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北京市道路交通外部成本衡量及内部化研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文在综合分析了大气污染、噪声污染、交通事故和交通拥堵4种道路交通外部成本的基础上,分别用支付意愿和人力资本结合法、降噪达标法、事故综合经济损失计量模型和拥堵成本模型对北京市道路交通外部成本进行了衡量,得出拥堵外部成本最大、事故外部成本最小的结论。此外,文章还把计算出的外部成本通过燃油污染税、附加公害费和拥堵费的形式分配到公交车辆、私人汽车和出租汽车这3种交通工具上以实现内部化;并指出公交乘客每次出行承担的外部成本最小,私人车辆乘客承担最大,进而为交通运输产品的定价提供参考。 相似文献
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研究了提供公交车实时到站信息服务,对乘客出行行为的影响以及公交公司在基于自身利润最大化目标下,决策是否提供信息进行分析.模型中假设,理性的出行者随机到达车站或者利用公交信息提前规划自己的行程.计划出行的人数依赖于公交车的发车频率以及提供信息的质量的高低.基于固定需求的乘客出行分析,研究了公交公司在选择是否提供信息和设定运营频率以最大化利润.得到不同运营策略的公交公司的发车频率及最优利润.发现乘客利用信息成本越低,公交公司在提供信息方面越积极,公交公司可能在降低社会总成本的情况下落入“囚徒困境”.如果乘客利用信息的成本较高,而信息提供成本较低,则可能出现一家公交公司提供信息而另一家通过增加服务频率来差异竞争的均衡结果. 相似文献
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在假设乘客对拥挤敏感程度具有异质性的基础上分析公交乘车的成本构成,并利用
Wardrop 用户分配第一准则对多起点单讫点的公交线路建立了基本均衡模型,通过数学推导,证明了在该假设下早高峰的存在性,并探索了均衡条件下不同类型的乘客间的混成特点以及分布特征. 算例结果支持了模型的结论. 这有助于加深对复杂交通行为的理解,对改进公交规划与管理具有理论指导价值. 相似文献
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地铁在城市交通中发挥着重要作用。然而,在新冠肺炎(COVID-19)疫情下,地铁的运营出现了包括消毒、限流及出行独立等多重约束。错峰出行成为了众多城市地铁运营过程中的必然选择。如何既满足居民的基本出行需求,为顺利实现复工复学提供交通支持,又能有效降低乘客感染病毒的风险与追踪密切接触者的成本成为了城市地铁运营的新目标。本文通过对北京地铁运营现状及居民的出行规律分析发现,在新型冠状病毒疫情下,地铁运营过程中存在出行需求与地铁运力不匹配,复工复产与疫情防控,乘客交叉出行数量过多等难题,并针对以上难题提出了分时段复工出行与周末可复工在内的复杂指派模型。这一指派模型不仅实现了城市关键地铁站点平峰人流量、降低疫情传播风险及追踪难度的目标,同时通过模型目标函数与约束条件的灵活修改可实现更为复杂的乘坐地铁复工复产目标。本文所提出的模型在复杂周期性平峰问题中具有较强的推广应用价值。 相似文献
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城市公共交通是城市的动脉,精神文明建设的窗口,社会生产的第一道工序。大力发展城市公共交通,为全社会提供方便、迅捷、经济、安全的出行环境,对节约人们的出行时间,加速哈尔滨市社会经济的发展,具有十分重要的意义。因此,如何更好地实施“公交优先”发展战略是当前哈尔滨市亟需解决的重要问题。 相似文献
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城市公交车与市民的生产、生活息息相关,为市民的出行提供了便利和快捷,是城市市民出行的一种重要交通工具.然而,由于公交企业运营的特点,以及城市公共交通基础建设和管理不足、交通参与人员遵章守法的安全意识较弱、人们维权意识提高等多方面原因,导致交通事故赔偿成为企业发生最多的纠纷案件.这不仅给企业造成了重大的经济损失,而且对企业的公共形象也带来了负面影响.道路交通事故已成为公交企业面临的最大风险 相似文献
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公交优先不仅仅是公交车辆在交通中的优先地位,而是公共交通必须在城市建设与发展中被优先考虑,这才是公交优先的真正意义,本文从公交系统的公益性出发,说明发展公交优先的重要意义,并同时分析了公交优先的途径与基本策略。 相似文献
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通勤出行是城市居民最基本和最重要的出行目的,通勤出行时间价值是评价通勤出行者对交通方式选择的重要参数之一,以累积前景理论为基础,将通勤出行时间价值引入广义出行成本函数中,以权重函数和改进的广义出行成本函数作为交通方式选择模型的依据,并在模型中自定义广义出行成本参考点,选择累积前景值最大的前景作为出行者最优决策。分别基于“期望效用最大化理论”和“累积前景理论”对通勤出行者在三种不同出行场景下进行仿真模拟,研究最优交通方式选择行为。研究结果表明:期望效用理论框架下,通勤出行者的交通方式选择行为不受出行场景的影响,累积前景理论更适用于出行方式选择行为的研究。构建以通勤出行时间价值为核心变量的交通方式选择模型,可帮助通勤出行者选择合理的交通方式,并为政府及相关部门制定交通管理规划和实施缓解交通拥堵政策提供依据。 相似文献
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Public Organization Review - The aim of this article is to identify whether the commercialization of NGOs has an influence on the crowding out or crowding in effect of volunteer work, and to... 相似文献
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Abstract. This paper analyses optimal contracts in a principal–agent model where the agent is intrinsically motivated, and there is an endogenous relationship between the structure of incentive payments and intrinsic motivation (crowding effects). The analysis shows that crowding effects have implications for the optimal contract, and that, under some conditions, the principal can make better achievements without implementing any economic incentives. Furthermore, it is shown that when high‐powered incentives reduce intrinsic motivation (crowding‐out), the first‐best solution in a principal–agent framework is unattainable. 相似文献
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Gabriel M. Ahlfeldt Stephen J. Redding Daniel M. Sturm Nikolaus Wolf 《Econometrica : journal of the Econometric Society》2015,83(6):2127-2189
