O2O模式中考虑附加服务和平台营销努力的供应链合作策略研究

针对由一个线下服务商与一个线上平台组成的O2O供应链，线下服务商通过线上平台销售基本服务且通过自身实体店销售附加服务，考虑线上平台营销努力对需求的影响，构建批发模式与代理模式下的博弈模型，并对比分析不同合作模式下供应链成员的最优决策，研究了线下服务商的最优合作策略。研究表明，线下服务商的最优合作策略选择受到多种因素的联合影响，当佣金比例较高且附加服务购买比例较低时，或当佣金比例与附加服务购买比例都较高但营销努力效应较小时，线下服务商才会选择批发模式；反之，线下服务商会选择代理模式，此时附加服务会抑制线上平台提供营销努力的积极性，且线下服务商从附加服务获得的利润可能超过从基本服务获得的利润。     

Stackelberg竞争下考虑消费者转移和平台差异的供应商运营策略

考虑消费者转移和平台差异对需求的影响,构建不同渠道结构和销售契约下的决策模型;基于水平和垂直Stackelberg博弈,获得8种情形下的最优决策。探究佣金率、平台差异和消费者转移率对均衡结果的影响,获得最优的销售契约和渠道配置策略。研究表明:代理模式可以降低产品的销售价格,提升销量;垄断市场中,平台更愿意采取转售模式,而供应商更偏好代理模式;竞争环境下,优势平台一定条件下总是更偏好转售模式,而竞争平台销售模式偏好随着佣金率逐渐变化;供应商的渠道选择与消费者转移量有关,当转移量较高时,供应商偏向双渠道结构,反之亦然。     

国货如何拓展韩国市场

<正> 中国企业一旦作出进入韩国市场的决定,就必须认真分析、研究各种经营方式和销售策略。在考虑、决策时,对如下方面应予以重视。 一、地方代理 如果一家企业从未在韩国做过生意,那么充分利用韩国的代理商是一条捷径,具体可选择: 1、供应代理商:在佣金基础上供应货物; 2、销售代理商:提供销售宣传和其他服务; 3、供销代理商:为上述两种类型的综合; 4、最终用户代理商:只进口企业生产所需的产品。当然,这些代理商必须在“韩国贸易代理会”注册,否则其提供的发货单无效。     

考虑行为外部性的多零售商销售努力激励

构建了制造商通过销售回馈与惩罚契约来对具有公平偏好的零售商群体的销售努力进行激励的计算实验模型。研究了零售商之间的行为外部性对激励效果产生的影响,并将EWA算法引入到制造商动态调整奖励与惩罚力度过程中以改善自身收益,为制造商在多周期激励过程中合理利用零售商间的行为外部性、合理制定奖惩力度提供理论依据。实验结果表明：制造商应采取措施尽量使零售商之间销售行为的外部性保持较低程度;在多周期激励过程中,制造商采用动态激励方式会优于保持奖惩力度不变的静态激励方式;动态调整奖惩力度会极大程度影响被奖励零售商群体的销售努力水平,但并不会影响被惩罚零售商销售努力水平的演化趋势。     

酒店官网和OTA渠道博弈研究

酒店对在线旅游代理商（online travel agent, OTA）的话语权主要表现为佣金议价权和客房定价权。以酒店聚焦官网运营战略来重掌对OTA的话语权为背景,针对官网和OTA渠道博弈问题,以常被忽视的成本因素为决策变量构建一对一博弈模型,讨论了单渠道官网模式、双渠道净价模式、双渠道佣金模式三种模式下酒店收益最优的实现条件。研究发现：首先,酒店实现收益最优不一定要与OTA合作,一定条件下酒店采用单渠道官网模式就能够实现最优。其次,酒店决定与OTA合作时,运用双渠道净价模式能够实现利润最大化,其实现条件可分为两种情况。最后,酒店在双渠道净价模式下实现收益最优时,仅能满足OTA参与约束,无法实现激励相容。     

