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1.
This paper examines multidimensional poverty among children in Afghanistan using the Alkire-Foster method. Several previous studies have underlined the need to separate children from their adult nexus when studying poverty and treat them according to their own specificities. From the capability approach, child poverty is understood to be the lack of freedom to do and to be what children themselves value and have reason to value. The case of Afghanistan is particularly relevant as years of conflict aggravated by several severe droughts, political insecurity, bad governance and ongoing violence have significantly increased poverty in the country. The paper discusses the relevant dimensions when analysing child poverty and uses data from a survey carried out by Handicap International which contains information on dimensions of children’s wellbeing that is typically missing in standard surveys. Ten dimension are considered in this paper: health, care and love, material deprivation, food security, social inclusion, education, freedom from economic and non-economic exploitation, shelter and environment, autonomy, and mobility. Our results show that younger children, those living in rural areas, girls and disabled children are the most deprived. 相似文献
2.
Child poverty has been widely discussed in Germany since the publication of the third official Poverty and Wealth Report of
the German government in 2008 which—inter alia—focused on the situation of children and families. However, child poverty is
not only caused by low household incomes and impacts of child poverty are not only restricted to financial consequences. The
capability approach takes into account this multidimensionality of well-being and poverty of children. It conceptualizes human
well-being as not only depending on financial means but also gives the same importance to the personal and social conversion
factors which determine how far financial means can be converted into personal well-being. Before 2008 the capability approach
had only been applied to the well-being of adults in Germany, but not specifically to the well-being of children. However,
there are several reasons why a capability analysis for children will differ from a capability analysis for adults. Adults’
capability sets comprise dimensions that are less relevant for small children while other valuable capabilities have to be
added. Furthermore the capability set depends to a large extent on the age of the child. The paper focuses on a multidimensional
poverty analysis in the capability perspective of 5–6 years old children. In the domains of “Education/Leisure”, “Health”,
“Social Participation” and “Income” child poverty is measured by predefined indicators. The relationship to the social and
personal conversion factors of the caretakers is then evaluated. Additionally, a multidimensional poverty measure is analyzed. 相似文献
3.
At risk of poverty indicators based on relative income measures suggest that within the enlarged EU societies located at quite
different points on a continuum of affluence have similar levels of poverty. Substantial differences in levels of income between
societies do not in themselves invalidate this approach. However, the relative income approach fails to capture the fact that,
if countries are grouped in terms of level of GDP, between economic cluster differences in life-style deprivation are sharper
at lower income levels. Support for the argument relating to restricted reference groups is found in relation to the contrast
between the twelve most affluent EU countries and all others. The limitations of relative income poverty lines have little
to do with the process of enlargement as such. Instead the major problem involves the weak association between income and
deprivation in the more affluent countries. However, as a consequence of such difficulties, such indicators do not provide
entirely meaningful comparisons of levels of disadvantage across economic clusters. The current analysis, rather than supporting
the alternative of a focus on absolute income or an EU wide poverty line, suggests that we should take the argument for adopting
a multidimensional approach to the measurement of poverty more seriously. 相似文献
4.
This paper offers evidence on the sensitivity of child poverty in South Africa to changes in the adult equivalence scale (AES)
and updates the child poverty profile based on the Income and Expenditure Survey 2005/06. Setting the poverty line at the
40th percentile of households calculated with different AESs the scope and composition of child poverty are found to be relatively
insensitive to the scale used. The rankings of children of different ages, girls versus boys, racial groupings and children
living in rural versus urban areas are unaffected by choice of AES, although some provincial rankings on the poverty headcount
measure are. The proportions of children and households ‘correctly’ identified as poor for the full range of scales is extremely high.
