西南民族地区规模性返贫风险及其防范机制研究

西南民族地区是传统集中连片贫困区域,后脱贫时代的脱贫成果巩固和乡村振兴仍然面临严峻挑战。脆弱的农户生计资本、相对贫瘠的自然资源、未形成规模优势的农业生产、反复无常的疫情风险等,给巩固脱贫成果和全面乡村振兴带来挑战,西南民族地区的规模性返贫风险依然存在。与个体农户的家庭突发风险不同,规模性返贫风险具有涉及人口数量大、覆盖地区广、发生机率高、溢出风险多元及难以防范等特征。民族地区的规模性返贫风险必须以预防为主,在巩固脱贫成果的同时注重扶贫治理的长效机制。规模性返贫风险防范首要积极建立巩固脱贫成果与乡村振兴的有效衔接机制;其次应依托乡村数字化治理平台进行新脱贫人口的返贫预警系统;另外还需在民族地区建构托底发展型的社会政策体系,保障民族地区民生事业的全面可持续发展;最后应建立上下联动的民族共同体发展格局,提升民族地区韧性发展集体规模优势。     

民族地区的小康进程与全面小康建设论析

本文从区域间和区域内部比较的角度 ,分析了民族地区的小康进程和主要指标实现情况 ,认为民族地区处在一种更低水平、更不全面和区域性不平衡结构低端一极的小康格局中 ,并且其内部的小康建设进程也很不平衡。文章对民族地区全面小康建设中的加快发展与增速问题、农牧区小康建设问题和可持续发展能力问题进行了探讨。     

湖南实施加快推进民族地区小康建设新举措

中央民族工作会议之后,湖南省加大工作力度,坚持把民族地区同步全面建成小康社会摆上重中之重的位置,多措并举推进民族地区跨越式发展。     

四川民族地区全面小康进程及评价研究

“十三五”时期是我国全面建成小康社会的决胜阶段,民族地区能否同步实现全面小康,关系到我国全面建成小康社会的成败.因此,作为我国西部重要的生态屏障区和全面小康实现的短板区域,四川民族地区全面小康建设进展怎样,如何评价全面小康社会的实现程度,本研究进行了深入探讨.     

西部民族地区相对贫困：现状、困境及治理

后脱贫时代，贫困地区巩固脱贫成果、缓解相对贫困是扎实推动共同富裕的重要关切。西部民族地区相对贫困呈现出贫困人口规模大、相对贫困程度深以及相对贫困维度广的现实图景，又面临着显著的空间贫困特征、多元的特殊性贫困、返贫致贫风险高以及内生动力不足的困境。基于此，西部民族地区的相对贫困治理要不断完善绿色减贫机制和风险防范机制、坚持综合治理和差异化治理、实施“常态化”“制度化”治贫以及提升贫困人口的可持续发展能力。     

多维视角下民族地区规模性返贫风险的表征、缘由及对策

我国实现全面脱贫后,推动巩固全面脱贫成果与实施乡村振兴战略的接续发展是过渡时期的主要任务,而防止发生规模性返贫风险则是其中的关键一环。一直以来,民族地区都是我国组成部分的关键点和薄弱点,也是规模性返贫风险的易发地区。基于多维视角,发现民族地区规模性返贫风险呈现出区域性、群体性、联动性等特征,从生态性、政策性、发展性等因素深度剖析其发生缘由,进而从相应角度提出创新民族地区生态扶贫方式、完善民族地区返贫风险治理政策体系框架、建构民族地区新内生发展模式等针对性对策,以防止民族地区发生规模性返贫风险。     

黑龙江省民族地区和少数民族小康实现程度及其分析

本文调查分析了黑龙江省民族地区和少数民族的小康实现程度。     

永州少数民族地区加快小康进程的对策与措施

党的十六大提出,要在本世纪头二十年,集中力量,全面建设惠及十几亿人口的更高水平的小康社会。从永州市乃至全省、全国来看,民族地区地域广,少数民族贫困人口比例高,对未来的发展和实现全面小康关系重大。可以说,没有少数民族同胞的小康就不可能有惠及十几亿人口的小康社会。当前,永州少数民族地区的发展困难重重,如何克服这些困难,进一步推动少数民族和民族地区经济社会的快速发展,已成为当务之急。我们必须采取相应的对策和措施,不断加快少数民族地区全面小康的进程。1、从转变思想观念入手,加强发展思路的引导。各级党委、政府和民族工作…     

民族贫困地区多重资本约束下的减贫问题研究

近年来,我国一系列扶贫政策取得了很大成效,但一个不容忽视的现象是,民族地区贫困有范围扩大的趋势,而且民族地区贫困原因也存在多重性.本文以经济学视角来解读民族地区的贫困问题,分析了民族贫困地区存在的多维贫困和多重性特征,指出了利用地理资本和生产资本投入的同时,扩大社会资本投入从而提高生产可能性边界进而达到民族地区减贫目的.更进一步地,本文提出了民族地区减贫模式创新,在尊重民族贫困地区贫困人群意愿基础上,通过科技投入推动农业产业化、利用银保互动实现民族地区减贫.     

