跨国公司在华子公司战略演变的动因与路径

跨国公司如何制定其在华子公司战略以及战略如何演变已经成为跨国公司研究领域的重要问题.以当地化、一体化为框架,分别对跨国公司战略、跨国公司海外子公司战略及其演变进行研究,以此为基础展开对世界500强在华子公司的问卷调查,研究发现,跨国公司在华子公司可以分为积极型、自主型、接受型和静止型4种类型,同时存在稳定型、成长型、退化型和波动型4种演变路径,76.7%的跨国公司在华子公司具有稳定型或成长型的演变路径.跨国公司在华子公司战略角色演变受子公司选择、母公司决策和环境驱动三方面因素的影响,母公司决策使母子公司一体化程度提高,子公司选择使子公司当地化程度提高,而环境变动对子公司战略角色的影响方向不确定.     

跨国公司知识转移：知识特性与转移工具研究

为了揭示知识特性和知识转移工具对跨国公司内部知识转移结果的影响程度,构建了一个包含知识特性、转移工具和知识跨国界转移结果的知识转移过程模型并做出相应假设,然后对跨国公司在华子公司做问卷调查,用结构方程模型对样本数据进行分析.实证结果显示,知识的默会性、简单嵌入性、初级转移工具对知识从国外母公司向中国子公司的跨国界转移起到了显著的直接作用,而高级转移工具对默会性起到了部分中介作用,对关系嵌入变量起到了完全中介作用.     

跨国公司在华子公司成长与发展战略的实证研究

自１９９５年以来 ,中国已经连续６年成为吸引外资最多的发展中国家①。截至目前为止 ,世界知名的５００家大型跨国公司已经有近４００家来华投资 ,而绝大多数的跨国公司又至少拥有１家在华子公司。由此可见 ,跨国公司的全球战略及其在华子公司的成长与发展对我国经济的影响日益显著。在这种特殊背景下对跨国公司在华子公司成长与发展战略的研究 ,将有助于透析跨国公司全球战略及其子公司战略的类型和演变。本文以跨国公司海外子公司的成长与发展理论为依据 ,通过对１４０多家跨国公司在华子公司进行问卷调查 ,对跨国公司在华子公司的成长与…     

跨国公司在华子公司角色演化:理论及案例分析

本文根据影响子公司角色转变的因素,将子公司的角色根据每种因素的强弱不同分为八种类型,即起步者、淘汰者、办事员、支持者、小诸侯、贡献者、直辖领袖和自由领袖.根据该子公司角色划分方法和演化路径分析方法,本文深入研究了一家跨国公司在华子公司-BEC公司的角色演化情况,研究证实了本文得出的角色划分方法和演化路径分析框架的适用性,也得到了跨国公司在华子公司的一个具体演化路径.     

跨国公司在华子公司战略角色演变--以业务范围和竞争能力为框架

本文以世界500强在华子公司为调查对象,对跨国公司在华子公司战略角色及其演变进行了研究.发现依据业务范围及竞争能力变量,跨国公司在华子公司可以分为单一活动组织、微型复制组织、高度专业化组织和战略中枢四种类型,并存在稳定型、成长型、退化型和波动型四种演变路径.而且,样本中近八成的跨国公司在华子公司沿稳定或成长型路径演变.     

跨国公司在华子公司战略角色演变的影响因素与路径：以业务范围和竞争能力为框架

通过文献研究和对世界500强在华子公司战略角色及其演变的问卷调查,发现以下结论:依据职能活动范围及竞争能力2个变量,跨国公司在华子公司可以分为单一活动、微型复制、高度专业化和战略中枢4种类型,同时存在稳定型、成长型、退化型和波动型4种演变路径。跨国公司在华子公司战略角色演变受子公司选择、母公司决策和环境驱动3方面因素的影响。跨国公司既可主动制定战略以调整子公司角色,也可以被动适应经营环境变化而改变子公司战略角色,二者均可能使子公司沿稳定型或成长型的路径演变。     

跨国公司总部向在华子公司转移知识的影响因素模型构建

分析了跨国公司总部的知识传播能力、传播意愿、显性知识和隐性知识转移渠道的丰富性、子公司知识吸收能力和吸收意愿对知识转移效果的影响,并建立了相应的模型.研究发现,民族文化差异和冲突是影响跨国公司内部知识转移的重要障碍,民族文化差异和冲突对总部知识传播能力、子公司知识吸收能力与知识转移效果之间关系的具有调节作用,并据此提出了相应的提高跨文化知识转移效果的措施.     