These findings support the argument that it may be appropriate for profiling poverty in South Africa to use a poverty line
based on a per capita welfare measure. For the construction of the child poverty profile, per capita income is used as the
welfare indicator with the poverty line set at the 40th percentile of household. The profile suggests that poverty amongst
children is more extensive than amongst the population or adults even after the massive injection of transfers into households
with poor children through the child support grant. The child poverty headcount, depth and severity are all highest amongst
children age 0–4 and lowest amongst those aged 15–17, who are not yet beneficiaries of the grants. They are also highest amongst
African and Coloured children. Large variations across provinces remain. The analysis underlines the importance of prioritising
children in the fight against poverty, particularly in their earliest years. 相似文献
5.
The large literature on health differentials between rural and urban areas relies almost exclusively on cross-sectional data. Bringing together the demographic literature on area-level health inequalities with the bio-physiological literature on children’s catch-up growth over time, this paper uses panel data to investigate the stability and origins of rural–urban health differentials. Using data from the Young Lives longitudinal study of child poverty, I present evidence of large level differences but similar trends in rural versus urban children’s height for age in four developing countries. Further, observable characteristics of children’s environment such as their household wealth, mother’s education, and epidemiological environment explain these differentials in most contexts. In Peru, where they do not, children’s birthweight and mothers’ health and other characteristics suggest that initial endowments—even before birth—may play an important role in explaining "residual" rural–urban child height inequalities. These latter results imply that prioritizing maternal nutrition and health is essential—particularly where rural–urban height inequalities are large. Interventions to reduce area-level health inequalities should begin even before birth. 相似文献
6.
Time constraints, like money constraints, affect Americans’ well-being. This paper defines what it means to be time poor based
on the concepts of necessary and committed time and presents time poverty thresholds and rates for the US population and certain
subgroups. Multivariate regression techniques are used to identify the key variables associated with discretionary time and
time poverty. The data confirm the idea that individuals in households with children have less discretionary time and are
thus more likely to be time poor than those in households without children. Controlling for other household characteristics,
an additional child reduces a household adult’s daily discretionary time by 35 min. Surprisingly, while one might expect the
necessary and committed activities required of an individual to be less in a two-adult household with children than in a one-adult
household with children because child care can be shared, the data show that the presence of such a second adult only marginally
reduces the necessary and committed time burden of an individual household member. Perhaps even more surprisingly, household
income is not a statistically significant correlate of discretionary time or time poverty. 相似文献
7.
This paper aims to contribute to the literature on poverty and social exclusion by analysing the type of deprivation of the household where the child lives and the level of deprivation that child experiences. Using the EU-SILC 2009 module on deprivation for Spain, we find that the level of child deprivation varies among household types, that is, even after controlling for the socio-economic characteristics of the household and parents, the lack of certain items at the household level induces a more intense child deprivation. Therefore, we can conclude that there exists an association between child deprivation and the household deprivation profile that surpasses the socio-demographic characteristics of the household and parents. 相似文献
8.
This paper addresses a key methodological challenge in the modeling of individual poverty dynamics—the influence of measurement
error. Taking the US and Britain as case studies and building on recent research that uses latent Markov models to reduce
bias, we examine how measurement error can affect a range of important poverty estimates. Our data are taken from the British
Household Panel Survey and the US Panel Study of Income Dynamics, for working-aged adults over the period 1993–2003. For both
national samples we ask how common vulnerability to poverty was over the period in question, what the entry and exit probabilities
were for the group likely to transition into or out of poverty, and how effective redistributive programs were at protecting
those most at risk. Crucially, in answering these questions we estimate and remove the effects of error in the measurement
of poverty status. Throughout, we compare our results with estimates that do not take this error into account, and assess
the implications for understanding poverty dynamics both within and between the two countries. Our modeling strategy extends
previous research in several respects, enabling us to make stronger statements about measurement error and individual poverty
dynamics. We find that correcting for error affects conclusions in important ways: Poverty is less temporary and risks are
less widely dispersed than otherwise assumed, while cross-national differences are more pronounced. 相似文献
9.
Recently, the first ever estimate of the number of children living poverty in developing countries was undertaken. The incidence
of child poverty was estimated by establishing how many children suffer severe deprivation in at least one out of seven indicators
which are internationally recognized as their rights as well as constitutive of poverty. This is a major step forward in the
analysis of poverty. In this paper, we generalize these findings on the incidence of children living in poverty by exploring
how to estimate the depth and severity of child poverty.