民族地区小康建设的思路与对策

一、民族地区小康建设的总体思路 民族地区要紧紧抓住21世纪头20年的重要战略机遇期，集中力量，推进改革开放，推动民族地区市场经济、民主政治和先进文化的全面发展。湖南民族地区小康建设的目标是：国内生产总值到2020年力争比2000年翻两番半，综合财力和竞争力明显增强。GDP年均增长达到10％以上。人均国民生产总值达到3000美元，基本实现工业化，     

论经济因素对少数民族地区政治文明建设的制约

本文论述了少数民族地区政治文明建设的制约因素中的经济因素,即少数民族地区的相对贫困和绝对贫困的状况及成因,并提出消除贫困、加快发展是少数民族地区政治文明建设的物质保障。     

辽宁省少数民族城市化水平宏观分析

城市是人类文明的载体,城市化是少数民族从贫困、落后走向富强、文明的必由之路。文章在论述少数民族城市化的涵义以及其水平测度指标的基础上,重点分析了辽宁省少数民族城市化水平的现状,预测了其发展整体趋向,强调加快少数民族城市化进程,提高少数民族城市化水平,对辽宁省经济发展、工业振兴、社会稳定、民族繁荣具有重大意义。     

论小康社会建设中的民族关系

随着"全面建设小康社会"这一宏伟目标的提出,民族地区的全面发展适遇良机。民族地区物质文明、政治文明和精神文明的不断发展将为民族关系的进一步发展提供有利的宽松环境;但在全面建设小康社会的进程中,经济、文化的交流与碰撞又可能产生新的民族矛盾和摩擦,又为民族权利和民族利益这一民族关系的发展提出新的课题。     

考古学所见西藏文明的历史轨迹

本文从考古学的视角对西藏古代文明发生、发展的历史轨迹进行了观察与勾勒,分别从西藏远古时代人类活动及其遗存、西藏古代文明的初步发展、吐蕃王朝时期藏文化的形成与发展这三个主要历史阶段,讨论了西藏文明与中原文明之间的关系,对其和周边地区、民族之间的交流互动等问题也提出了新的看法。     

波斯伊斯兰文明对中国伊斯兰文明的贡献及其深远影响

波斯伊斯兰文明和阿拉伯伊斯兰文明一样,与中国伊斯兰文明的历史有着千丝万缕的关系。时至今日主要信奉逊尼派的中国穆斯林社会中,仍然可以发现许多伊朗什叶派的痕迹。波斯籍的传教士、波斯语的伊斯兰宗教经籍,对于中国穆斯林恪守宗教信仰、保存民族文化,起到了相当重要的作用。以波斯—阿拉伯伊斯兰文明为内核的中国伊斯兰文明,对中国穆斯林的未来发展走向,必将继续起着深远的影响。     

