城市新贫困社群的福利供给研究：社会政策的视角

在中国经济快速增长的过程中，城市新贫困社群的福利供给出现了贫困陷阱的困境。对于这种福利供给所形成的贫困陷阱。当前学术界的主要研究是从个体的福利依赖角度来进行的。但是，基于湖南省长沙市区400余住新贫困社群的调研和对政府的走访资料．本研究解析了城市新贫困社群在现行福利供给体系下出现贫困陷阱的政策原因：缺乏赋权参与社会政策的建设理念，是制约当前新贫困社群需要满足得以实现的症结。建议政府采取针对社会发展需要与社会参与需要的社会政策来优化政府的福利供给效率。     

农民工的城市融入:财政压力—政策响应模型的构建

福利是影响农民工在城市融入程度的重要因素。财政压力—政策响应模型的基本思路是:福利政策效应取决于财政压力、政策响应能力,而政策响应能力主要受筹资能力和政策协调性的影响。对农民工福利政策相关要素进行分析即形成明晰的福利清单。从政府对农民工福利供给的责任看,流入地政府是农民工福利供给的主要承担者,中央政府和流出地政府在农民工福利供给中也要承担必要的财政责任。     

婚姻与心理福利的性别差异性分析

文章利用中国综合社会调查(2006)数据,比较了不同婚姻状况、婚姻质量的群体心理福利的差异,并分析了婚姻状况、婚姻质量对心理福利的影响机制及其性别差异,探讨了家庭代际支持、个体社会经济地位对婚姻的调节作用。研究发现,单身群体的心理福利比婚居群体差,心理福利也因婚姻质量而差异显著,但单身女性的心理福利好于婚姻质量差的女性,婚姻质量差的男性心理福利好于单身男性。回归分析结果也证实婚姻特别是高质量的婚姻对心理福利存在保护功能。婚姻状况对男性的影响较大,婚姻质量对女性的影响较大。另外,代际支持和个体地位也是影响心理福利的重要因素,对婚姻特别是婚姻质量具有替代或强化作用。     

福利的行政化与政治化

文章回顾了福利国家行政机构的建立,讨论了福利国家内部的政治运作和政治程序,分析了“社会价值”的性质和力量。文章指出,福利国家是行政主义的国家,它的行政机制改变了国家内部的社会和生产关系。福利国家将很多矛盾内部化,进而通过政策制定和政策程序来解决政治问题,福利政治是政策化的政治。在福利国家建设过程中形成的“社会权利”观念也是一种政治力量,它的压力可以削减福利国家内部的商业力量,推动国家干预的发展。但是,经济全球化带来的经济压力正在挑战“社会权利”的传统意义。文章认为,考察福利国家的运作和走向,福利政治是一个不可或缺的角度。     

我国残疾人福利可及性的实证研究

社会福利制度的基本策略是通过有效提升民众的福利获取水平来满足其福利需要,因而深入探究民众的福利可及性对于社会福利制度的未来构建具有重要的意义。尽管我国学术界围绕残疾人社会福利制度的相关研究众多,但是从福利可及性出发的实证讨论却非常罕见,这显然对于推动残疾人社会福利制度的良性发展具有诸多不利影响。在采取均值分析、聚类分析和多元方差模型分析等方式对南京、天津、成都和兰州四城市的846名残疾人进行分析后,研究发现我国残疾人的福利可及性存在严重不足,不同城市的残疾人在福利可及性上具有显著差异,部分具有特殊需要的残疾人在福利获取过程中可能存在严重风险。研究建议,我国各地政府应当继续稳步推进残疾人社会福利制度的建设,积极提升残疾人社会政策的有效性,并在政策导向上对特殊残疾群体给予重点倾斜。     

中国弱势民众社会福利态度的双层解构

社会福利政策发展的目标是建立一个需要为本的社会福利框架,因而了解弱势民众的主观态度对于社会福利政策的未来建构具有重要的意义。由于目前国内学术界在社会福利态度方面的研究方兴未艾,难以对政策实行主观维度上的有效指导,因此本研究依托4 522人的实证调查从国别层面与国内层面双重解构中国的社会福利态度。研究发现,中国弱势民众的社会福利态度具有分化而非分裂的总体特征,社会福利态度既具有中国本土化的特点也符合东亚福利体制的结构性特征,社会福利态度的分化并非源于个体认知能力与福利依赖心理,而是源于个体资本因素。基于此,建议积极完善当前社会福利制度,加速推进弱势民众关心的社会福利项目的建设,进一步优化社会福利供应体系的外在环境。     