Two countries can have the same proportion of children living in poverty, however, the actual plight of children could be
very different depending on how many deprivations, on average, children suffer. In addition, even if they suffer from the
same average number of deprivations, these deprivation could be the same for all children or be very unevenly distributed.
We show how these considerations can be used to estimate the depth and severity of poverty. We use regional data to provide
applied examples of this methodology.
The method proposed in this paper is similar to the one used to estimate the incidence, depth and severity of income poverty.
The paper also offers some possible generalizations and ways forward for future research. 相似文献
10.
In this paper, we conceptualize and develop an index of sociodemographic risk that we hypothesize will be an improvement over
the standard poverty measure as a measure of risk for children’s development. The poverty line is widely used in government
statistics and in research but is also widely acknowledged to have multiple shortcomings. Using recent data from the National
Survey of America’s Families, we develop and examine a Sociodemographic Risk Index for two potential purposes: (a) to serve
as a summary indicator of children’s environments that affect their well-being, and (b) to serve as a variable that can be
used to identify at-risk subgroups of children whose well-being should be examined separately in indicator reports. Based
on substantial research on children’s development, we chose five variables for the index: family income, family structure,
parent education, family size, and home ownership. An additive sociodemographic risk index using these variables is strongly
associated with multiple measures of child well-being in both bivariate and multivariate analyses. Hence, it serves as a good
marker of risk for children and therefore as an indicator that could be monitored over time, across groups, and across places,
as well as a variable that could be used to identify subgroups of at-risk children whose well-being should be monitored. However,
analyses do not indicate that it performs better at identifying at-risk children than the current poverty measure. Therefore,
we recommend the Sociodemographic Risk Index primarily as an additional summary indicator to be monitored, rather than as
a replacement for the poverty measure. 相似文献
11.
Child poverty, as a critical indicator of the QOL, is intricately related to the social structure of the community. This hypothesis
is explored for the 159 counties of Georgia for the year 2000. The influence of demographic, economic, family and health factors
upon child poverty are explored through models of total, black and white child poverty. Factor analyses of factors uncovered
by the models identify the social-structural features of counties in relation to child poverty. Counties considered “Deprived/rural”
harbor child poverty, while counties described as “Business/money” and “Progressive/urban” bear a negative relationship to
child poverty. Positively associated with child poverty are residential stability, unemployment, low educational achievement,
youth and age dependency, single-parent female household heads with children, grandparent child care, and health disability
of child, elders and of working-age persons. Structural factors militating against child poverty are persons with greater
education, higher population density, out migration, larger married population, higher retail sales, larger middle class families,
higher weekly wages, and other structural features of the county. 相似文献
12.
This paper empirically examines the disparities over time across six dimensions of poverty (monetary, education, health, housing, basic services, and durable assets) between ethnic minority and majority households in rural Vietnam. Using the five-wave panel data of the Vietnam Access to Resources Household Survey (VARHS) 2008–2016, we observe improvements in most non-monetary dimensions of poverty for both ethnic groups, while the monetary dimension shows the highest degrees of deprivation and the lowest rate of decrease during the studied period. Health is the only dimension in which ethnic minority households are not only better off than those of majority households during the studied period, but also report improvement. We further explore the role of social capital in ethnic minorities and non-minorities at household and community levels in multiple dimensions of poverty by employing multilevel models. Our study reports the significant effects social capital have at the community level on reducing poverty in the monetary, education, housing, and basic services dimensions for ethnic minorities, while social capital at the household level shows significant effects on monetary, basic services, and durable assets. These findings indicate that policy makers ought to consider the role of social capital when designing poverty alleviation strategies for the country. 相似文献
13.