逆向创新有助于提升子公司权力和跨国公司的当地公民行为吗?——基于大型跨国公司在华子公司的实证研究

来自发展中国家的逆向创新对跨国公司全球创新产生了深远影响。现有研究多立足于发达国家跨国公司视角探讨逆向创新所创造的收益,但却未对逆向创新如何影响跨国公司在发展中国家的当地公民行为、推动当地经济的发展给予充分关注。本文依据资源依赖理论,探讨了逆向创新对子公司权力产生影响的认同效应和竞争效应,并利用121家大型跨国公司中国子公司的多被访者调研数据(一家公司有多个被访者)检验了逆向创新、子公司权力与跨国公司当地公民行为之间的关系。研究发现:逆向创新对子公司权力有显著的正向影响,母子公司创新整合正向调节逆向创新与子公司权力之间的关系;子公司权力又进一步对当地公民行为产生显著的积极影响,政治联系在上述二者之间的关系中扮演着正向的调节作用。     

基于跨国公司NPI转移的企业自主创新影响因素研究

在阐述本土代工企业知识转移的基础上,提出本土代工企业自主创新影响因素模型和相关理论假设。结果表明:代工企业员工的学习意愿和吸收能力对其自主创新的实现有正向影响,跨国公司知识转移意愿对代工企业的自主创新活动影响不显著,代工企业与跨国公司之间的知识距离对代工企业自主创新的实现有抑制作用。     

跨国公司的转移价格研究

<正> 跨国公司的转移价格又称为划拨价格,从最简单最概略的意义上讲,转移价格是指在跨国公司内部,总公司和子公司,子公司和子公司之间相互进行的出口和采购商品、劳务及其他经营资源内部转让所规定的价格。作为一种公司内部的价格,在很大程度上转移价格不受市场供求的影响、而是根据跨国公司的全球战略和谋求最大限度利润的目的以及出于其他目的(例如,为了不太妨碍对子公司的经营实绩的评估),由总公司少数管理人员人为确定的。     

Transferring knowledge in MNCs: The role of sources of subsidiary knowledge and organizational context

We link up with the recent literature on the differentiated MNC and in particular with its stress on intra-MNC knowledge flows. However, rather than focusing on the characteristics of knowledge as determinants of knowledge transfer within MNCs, we focus instead on levels of knowledge in subsidiaries, the sources of transferable subsidiary knowledge and on the organizational means and conditions that realize knowledge transfer as the relevant determinants. We find largely positive support for the relevant hypotheses. These are tested on a unique dataset on knowledge development in subsidiary firms [the Centre of Excellence (CoE) project].     

Green Purchasing by MNC Subsidiaries: The Role of Local Tailoring in the Presence of Institutional Duality

To examine the essential determinants of green purchasing by multinational corporations’ (MNC) subsidiaries, this study takes institutional theory as a foundation and focuses on the institutional duality associated with localization and globalization. Specifically, we develop a model to explain subsidiaries’ green purchasing and empirically test the model with data from 141 purchasing managers and senior purchasing staff members from subsidiaries in 39 countries. Our results suggest that pressures from headquarters and the local environment do not affect subsidiaries’ green purchasing directly; rather, they exert indirect influences through local tailoring. This study contributes to extant literature by revealing the significance of local tailoring in an MNC context. In addition, our findings offer several implications for practice by providing a roadmap for disseminating green purchasing across the subsidiaries of an MNC, as well as highlighting the importance of both clear communication about the benefits of green purchasing and internal audits.     

Geographically Dispersed Technological Capability Building and MNC Innovative Performance: The Role of Intra-firm Flows of Newly Absorbed Knowledge

This study identifies key mechanisms linking multinationality with the knowledge advantages of multinational corporations (MNCs). These mechanisms are the absorption of new knowledge by one individual MNC unit and the subsequent flows of such newly absorbed knowledge to other geographically distant units of the same firm. The intra-MNC and inter-unit flows of such newly absorbed knowledge include exchanges between a parent and its overseas subsidiaries and those between subsidiaries. Through analyzing the U.S. patent data of the world's largest firms in the electrical equipment industry, our study shows that those two mechanisms are complementary in affecting MNC innovative performance. More notably, given the geographically dispersed new knowledge absorption within an MNC, only the flows of the newly absorbed knowledge between the parent and subsidiaries, in contrast to those between subsidiaries, are positively associated with MNC innovative performance. This study contributes to the MNC literature. Managerial implications are also discussed.     

Local and Global Knowledge Complementarity: R&D Collaborations and Innovation of Foreign and Domestic Firms

We analyze how research and development (R&D) collaborations affect product innovation for subsidiaries of foreign multinational firms and domestic firms. We build on the knowledge-based view to propose that subsidiaries and domestic firms differ in their ability to benefit from alternative R&D partners as a result of the variation in their knowledge complementarities. Specifically, we propose that subsidiaries may benefit more from undertaking R&D collaborations with customers and competitors, whose deeper knowledge of local conditions better complements the more global knowledge base of subsidiaries. In contrast, we argue that domestic firms may benefit more from engaging in R&D collaborations with suppliers and universities, whose more global nature of knowledge better complement the deeper local knowledge base of domestic firms.     