中国少儿教育福利省际均衡性研究

少儿教育福利的均衡性问题一直是儿童福利研究的重要领域,对既有政策进行有效性的评估具有积极的学术意义。文章在利用聚类分析、因子分析等技术对中国31个省份的少儿教育福利状况进行综合比较之后发现,各省份的教育福利供应大体上呈现出了"东优西劣"的阶梯形下降格局,且现行教育福利政策未能形成"反向阶梯"的优化效果。在此基础上,作者建议优先解决教育财政支出体系、多元福利参与体系和师资力量保障体系的漏洞,以保持各省之间教育福利供应的大体均衡。     

政府公共转移支付的扶志效应

文章基于2012～2018年中国家庭追踪调查数据（CFPS），利用面板固定效应、DID、PSM-DID模型对公共转移支付的扶志效应进行研究，并利用中介效应模型对其影响个体志向的内在机制进行分析。研究发现：（1）公共转移支付能有效提高政策靶向群体的志向水平，且该扶志效应在长期更加突出。（2）公共转移支付可以通过改善家庭消费水平、资产水平等经济福利提高政策靶向群体的个体志向，也可以通过提高主观幸福感、社会信任程度等主观福利发挥扶志效应。（3）公共转移支付的扶志效应存在异质性，一是与民生性转移支付相比，生产性转移支付具有更强的扶志效应；二是公共转移支付能够更加有效地提高低收入群体、青年和老年群体、女性群体、受教育水平较低群体的志向水平；三是公共转移支付的扶志效应在东部地区更加突出，与农村地区相比，公共转移支付更能提高城市地区政策靶向群体的个体志向。因此，只有进一步完善公共转移支付政策的结构和制度设计，加强政策的落实和监督，改善政策实施的外部环境，才能充分发挥公共转移支付的扶志效应，巩固脱贫攻坚成果。     

大龄未婚对农村男性主观福利影响评估研究——来自CGSS2010的经验证据

利用CGSS2010调查数据,本文应用倾向得分匹配方法处理婚姻状况自选择效应,定量评估了大龄未婚对我国农村大龄男性主观福利的影响.在反事实概念框架下,大龄未婚对我国农村男性有着不显著的负面影响.可能的解释是,幸福的婚姻需要一定的社会经济资源保障,仅靠婚姻本身难以显著提升农村大龄未婚男性主观福利.在努力降低性别比例失衡的同时,有必要出台政策改善农村大龄男性社会经济状况以提高他们的主观福利.     

退休对男性老年人健康的影响--基于断点回归的实证研究

退休是个体从过去工作生涯中抽身出来的转折点，退休后个人福利的变化是老龄化社会值得关注的问题。基于中国家庭追踪调查（ CFPS）2012年数据，以男性为例采用模糊断点回归的方法识别退休对个体心理、生理健康的因果影响。结果显示，退休对个体的生理健康并没有显著影响，但对其心理健康有显著的正向效应。从影响渠道来看，退休后个体压力减少，认知功能、记忆力以及对生活满意程度提升是导致健康（尤其是心理健康）改善的主要原因。本文的研究为未来退休政策的制定提供参考。     

Quality of Life in Hong Kong: Past Accomplishments And Future Prospects

Following several decades of rapid economic expansion, development in Hong Kong has arrived at a new crossroads. The pace of economic growth is no longer as rapid as during earlier decades, competition with other East Asian societies has grown more acute and many of the territory’s recurrent, sometimes hidden, social problems appear to be undermining selected aspects of Hong Kong’s quality of life. And Hong Kong’s political tensions with the central government in Beijing have become more confrontational since its return in 1997 to Chinese political sovereignty. This article: (1) summarizes the current state of social development in Hong Kong; (2) identifies the major social, political and economic challenges that confront Hong Kong at the beginning of a new development decade; (3) compares selected aspects of Hong Kong’s social development with that of other East Asian societies; and (4) suggests a variety of policy options that are available to leaders in Hong Kong’s for promoting a more balanced approach to social and economic development. The article also illustrates the use of social reports and social reporting in advancing development assessment and planning.     