The measurement of poverty as ‘consistent’ poverty offers a solution to one of the primary problems of poverty measurement within Social Policy of the last three decades. Often treated as if they were synonymous, ‘indirect’ measures of poverty, such as low income measures, and ‘direct’ measures, such as indices of material deprivation, identify surprisingly different people as being poor. In response to this mismatch, a team of Irish researchers put forward a measure which identified respondents in as being in poverty when they experienced both a low standard of living, as measured by deprivation indicators, and a lack of resources, as measured by a low income line. Importantly, they argued that the two measures required an equal weight. In this paper, I present a reconsideration of the consistent poverty measure from both conceptual and empirical perspectives. In particular, I examine the claim that low income and material deprivation measures should be given an ‘equal weight’. I argue that, from a conceptual perspective, the nature of the indicators at hand means that a deprivation-led measurement approach might be understood to align with the definition of poverty which Nolan and Whelan outline and, from an empirical perspective, that it is the material deprivation measure—and not the low income measure—which is particularly effective in identifying individuals at risk of multiple forms of deprivation. However, I argue that greater attention needs to be given to the question of whether indicators of material deprivation provide a sufficient measure of material poverty and suggest that advancing the measurement of material deprivation beyond its relatively rudimentary state represents an important priority for poverty research. 相似文献
14.
The provisions for child support reform in the Family Support Act of 1988 are likely to have a large impact upon the well-being of children eligible for child support, a group expected to include half of the children in the country. The reform is expected to increase child support payments and thereby reduce the economic insecurity and poverty of children who live apart from a parent. It is also expected to lead to increased contact between noncustodial parents and their children, which may also enhance well-being. This paper reviews the child support system in the United States, summarizes the empirical research that has been carried out on children from disrupted families, analyzes the impact that the Family Support Act may have on child well-being, and discusses the key variables that should be measured as well as the most promising sources of data to evaluate child support reform.Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the views of the sponsoring institutions. 相似文献
15.
Individuals can be money poor, time poor or both. While income is the most used indicator of poverty, broader indexes including
non-monetary aspects of deprivation have been proposed and measured. As one such measure, our study focuses on the element
of deprivation arising from the time deficit of many working people. The usual poverty threshold is calculated as the amount
of income to buy the minimum required goods and services from the market. This minimum required purchase is greater for these
people since they have less time than the average person to produce some goods and services for themselves at home. So, they
need money to buy these in the market in order to maintain the same consumption. The income standard must be supplemented
to adequately measure actual poverty.
Time use data make it possible to establish time requirements and time availability and provide a measure of time poverty.
Using Canadian GSS 1998 data, and building on the work of Vickery (1977, ‚The time poor: A new look at poverty’, The Journal
of Human Resources 12(1), pp. 27-48) and of Douthitt (1993, ‚The inclusion of time availability in Canadian poverty measures’,
Time-Use Methodology: Toward Consensus (ISTAT, Roma), pp. 83–91), and our own previous study, we estimate time-adjusted poverty
thresholds and rates for single and dual parent Canadian families. As expected, we have found high incidence of time deficit
among the employed single parents with children. We make a case for the acceptance of a redefined poverty standard for such
time-deprived groups. 相似文献
16.
Exploitation of child labour is an endemic problem in sub-Saharan Africa. The situation is increasingly worsening due to increasing poverty and HIV/AIDS. We carried out a study to understand how the AIDS epidemic facilitates the presence of child labour in Iringa Rural District in Tanzania. The findings revealed that children opt for early participation in the labour force due to the ever-increasing poverty existing at their household level. There is a correlation between poverty and HIV/AIDS in general, and particularly between HIV/AIDS and the poor socio-economic condition of orphans. Current interventions to stop child labour do not yield good results because of low level of awareness on child labour issues at village levels. The government and its partners, such as ILO, should improve the coordination between the district and the communities (villages) in order to make sure that communities at the village level are reached and assisted. Furthermore, reducing rural poverty is imperative if child labour is to be eliminated. 相似文献
17.
