人口空间集聚与公共治理的绩效:基于城市权利的视角

人口空间集聚是宏观社会经济政策导向下的社会流动过程,也是基于个体理性决策的人口迁移后果。空间经济的一个重要特征是"演化",人口空间结构变化会带来社会关系和权利结构的演变,大规模人口乡城持续迁移带来中国乡土文化的凋敝和现代城市文明的繁荣。社会关系的排斥源于社会权利的缺失,权利贫困引致社会贫困,户籍制度和城乡分割致使农民工无法以平等的身份融入城市。文章基于城市权利的视角,提出城市公共治理的目标是赋予新移民平等的身份、公正的待遇、不歧视的就业、稳定的住所及体面的生活;保障其在城市公平获得生产、劳动、消费、进入、参与的主体性资格;同时,拥有平等获取城市公共服务与社会保障的主体性权利,从而在主体构成、主体资格和主体能力等方面实现城市权利的一致性,通过机会的平等、过程的平等,逐步实现结果的平等。     

个体性别意识与女大学生就业质量--基于五所高校的数据分析

本文以福建省五所高校大学生就业问题的调查数据为基础，分析了个体性别意识与女大学生就业质量的关系。研究发现，性别分工观念、性别自信及性别权利意识等因素对女大学生就业质量均有重要正向影响，但影响程度不同，性别平等意识对男女大学生就业质量的影响呈反向差别。     

就业中的性别歧视:一个需要正视和化解的难题

背景2007届大学生和研究生毕业在即。年复一年,我们在不断感受女生在寻找就业机会中遭受的歧视。可以说,女大学生面临的就业歧视和就业困难是中国女性整体发展状况的一种折射,它进而反映了更为广泛而深刻的社会问题。自从新中国建立以来,我国女性的社会权利得到了很大的提升。女性走出家门,“男女同工同酬”成为我国社会主义事业发展的伟大成就之一,并受到了国际社会的赞誉。我国政府一直重视女性就业问题,为推动和保证女性就业权利的实现做出了不懈的努力。在法律上确定了女性就业的平等地位及相应的权利,如《宪法》和《妇女权益保障法》、…     

新生代农民工城市融合障碍构成原因探析——基于社会排斥理论的视阈

结合实地调研与访谈结果,本文发现进城务工的新生代农民工面临着来自经济、政治、文化、教育以及福利等方面的排斥。本文基于社会排斥理论,从两个维度分析了形成这些排斥的原因：一是受人力资本素质、文化与社会认同等自身禀赋约束的功能性排斥,二是受户籍、就业、社会保障等制度影响的结构性排斥。功能性社会排斥与结构性社会排斥的存在直接导致了新生代农民工的城市融合进程受阻,只有拆除这种藩篱才能够促进其尽快实现城市融合。     

针对女大学生就业的歧视——概念、问题及对策

2007届毕业生即将走出校园,又一批接受了高等教育的女性即将进入劳动力市场.近年来愈演愈烈的针对女大学生就业的歧视问题再一次成为社会关注的热点.但是,无论在法律法规和政策规定中,还是在学术研讨的过程中,或者是大众传媒普通民众的讨论中,就业岐视的概念常常含糊不清,甚至被滥用,进而影响了人们对包括女大学生在内的就业岐视问题形成清楚的认识,也必然影响相应的法律、政策的制定、实施及临测.     

甘肃省大学生就业与人口问题探析

大学生就业与人口问题是举国上下关注的大事要事，甘肃省是西部欠发达省份，随着就业形势的日趋严峻还将成为今后我们所要面临的重要问题。人口素质的提升与就业反映出人口增长与提高人口素质必须和谐统一。这需要政府强力的政策引导、企业配合、机制完善。从调研来看，甘肃省人口素质在不同年龄段存在明显差异。大学生就业中存在性别歧视及用工不平等现象；性别比失衡的突出问题；大学教育所设专业课程与经济发展、社会进步严重不协调。大学教育还不能适应指导大学生就业的形势。     

从女大学生就业难看我国女性的就业变迁

就业是女性获得经济独立、进而赢得社会性别平等的重要渠道,教育则是女性拥有就业机会、争取良好职业的基础.但是近几年,女大学生就业难的问题却日益突显,成为社会大众和学术界关注的一个热点问题,吸引了社会学家、经济学家、公共管理研究者和女性研究者等诸多领域学者的关注.     