Capabilities,Subjective Wellbeing and Public Policy: A Response to Austin (2016)

It has recently been claimed that Sen’s capabilities approach can be used to advise the formation of public policy related to human wellbeing. It has also been proposed that measures of subjective wellbeing are inadequate for this purpose. These ideas are examined in relation to capabilities, using the same reference material as the proposing author. The theory of subjective wellbeing homeostasis is used as the alternative framework by which to understand the potential of subjective wellbeing for policy advice. This examination reveals an almost complete lack of evidence that capability measurement could fulfill the suggested role. While subjective wellbeing has more potential for this purpose, caveats to its employment for policy advice are also evident.     

On Well-Being and Public Policy: Are We Capable of Questioning the Hegemony of Happiness?

Measuring the well-being of citizens has become established practice in many advanced democracies. In the move to go beyond GDP, indicators of subjective well-being (SWB) have come to the fore, and are increasingly seen as providing a ‘yardstick’ to guide public policy. A strong version of this position is that SWB can (and should) provide the sole basis on which to design and evaluate public policy. This article argues that the increasing dominance of the subjective definition of well-being is problematic, and amounts to a hegemony of happiness. The article examines the fundamental assumptions behind different accounts of well-being, and develops a critique of the ‘strong position’ that sees SWB as the ultimate guide for public policy. First, the connections between the modern debate and classical schools of thought are discussed, and the strong Benthamite SWB approach is contrasted with the alternative Aristotelian capabilities approach. Next, the article examines current practice, using the UK’s Measuring National Well-being Programme as a case study. Finally, the article concludes that SWB has questionable legitimacy as a summary indicator of objective quality of life, and does not, on its own, provide a reliable metric for public policy. The capabilities approach, which takes a pluralist perspective on well-being and prioritises freedom and opportunity, offers a richer and more useful foundation for policy.     

Perceptions of Quality Life in Hamilton’s Neighbourhood Hubs: A Qualitative Analysis

This paper examines perceptions of quality of life in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada from the perspective of residents and key community stakeholders. A series of eight focus groups were conducted. Six sessions were held with residents of neighbourhood ??hubs??, areas characterized by high levels of poverty. The following themes were highlighted as significant to neighbourhood quality of life: (1) housing quality and affordability (2) diversity and cultural integration; (3) crime and safety; (4) community engagement and recreation; (5) green space and the physical environment, and; (6) transportation. Two focus groups were then conducted with key informants who provided recommendations for improving quality of life and discussed relevant policy issues such as employment and income security. The findings of the focus groups resonate with local research and policy action in Hamilton, including a new Neighbourhood Development Strategy for the City. This research advocates for decision-makers to support and work alongside context-based, resident-led community development efforts. The hub model, as well as Hamilton??s broader neighbourhood-based research and community development approach may assist social researchers, civic leaders and various levels of government across Canada as they work to improve quality of life in their communities.     

中国计划生育政策的回顾与展望——基于公共政策周期理论视角分析

计划生育政策作为中国的一项基本国策,引发中外社会各界的争议与关注。公共政策周期理论强调,公共政策经历问题认定、政策出台,再经过执行、评估、监控、调整等环节,最终归于终结。作为一项对人口、经济、社会发展产生重大影响的公共政策,在生育政策实施过程中,进行政策监控及政策评估,对于探究政策效果及影响,正确决定政策去向及实现决策的科学化、民主化具有重要意义。本文试图在公共政策周期理论视角下,采用政策评估的科学逻辑及系统方法对生育政策进行综合全面的分析评估,并从当今中国实际国情出发,探究政策的调整方向,提出政策调整及改进的建议。本文认为,现行计划生育政策的目标已实现,中国的客观环境发生了重大变化,计划生育政策的最终目的是建立一个有利于经济社会发展的人口环境,统筹考虑政策调整、有序完善现行生育政策,促进人口长期均衡发展已正当适时。     

欠发达地区农村居民社会福利认知的影响因素研究——以贵州省为例

对贵州省684名农村成年居民的实证研究结果显示,农村居民在社会问题归因上的社会归因意识较为强烈,在政策优先意识上倾向于经济优先意识,其福利需求意识比较强烈但福利权利意识尚较为淡薄,这表明低水平实践的社会福利在当前欠发达地区的农村社会话语序列中尚未处于重要位置。经济发展水平、社会福利制度背景、文化传统和人口结构特征等不同层次因素对农村居民的社会福利认知均具有显著的影响。     