西部民族地区生态文明建设问题探析

Ecological civilization is a mode of civilization which is constructed on the concept of multiple-wins, such as economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit, etc. It requires that a harmonious relationship between man and nature permeate various aspects of civilization, such as material civilization, spiritual civilization, and political civilization, forming an ecological mode for production, living, consumption, and other behaviors. The theories and practices of eco￣logical civilization both at home and abroad, as well as the strategic planning for the construction of ecological civilization in China, have constituted important theoretical and practical guidelines for the construction of ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas of China.
Constructing ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has important theoretical and practical significance. Compared with the eastern part of China or the whole country, the level of e￣conomic and social development in the western eth￣nic areas still lags behind; energy consumption is generally high , and the number of national key ecologically functional areas is large. Furthermore, these areas face a daunting task for their environ￣mental protection and energy saving. In addition, the most concentrated areas of desertification in China are found in the western ethnic areas, espe￣cially Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qing￣hai. Therefore, the construction of ecological civi￣lization in the western ethnic areas has an impor￣tant role for the sustainable development of the e￣conomy and society, ecological security, energy saving and emission reduction, and the prevention of land desertification.
Generally speaking, the western ethnic areas actively participate in the national demonstration areas of the construction of ecological civilization, and constantly improve the level of ecological civi￣lization construction. However, their overall level is low, and the differences between various prov￣inces are considerable. Although the western eth￣nic areas have rich forest resources, tourism re￣sources, etc. for the construction of ecological civ￣ilization, they still face many problems in the use of their ecological resources and the construction of ecological civilization.
As noted above, the western ethnic areas ac￣tively take part in the construction of the key na￣tional ecological civilization demonstration areas. At present, among the 55 ecological civilization demonstration areas of China, 22 are in the west￣ern ethnic areas. These demonstration areas are actively exploring the construction of ecological civilization by taking the property rights of natural resources, ecological compensation and cadres as￣sessment, etc. into consideration.
As just noted, although the level of the con￣struction of an ecological civilization in western ethnic areas has been improving, the overall level is still low. The overall level of ecological civiliza￣tion in western ethnic areas lags significantly be￣hind the nation or eastern regions. In addition, the levels of every province are quite different. For in￣stance, the level of Guangxi and Yunnan is rela￣tively high. Therefore, the construction of ecologi￣cal civilization must be adapted to the local condi￣tions of the provinces.
There are a large number of key forestry en￣terprises in the western ethnic areas, but the struc￣ture of the forestry industry is not equitable. For￣estry is an important force, and provides important content for the construction of ecological civiliza￣tion. On the one hand, there are a large number of key national forestry enterprises in the western eth￣nic areas, but their distribution is not balanced. At present, there are 295 key national forestry en￣terprises , among which 48 are found in the western ethnic areas and are included in the list. Among them, the advantage held by Guangxi and Yunnan’s forest resources are obvious, while those in Tibet, Ningxia and Qinghai are not so obvious. On the other hand, the forestry resources in the western ethnic areas are unevenly distributed, and the structure of the forestry industry is not equita￣ble;the proportion of the primary industry of for￣estry is too high, and the proportion of the second￣ary industry is relatively low. This means that the economic benefits of forestry resources are not fully transformed, something which has seriously affect￣ed the promotion of ecological civilization.
Tourism resources in the western ethnic areas are rich, but the contradiction between tourism de￣velopment and environmental protection is sharp. The tourism industry can effectively improve the level of ecological civilization construction. With rich tourism resources in the western ethnic areas, the tourism industry has become one of the impor￣tant regional pillar industries, especially in Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi. However, the conditions of tourism infrastructure and the tourism environment are still relatively backward in western ethnic areas. This is seen especially in the tourist foreign exchange income ratio which is not high. In addition, theunique tourism resources have not strongly attracted more overseas visitors; and, as just said, there are contradictions between regional tourism development and ecological environment protection, which are still very sharp.
The construction of an ecological civilization is a complicated social system project. The con￣struction of an ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has just started, so we need to in￣tegrate the idea of ecological civilization throughout political, economic, cultural, and social construc￣tion. Furthermore, we need to promote the process of ecological civilization construction according to the local conditions by taking the central authorities’ construction plan of ecological civiliza￣tion as guidance; consider the economic develop￣ment level of each province; and the characteris￣tics of ecological protection and resource environ￣ment in ethnic areas.
First of all, we should change the concept of government at all levels and the entire society in western ethnic areas, and improve the system of ecological civilization construction. For this pur￣pose, we must:( i) strengthen the top-level de￣sign of the ecological civilization system; ( ii) im￣prove relevant systems, such as the development of the national land space; and ( iii ) improve envi￣ronmental protection and ecological compensation in the western ethnic areas and the whole country. Furthermore, through making use of both formal systems, such as political, economic and legal ones, and informal systems, such as ecological culture, we should jointly safeguard and promote the construction of ecological civilization. On the one hand, we must establish and improve various policies related to finance, tax, population and land to improve the level of ecological political civ￣ilization in the western ethnic areas from the level of central government to local administrations. On the other hand, the central government and local administrations in the western ethnic areas must enhance the awareness of the construction of eco￣logical civilization through various ways, including school education and the internet.
Secondly, we should vigorously develop the advantages of the ecological industry in western ethnic areas, such as ecological tourism, ecologi￣cal agriculture and other ecological industries. The construction of ecological civilization should strive to find a balance between ecological environment and stable economic growth. Therefore, according to the characteristics of their ecological environ￣ment, resources, climate and the capacity of the ecological carrying capacity, we should choose ec￣ological industries suitable for regional develop￣ment, such as ecological agriculture, ecological tourism;change the original model of industrial de￣velopment to an ecological mode of production, and improve the level of ecological civilization while protecting the environment.
Thirdly, we should speed up the development of secondary and tertiary industries of forestry in the western ethnic areas, and further optimize the structure of the forestry industry. For this purpose we must further increase forestry investment and construction;and improve the total output value of forestry through afforestation, returning farmland to forest, and coordinating the relationship between the economic forest and ecological forest. Moreo￣ver, we should actively participate in China’s forest food certification and forest certification program;improve the proportion of secondary and tertiary forestry industires; take the initiative to transform the advantage of forestry resources into economic advantages;and improve the level of civilization of the ecological environment.
Finally, it is necessary for the western ethnic areas to continue the practice of constructing an ec￣ological civilization. Though adjustment to local conditions, and actively exploring the practice of ecological civilization construction, we should gradually accumulate experience in the construc￣tion of ecological civilization for the western ethnic areas, and even the whole country. In particular, in Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai, we must active￣ly promote the process of regional ecological civili￣zation construction based on the scheme of their own ecological civilization demonstration area pro￣grams. In addition, the western ethnic areas should fully play an important role in informal in￣stitutions, such as national ecological culture.     