人力资本、社会资本与大学生就业的实证研究——以南京市部分高校为例

文章使用南京市部分高校的微观调查数据，对人力资本、社会资本与大学生的就业概率、起薪水平和就业部门之间的关系进行了实证研究。发现：人力资本因素与大学生的就业概率、起薪水平之间均存在着非常显著的正相关关系。但是对于大学生能否进人政府机关、事业单位等公共部门就业却没有显著影响；社会资本与大学生的就业概率之间没有显著关系，对于起薪的高低具有一定的积极影响，但对于大学生进入公共部门内就业具有重要作用。     

我国大学生就业难问题演变与近期发展趋势

我国在计划经济时期到世纪之交不存在大学生就业难问题,2002年"大学生就业难"开始出现,2003年以来就业难形势持续严峻。当前大学生就业处于经济体制转轨排斥就业、经济发展不均衡约束就业、技术进步挤出就业岗位的需求格局,我国总体就业形势严峻,大学毕业生"十一五"期间供给仍大幅增加,2009年将达到600万人大关,大学生就业在数量、质量、结构方面存在着巨大矛盾,解决大学生就业难的任务紧迫。     

关于我国妇女就业的几个问题

妇女就业问题历来令人关注。之所以如此,根本的原因就在于妇女就业是妇女解放的重要内容,同时又是妇女解放的先决条件。妇女解放,在私有制条件下首先就是要求摆脱剥削和压迫;在公有制条件下就是要求妇女和男子的完全平等。而妇女与男子的经挤平等,其实质就是妇女就业问题。同时,妇女就业又是妇女解放的先决条件。妇女不能就业,不能参加社会生产劳动,则妇女的解放,妇女与男子的经济平等、政治平等和社会平等,都是不能实现的。     

Applying demographic analysis in affirmative action disputes: An instructional case

This instructional case study illustrates applications of demographic concepts, data, and techniques in evaluating affirmative action goals for equalizing employment opportunity. Courts of law addressing employment discrimination disputes need an accurate picture of each minority group's proportion in a pool of prospective employees. The demographic and socioeconomic factors conditioning those proportions vary from place to place. In the situation examined here, the court originally used an imperfect population standard to set hiring goals. The case traces the multiple failures to account for those conditioning influences and describes the resulting distortions of legal purpose. In analyzing this failure, students gain experience in clarifying issues in dispute, devising measures to fit legal standards, and delineating qualified labor pools. Specific instructional applications include: using census data to document how local population structure and composition determine each minority group's presence in the workforce; and using administrative data to delineate the relevant labor pools for setting affirmative action goals. Training is broadly suited to assignments where applied demographers must delineate the ethnic and racial composition of a pool of workers eligible to be hired or promoted.     

论城市少数民族流动人口的社会保障问题

由于户籍制度的限制和现行政策的不完善，城市少数民族流动人口在就业、教育、医疗、住房等领域缺乏必要的社会保障．这对社会的稳定和发展造成了消极影响。文章讨论了城市少数民族流动人口的社会保障问题应该坚持的原则和主要对策，认为从长远来看，要运步构建有利于少数民族流动人口在城市中社会融入的经济、社会和文化条件。     

The Swiss Equal Rights Amendment: A case study

In June, 1981, the Swiss passed a constitutional amendment providing legal equality for men and women. How that could happen in a legal system that appears to be more than most designed to maintain male privilege is the major topic of this case study. The nature of the political system into which the Swiss equal rights amendment was introduced and of the support and opposition to the amendment are examined. The impact of the amendment since its passage is reported. Each major aspect of the Swiss situation is compared with the American experience with the Equal Rights Amendment and the significance of the Swiss case for American social action is delineated.Richard Kerckhoff is Professor of Family Studies and Timothy Leupp is a graduate student in the Department of Child Development and Family Studies. The study reported here was made possible by time and resources provided by Purdue University, School of Consumer and Family Sciences.     

Poverty,Inequality and Deprivation in South Africa: An Analysis of the 1993 SALDRU Survey

This paper analyses poverty and inequality in South Africa based on data from a comprehensive multi-purpose household survey undertaken in 1993 to provide baseline statistics on poverty and its determinants to the new government. The paper shows that South Africa has among the highest levels of income inequality in the world and compares poorly in most social indicators to countries with similar income levels. Much of the poverty in the country is a direct result of apartheid policies that denied equal access to education, employment, services, and resources to the black population of the country. As a result, poverty has a very strong racial dimension with poverty concentrated among the African population. In addition, poverty is much higher in rural areas, and particularly high in the former homelands. Poverty among female-headed households and among children is also higher than average. Moreover, poverty is closely related to poor education and lack of employment. The poor suffer from lack of access to education, quality health care, basic infrastructure, transport, are heavily indebted, have little access to productive resources, and are heavily dependent on remittances and social transfers, particularly social pensions and disability grants. The paper uses an income-based definition of poverty for most of the analysis. In addition, it develops a broad-based index of deprivation including income, employment, wealth, access to services, health, education, and perceptions of satisfaction as its components. While on average the two indicators correspond fairly closely, the income poverty measure misses a considerable number of people who are severely deprived in many of the non-income measures of well-being. This group of severely deprived not identified by the income poverty measure consists predominantly of Africans living in rural areas, concentrated particularly in the province of KwaZulu/Natal.     