中国碳交易政策扩散的影响因素、路径差异与减碳效果研究——基于省域数据的实证分析

碳交易市场的建设有助于实现全球碳平衡,而碳交易政策扩散对于促进中国碳交易市场的持续健康发展有着重要的现实意义。在我国碳交易市场建设不断深化的情境下,有必要识别省域碳交易政策扩散的多维影响要素,检验不同扩散路径下的政策效果差异,总结政策扩散经验。文章基于省域面板数据,首先运用事件史分析法,通过Cox比例风险模型发现,能源政策的落实、地方政府的综合服务能力和社会创新能力是碳交易政策扩散的关键驱动要素;其次,利用合成控制法进一步检验,发现主动扩散地区的减排效果弱于试点扩散地区,试点扩散地区对主动扩散地区的激励和带动作用有限,试点成果尚未得到有效学习和复制。为此,在我国统一碳交易市场的建设过程中,应强化中央统筹协调与地方相关举措之间的协同配合,依托有力的政策驱动激发我国碳交易制度活力,提升碳减排效果,形成路径清晰、梯度有序的政策扩散机制,以稳步实现2030“碳达峰”、2060“碳中和”的目标。     

关于一元户籍制度改革的农民态度调查研究——以荆门市掇刀区为例

荆门市掇刀区是湖北省户籍制度改革的试点区之一。本文对荆门市掇刀区一元户籍改革中的农民态度及影响因素进行调查与分析,得出三个方面的结论:其一,农村居民普遍支持户籍制度改革;其二,影响农民态度的因素主要有政策因素、保障因素、经济因素和城市吸引因素;其三,农民最关心的是政策因素的影响,改革不是一蹴而就的,需要一个渐进式的发展过程。本文提出相关政策建议,以期深化一元户籍改革,推动城乡一体化建设。     

Never Waste a Good Crisis: Towards Social Sustainable Development

The report by the Stiglitz Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress highlighted the idea that sustainability in essence is about quality of life. This paper discusses and elaborates this notion. It argues that sustainable development should be seen as a process which does not focus on economic development alone, but which also includes well-balanced ecological and social development. Social aspects of sustainability deserve attention because of their instrumental and intrinsic relevance. A society needs a sense of community and commitment. The presence of social capital is very important for the liveability of a society. It is argued that the amount of social capital may fluctuate over time. This means that in the long term, future societies may be better in a social respect (more trust, more participation, less inequality) than today’s. Ensuring social sustainability is thus not only a matter of ensuring that present social cohesion is preserved, but also ensuring that this cohesion will increase or improve. The paper ends by addressing lines of research on social sustainability. The following research themes are mentioned: (1) Quality of life, social capital and social cohesion in a longitudinal perspective. (2) ‘Sustainability of what, why and for whom?’ Sustainability as an issue of choice: trade-offs. (3) Civil society and governance aspects of sustainability. (4) Public perceptions, values and opinions with regard to sustainability issues and (5) Fairness and inequality in relation to sustainability policy, both nationally and internationally.     

Capabilities and Choices: Do They Make Sen’se for Understanding Objective and Subjective Well-Being? An Empirical Test of Sen’s Capability Framework on German and British Panel Data

In Sen’s Capability Approach (CA) well-being can be defined as the freedom of choice to achieve the things in life which one has reason to value most for his or her personal life. Capabilities are in Sen’s vocabulary therefore the real freedoms people have or the opportunities available to them. In this paper we examine the impact of capabilities alongside choices on well-being. There is a lot of theoretical work on Sen’s capability framework but still a lack of empirical research in measuring and testing his capability model especially in a dynamic perspective. The contribution of the paper is first to test Sen’s theoretical CA approach empirically using 25 years of German and 18 years of British data. Second, to examine to what extent the capability approach can explain long-term changes in well-being and third to view the impact on subjective as well as objective well-being in two clearly distinct welfare states. Three measures of well-being are constructed: life satisfaction for subjective well-being and relative income and employment security for objective well-being. We ran random and fixed effects GLS models. The findings strongly support Sen’s capabilities framework and provide evidence on the way capabilities, choices and constraints matter for objective and subjective well-being. Capabilities pertaining to human capital, trust, altruism and risk taking, and choices to family, work-leisure, lifestyle and social behaviour show to strongly affect long-term changes in subjective and objective well-being though in a different way largely depending on the type of well-being measure used.