扶贫视阈下甘孜州县域旅游产业竞争力研究

Tourism is the pillar industry of Ganzi Prefecture, and it is of great practical signif-icance to the study of the competitiveness of county-level tourism industry in Ganzi Prefecture. This paper constructs an indicator system of evaluating competitiveness of the county tourism industry from four dimensions, including the development of the tourism industry, the development of related indus-tries, the economic environment and transport con-ditions. The paper studies the competitiveness of the county tourism industry of Ganzi prefecture in 2013 via the entropy method, and then analyzes the differences and shortcomings of the county’s ca-pability to alleviate poverty through tourism. The results show that, first of all, the various counties’ capability to alleviate poverty through tourism in Ganzi is obviously different from each other: the eastern counties are relatively strong in this area, the northern counties are somewhere in the middle, and the southern counties struggle. Secondly, the development of tourism and related industries has a great impact on the competitiveness of the county tourism industry, and that the counties generally have shortcomings in their transport conditions. Thirdly, the restricting factors on the competitive-ness of the county tourism industry are complicat-ed, and the strategy of tourism development should be formulated with regard to these issues. Based on this situation, this article proposes the following suggestions: 1 ) Various counties in Ganzi prefecture should strengthen their research into and promotion of poverty alleviation through tourism, accelerate the development of their basic infrastructure, and improve the transport condi-tions;2 ) the counties in the east of the prefecture should increase investment into transportation, op-timize their industrial structure, and promote the development of the tertiary service sector; 3 ) the counties in the north should develop their own po-tential, strengthen economic construction, improve GDP per capita, and promote the service industry, including restaurants and hotels; 4 ) The counties in the south should pay attention to the publicizing and construction of their own brand of tourism, im-proving their brand awareness and popularity. In summary, Ganzi prefecture should take poverty alleviation as a chance to innovate a meth-od for poverty alleviation, paying special attention to poverty alleviation through tourism, improving relevant policies, and promoting the tourism indus-try of its counties.     

Measuring the Economic Racial Divide Across the Course of American Lives

This article examines the racial divide in America with respect to three key aspects of economic well-being across the life course: (1) the likelihood of attaining affluence and avoiding poverty; (2) the probability of owning a home and acquiring significant levels of financial equity; and (3) the likelihood of possessing enough assets to protect oneself through a spell of economic turmoil. The Panel Study of Income Dynamics data set is used to construct a series of life tables that provide adulthood estimates into the occurrence of these events. The results indicate that within each area, the economic racial divide across the American life course is immense. Blacks are many times more likely than whites to experience poverty while never achieving affluence, less likely to purchase a home at an early age and build up significant levels of home equity, and more likely to experience asset poverty across the stages of the life course. The concept of cumulative advantage/disadvantage is discussed as a way of understanding the widening effect of race upon the economic trajectories of whites and blacks across the American life course.     

Convergence and Disadvantage in Poverty Trends (1980–2010): What is Driving the Relative Socioeconomic Position of Hispanics and Whites?

The gap between white and Hispanic poverty has remained stable for decades despite dramatic changes in the size and composition of the two groups. The gap, however, conceals crucial differences within the Hispanic population whereby some leverage education and smaller families to stave off poverty while others facing barriers to citizenship and English language acquisition face particularly high rates. In this paper, we use Decennial Census and American Community Survey data to examine poverty rates between Hispanic and non-Hispanic, white heads of household. We find the usual suspects stratify poverty risks: gender, age, employment, education, marital status, family size, and metro area status. In addition, Hispanic ethnicity has become a weaker indicator of poverty. We then decompose trends in poverty gaps between racial and ethnic groups. Between 1980 and 2010, poverty gaps persisted between whites and Hispanics. We find support for a convergence of advantages hypothesis and only partial support (among Hispanic noncitizens and Hispanics with limited English language proficiency) for a rising disadvantages hypothesis. Poverty-reducing gains in educational attainment alongside smaller families kept white–Hispanic poverty gaps from rising. If educational attainment continues to rise and family size drops further, poverty rates could fall, particularly for Hispanics who still have lower education and larger families, on average. Gains toward citizenship and greater English language proficiency would also serve to reduce the Hispanic–white poverty gap.