考虑保险机构参与的重大工程风险管理激励模型

重大工程建设过程往往面临着巨大的风险暴露，保险是重要的风险处置手段，承接保险合同的保险机构和业主一起成为风险损失的承担主体。考虑到保险机构拥有极强参与现场风险管理的动能，本文基于委托代理理论构建了保险机构介入下业主与承包商的激励模型，分别讨论了共同代理和独家代理两种模式下各方的策略与收益。研究结果表明：共同代理模式下，保险机构实现了主动风险管理，业主和保险机构的收益均得以提高，业主愿意提供比独家代理模式更高的激励系数；承包商在共同代理模式下将采取更为积极的风险管理努力，同时其机会主义行为得到了抑制；业主的最优激励系数受项目特征、承包商自身因素以及外界环境的不确定性共同作用。     

效率参数不可观测下的SaaS云外包合约研究

客户企业在实施SaaS（软件即服务，Software as a Service）云外包时，面临因效率参数不可观测所引发的云服务提供商（Cloud Service Provider，CSP）道德风险问题。针对该问题，以激励机制设计方法为基础，以客户企业期望收益最大化为目标，在服务产出为公共信息，而效率参数信息为CSP私人信息下研究如何通过外包合约的设计诱使CSP显示出真实的信息，并付出最优的努力水平。研究表明，最优努力水平、服务报酬支付是效率参数的减函数；客户企业向CSP提供的最优合约可以用线性合约表示；在由固定服务报酬及收益共享构成的线性合约中，效率参数与固定服务报酬支付正相关，与收益共享系数负相关。     

基于完全理性和公平偏好的营销渠道委托代理模型比较研究

营销渠道中的制造商和零售商常常是信息不对称的,与市场"零距离"的零售商比制造商有更多的信息,基于此,本文首先考虑渠道成员具有完全理性,建立了符合营销渠道实际的委托代理模型,通过模型分析发现:制造商给予零售商激励程度越大,零售商越努力销售其产品,但努力程度与零售价格、零售商的风险规避度相关,与批发价格无关。进一步,将行为经济学的公平偏好理论植入到渠道激励研究中,建立了基于公平偏好的销售渠道委托代理模型,其研究表明:渠道双方具有互惠式公平偏好时,当制造商给予零售商的最大固定工资和固定工资满足一定条件时,零售商愿意付出更多的营销努力;并且制造商越是慷慨地给予零售商更多的固定收入,零售商越努力销售制造商的产品。同时,和完全理性模型比较,考虑公平偏好时,制造商和零售商的收益都得到了帕累托改进,也就是说能够设计出帕累托改进的销售工资合同。最后还提出了有待继续研究的问题。     

物流企业参与下的库存质押融资中的委托代理问题研究

本文在分析物流企业参与下的库存质押融资中银行与企业的收益的基础上,给出了银行和企业的委托代理模型,确定了代理成本。通过对比在信息对称和信息不对称情况下,投资激励与物流企业监管下银行的收益,确定了物流企业在库存质押融资中的监管程度的取值范围,说明了物流企业在这一融资模式中的作用,给出了各方由于信息不对称而付出的成本费用。     

代理人间具有竞争关系的薪酬激励机制设计

销售系统中存在着典型的信息不对称情况:委托人(公司)对代理人(销售人员)的努力程度具有不对称信息,委托人不能观测到代理人努力程度,因而常根据销售业绩来制定薪酬激励机制.本文研究销售系统中具有多个代理人且代理人之间存在竞争关系的委托代理问题.在假设市场最终需求对努力水平敏感,且某代理人努力水平提高时,他可以在开拓市场的同时,吸引对方顾客的条件下,建立了具有多代理人且代理人间存在竞争的委托代理模型.得到当努力成本、风险规避度、产出不确定性越大,代理人的风险分担越小,利润提成越低,越倾向于取得固定工资;竞争程度越高,代理人的努力程度也随之提高;利用代理人之间的竞争可以使委托人获利等结论.     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.