甘肃省民族地区农村社会保障现状实证分析——以甘肃省临夏县为例

构建完善的农村社会保障体系对于甘肃省民族地区保证社会稳定和维护民族团结具有重要意义．同时也是构建和谐社会和发展新农村建设事业的重要内容。本文从临夏县农村社会保障现状出发。指出了制约甘肃省民族地区农村社会保障体系发展的因素，并提出了相关的措施建议。     

Thinking about several problems of the research of our family planning strategy]

On the basis of 1982 census data, it is estimated that from 1987-1997 13 million women will enter the age of marriage and child-bearing each year. The tasks of keeping the population size around 1.2 billion by the year 2000 is arduous. Great efforts have to be made to continue encouraging one child/couple, and to pursue the current plans and policies and maintain strict control over fertility. Keeping population growth in pace with economic growth, environment, ecological balance, availability of per capita resources, education programs, employment capability, health services, maternal and child care, social welfare and social security should be a component of the long term development strategy of the country. Family planning is a comprehensive program which involves long cycles and complicated factors, viewpoints of expediency in guiding policy and program formulation for short term benefits are inappropriate. The emphasis of family planning program strategy should be placed on the rural areas where the majority of population reside. Specifically, the major aspects of strategic thrusts should be the linkage between policy implementation and reception, between family planning publicity and changes of ideation on fertility; the integrated urban and rural program management relating to migration and differentiation of policy towards minority population and areas in different economic development stages. In order to achieve the above strategies, several measures are proposed. (1) strengthening family planning program and organization structure; (2) providing information on population and contraception; (3) establishing family planning program network for infiltration effects; (4) using government financing, taxation, loan, social welfare and penalty to regulate fertility motivations; (5) improving the system of target allocation and data reporting to facilitate program implementation; (6) strengthening population projection and policy research; (7) and strengthening training of family planning personnel to improve program efficiency.     

Women's Employment History and Their Post-Retirement Health and Resources

The purpose of this study is to assess the degree to which the advantages apparently accruing to employed women are maintained into the post-retirement years. That is, do women who were employed cany with them into the retirement years more social and fmancial resources and do they maintain better health than women who remained largely outside the work force? The importance of this issue increases as greater numbers of women enter and remain in the work force and as our population ages. The study uses a longitudinal cohort design and employs the data from the National Center for Health Statistics' Longitudinal Study on Aging. This analysis uses the core questions from the 1984 National Health Interview Survey, the Supplement on Aging questions from 1984 and the follow-up data on mortality from the National Death lndex from 1984-1990. The data include the 4667 female respondents who were 70 years or older in 1984. Overall, the results suggest that women who have more recent paid employment have better health in their later years than women with no employment or no recent employment. However, for social and fmancial resources the direction of the relationships vary. For example, women with more recent employment have less social resources in the form of spouse and living children; however, they have more social resources in the form of social contacts with both family and friends. Having no history of paid employment increases women's risk of living in poverty and lacking private health insurance, but increases the chances that they own their own home. Interpretations and implications are discussed.     

LGBTQ+ Young Adults on the Street and on Campus: Identity as a Product of Social Context

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, and other sexual and gender minority (LGBTQ+) young adults face unique identity-related experiences based on their immersion in distinctive social contexts. The predominant framework of performing separate analyses on samples of LGBTQ+ young people by their primary social status obfuscates more holistic understandings of the role of social context. Using 46 in-depth interviews with LGBTQ+ college students and LGBTQ+ homeless young adults, we ask: How are LGBTQ+ young adults’ capacities for “doing” their gender and sexual identities shaped by their distinctive social contexts? In developing their identities, both groups of LGBTQ+ young adults navigated their social environments to seek out resources and support. Most college students described their educational contexts as conducive to helping them develop their identities, or “undo” rigid norms of gender and sexuality. Homeless young adults’ social environments, meanwhile, imposed complex barriers to self-expression that reinforced more normative expectations of “doing” gender and sexual identities.     

American education: the challenge of change

The American education system is being challenged to raise the academic achievement of students to prepare them for the jobs of the future. Yet many demographic, as well as economic and social factors, are making the task more difficult. Low birth rates, especially among non-Hispanic whites, along with high immigration rates, have increased the share of minority and non-English students in public schools. The rise in single-parent families has increased the number of poor students and migration from the cities to the suburbs has concentrated poor and minority students in inner city schools. These same children will make up a greater share of the future labor force. At the same time, the aging of the general population may lessen the commitment of homeowners- -whose taxes pay between 1/3 and 1/2 of education costs. The aging labor force may bring a shortage of qualified teachers, particularly in specialized subject areas. Poor and minority students generally have below average academic skills and are more likely to drop out of high school than non-minority students. However, the skills of American students rank below those of most other industrialized nations, calling into question the ability of Americans to succeed in an increasingly international economic system. How can schools be improved and minority student achievement be enhanced? Reforms of education finance systems, court-ordered integration, and stiffer requirements for teachers and for graduation from high school are among many attempts to meet the immense challenges faced by American schools.