This paper develops a quantitative model of internal city structure that features agglomeration and dispersion forces and an arbitrary number of heterogeneous city blocks. The model remains tractable and amenable to empirical analysis because of stochastic shocks to commuting decisions, which yield a gravity equation for commuting flows. To structurally estimate agglomeration and dispersion forces, we use data on thousands of city blocks in Berlin for 1936, 1986, and 2006 and exogenous variation from the city's division and reunification. We estimate substantial and highly localized production and residential externalities. We show that the model with the estimated agglomeration parameters can account both qualitatively and quantitatively for the observed changes in city structure. We show how our quantitative framework can be used to undertake counterfactuals for changes in the organization of economic activity within cities in response, for example, to changes in the transport network. 相似文献
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Lonnie K. Stevans 《LABOUR》1996,10(2):357-374
ABSTRACT: The 1990 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth is utilized to explore the effects that the occupational crowding of immigrants has on the real wages of indigenous and non-US citizen workers already in the United States. Findings include adverse wage effects as a result of the crowding of immigrants on the following worker categories: (1) indigenous, unskilled, white or black workers and (2) non-US citizen, skilled or unskilled black workers. Foreign-born, skilled, and white workers already in the US realize a positive effect on their real wages as a result of having a large relative number of non-US citizens in their occupations. 相似文献
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This paper examines the impact of setup reduction on a finite horizon, periodic review inventory system, under deterministic time varying demand. A total relevant cost function is developed for such systems. Using this, the impact of setup reduction is examined under various forms of setup reduction cost functions that have been suggested in the literature. The operating characteristics and optimization of the various scenarios are discussed. Our analysis shows that the effects of setup reduction in a periodic review system are similar to those in a reorder point system. Our results are likely to help practitioners who use similar periodic review systems towards decreasing total inventory related costs by investing in setup reduction. 相似文献
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基于产品寿命周期的质量成本模型及其分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
传统的质量成本数学模型通常是根据产品的合格率即产品的质量水平来建模的,无法反映产品质量成本与产品寿命之间的相互关系。本文根据产品所处寿命周期各个阶段质量成本的变化特性,建立产品在整个寿命周期的质量成本数学模型,即产品质量成本随产品寿命随机变量变化的函数关系;提出了尽量缩短产品介绍期时间,在产品成长期推行零缺陷的质量管理要求及设法延长产品成熟期时间的优化设计原则。 相似文献
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Buyers often find that obtaining complete information about suppliers is costly. In such scenarios, there is a trade‐off between the costs of obtaining information and the benefits that accrue to the owners of such information. There are also various ways in which the missing information can be obtained or inferred. In this paper, we compare the efficiency of obtaining information via the classical mechanism design approach, which relies on the information available before the contracts are designed, with that of an “audit‐based” approach, which relies on the information obtained after the fact. In our model, a single buyer (the Stackelberg leader) wishes to procure a package of products or services from various competing suppliers that possess private cost information. We allow for arbitrary cost and revenue functions and can incorporate multiple cost and revenue drivers. We show how the buyer can optimize her profit and at the same time coordinate the channel by using a contract scheme involving auctions, audits, and profit sharing. We also examine the behavior of this mechanism when the supplier can exert effort to reduce cost but the cost of effort cannot be verified. We propose several mechanisms for different precontract informational scenarios and compare their performance. 相似文献
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生产与研发成本差异下双寡头横向R&D合作 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
引入多种成本不对称,放松AJ模型对称假设条件,构建了生产与研发成本差异下双寡头横向R&D与产量水平决策模型,研究了完全不合作、半合作、完全合作和福利最大化状态下的企业均衡行为,分析了两种成本差异化程度及溢出水平对均衡的影响,并进一步对比分析了不同状态下的均衡结果。 相似文献