Headquarter Services in the Global Integration of Production

This study examines knowledge management within multinational enterprises (MNEs) by analyzing whether greater interdependence of production between U.S. parent firms and their foreign subsidiaries increases the provision of headquarter (HQ) services from the home country. The findings suggest that U.S. parents provide more assistance to their foreign subsidiaries that are linked in a global value chain than to those that are not involved in production sharing. This study builds on the earlier studies of the relationship between intra-MNE product flows and knowledge flows in multiple ways. First, it separately examines the relationship for high-tech and low-tech manufacturing industries, and finds that knowledge services from HQ that could be combined with knowledge of the subsidiary, such as R&D services, are primarily associated with production sharing with subsidiaries in high-tech manufacturing industries, which are assumed to be more technologically capable. Likewise, it finds that knowledge services from HQ that might be considered to be more passively received from the parent, such as industrial-type maintenance and design, are primarily associated with subsidiaries in low-tech manufacturing industries, which are assumed to be less technologically capable. Second, this study is the first one, to our knowledge, that gauges intra-firm knowledge flows using dollar-denominated measures of HQ services provided by parents to their subsidiaries.     

Getting the seal of approval: Pathways to subsidiary initiative acceptance

Multinational corporations (MNCs) are proactive, entrepreneurial, and decentralized organizations. They seek to incorporate and leverage knowledge from their foreign subsidiaries. Initiatives in which subsidiaries pursue new business opportunities are one way that subsidiaries contribute to MNCs' knowledge stocks, but prior research suggests that few subsidiary initiatives secure headquarters approval. We argue that the extent to which initiatives are accepted by the headquarters of an MNC depends on a range of relational and contextual conditions that configure in complex ways. Using a neoconfigurational approach, we identify five equifinal configurations associated with the acceptance of subsidiary initiatives. We advance theory of subsidiary management by uncovering how subsidiary activities gain traction within the MNC.     

海外子公司内外部网络的知识获取对企业绩效的影响研究

本文以在华韩国企业为对象分析了从母公司获取的知识和本地获取的知识对海外子公司绩效的影响.研究结果发现,从母公司获取的知识和本地商务知识对子公司绩效有直接的正向影响,但本地制度知识对子公司绩效没有显著影响.此外,从母公司获取的知识和本地制度知识对子公司绩效有互补效应,但是从母公司获取的知识和本地商务知识的交互效应对子公司绩效有负向影响.这说明,从母公司获取的知识、本地商务知识和本地制度知识对海外子公司绩效都有重要影响,但是各自所发挥不同的作用.     

网络组织类型及其管理机制适应性研究

运用网络组织理论探讨不同网络组织类型及其所采用的管理机制之间的关系,指出其网络组织可按成员之间知识扩散密度的不同分为自给自足型、生产型和经营型等三种,在文献述评的基础上归纳出网络组织控制其成员的机制类型,并运用实证分析验证了网络组织类型及控制机制之间的相关性.     

Impact of subsidiaries' cross-border knowledge tacitness shared and social capital on MNCs' explorative and exploitative innovation capability

As subsidiaries' cross-border knowledge increases in tacitness, it becomes more difficult for subsidiaries to articulate and for multinational corporations' (MNCs') headquarters to integrate and apply. Herein, dynamic capabilities and social capital theory frame structural and relational social capital as capabilities that improve the productivity of subsidiaries' cross-border knowledge tacitness shared on MNCs' headquarters explorative and exploitative innovation capability. The hypotheses are tested on a data set consisting of survey data collected from 220 senior managers or executives at the headquarters of Taiwan-based MNCs. Interestingly, structural social capital between headquarters and subsidiaries strengthens the negative association between subsidiaries' cross-border knowledge tacitness shared and explorative innovation capability; relational social capital attenuates the negative association between subsidiaries' cross-border knowledge tacitness shared and both explorative and exploitative innovation capability. Stated differently, different types of social capital can facilitate (i.e., relational social capital) or impede (i.e., structural social capital) innovation capability when cross-border knowledge tacitness is high. The validity and managerial implications of these findings are explored through interviews with senior managers or executives of MNCs headquarters or subsidiaries. Theoretically, this study emphasizes the importance of understanding relationships between subsidiaries and MNCs' headquarters to understand the association between subsidiaries' resources and MNCs' headquarters innovation capability.