｎｅｗｂｏｔｔｌｅｕｓｅｄｔｏｈｏｌｄｏｌｄｗｉｎｅ .Ｔｈｅｐｒｏｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｓ ,“ｈｕｍａｎｅｍａｎｃｉｐａｔｉｏｎ”ａｎｄ“ｔｈｅｏｖｅｒａｌｌｆｒｅｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｍａｎ”ｐｕｔｆｏｒｗａｒｄｂｙＭａｒｘａｒｅｃｌａｓｓｉ…     

Conventions and the Market

Theroleofconventionsinrelationtothemarketisusuallyignoredinpractice,orweareunconsciousofsucharelationshipandareunabletoconsciously,intentionallyandactivelydiscerntheabilityofconventionstoguide,controlandinfluencethemarket,ortoutilizeandguidebothactiveandpassiveaspectsofconventiontoinfluencethemarket.Ontheonehand,weintroducenewmarkettheories,andpropagatemodernmarketoperatingregulations,andontheother,wefeelthattraditionalpsychology,theforceofhabit,andthecollectiveunconsciousgreat1yinfluencethesen…     

Fiscal Policy and Urban and Rural Residents＇ Marginal Propensity to Consume

基于代表性家庭最优消费决策及其与财政政策的关系,估计中国财政政策对城乡居民边际消费倾向的影响,结果表明,自1998年至今,城乡居民边际消费倾向的下降幅度超过20％。城乡居民边际消费倾向下降,．除源于收入分配、经济发展程度、预期、消费结构等因素的影响外,与财政政策运用也有很大关系。其中,未预期到的财政政策冲击对居民边际消费倾向产生的综合效应显著为负。以未预期到的税收增加为融资工具的策略选择,大大抑制了结构调整的正面效应。因此,扩大居民消费,不仅要通过财政增收,提高居民消费能力,而且要通过调整财政收支策略,稳定居民消费预期,提升居民边际消费倾向。