In-work poverty is a growing problem in many developed economies. In Hong Kong, there were 200,700 working poor households in 2016, and approximately half of the total poor population in Hong Kong was living in those working poor households. A growing body of literature has examined the problem of the working poor, but most studies have used relative income as a measure of poverty. In this paper, we adopt the material deprivation approach for assessing the poverty situation of in-work poverty households in Hong Kong. We have interviewed 3565 workers in Hong Kong during a survey conduct in 2016. We compare the results of the material deprivation approach with those of the income poverty approach and evaluate the adequacy of the official income poverty line in gauging the situation of in-work poverty. Our findings reinforce existing studies indicating that deprivation offers an important complement to the income poverty line in poverty analysis. Our results show that there is a moderate overlap between workers identified as poor by the deprivation approach and by the income poverty line. And these two groups of workers have very different profiles. The results provide important policy implications for alleviating poverty among the working poor in Hong Kong. 相似文献
18.
In Southern Africa, high adult HIV prevalence has fueled concern about the welfare of children losing parents to the epidemic.
A growing body of evidence indicates that parental, particularly maternal, death is negatively associated with child outcomes.
However, a better understanding of the mechanisms is needed. In addition, the way orphan disadvantage and the mechanisms giving
rise to it are understood on the ground is essential for the successful translation of research into policies and programs.
This study employs data from 89 in-depth interviews with caregivers and key informants in Lesotho, a setting where approximately
one-quarter of adults is infected with HIV, to elaborate understandings of orphan disadvantage. Our analysis focuses on two
questions: (i) Do local actors perceive orphans to be disadvantaged compared to non-orphans, and if so, in what ways; and
(ii) How do they explain orphans’ differential disadvantage? Analyses suggest that orphans were widely perceived to be disadvantaged;
respondents described this disadvantage in material as well as affective domains. Thematic analyses reveal five broad categories
of explanation: poverty, love and kin connection, caregiver character, perceptions of orphans, and community norms related
to orphan care. These results underscore the need for research and policy to address (i) multiple types of disadvantage, including
deficits in kindness and attention; and (ii) the social embeddedness of disadvantage, recognizing that poverty, kinship, and
community interact with individual attributes to shape caregiving relationships and child experiences. The findings suggest
limited success for programs and policies that do not address the emotional needs of children, or that focus on child or caregiver
support to the exclusion of community outreach. 相似文献
19.
‘Wellbeing’ is a key concept in the study of children’s lives over time, given its potential to link the objective, subjective,
and inter-subjective dimensions of their experiences in ways that are holistic, contextualized and longitudinal. For this
reason wellbeing is one of the core concepts used by Young Lives, a 15-year project (2000–2015) that follows the lives of
12,000 children growing up in the context of poverty in Ethiopia, Peru, Vietnam and Andhra Pradesh (India) (see ). This paper examines a selection of methods being used by Young Lives to capture aspects of child wellbeing in the context
of a range of children’s life experiences related to poverty, specific risks and protective processes. It draws on a review
of the literature on child-focused methods and on recent experiences piloting three core qualitative methods in the four study
countries. The paper reports the development of a methodology that is child-centred, but also acknowledges that every child
is embedded within a network of social and economic relationships.
相似文献
20.
Offering an Indigenous perspective, this commentary discusses collaborative research, shared meaning making, and knowledge
building specific to child development, and reflects on social, cultural, and historical aspects that influence these processes.
Drawing upon experiences of developing a collaborative research approach with which to engage Aboriginal communities to appreciate,
understand, and potentially use the Early Development Instrument (EDI; Janus and Offord in Can J Behav Sci 39:1–22, 2007), a teacher-administered rating scale on kindergarten children’s development, the commentary focuses on five key questions
relevant to research processes undertaken with Indigenous Peoples, and the importance of social, ethical, and cultural aspects
of validity: How do Indigenous epistemologies and knowledges inform and influence research processes that utilize the EDI
as a measurement tool? How can the EDI be used as a measurement tool within a research process that fosters the thriving of
children and their families in Aboriginal communities while promoting Indigenous Peoples’ self-determination? In what ways
do local, Indigenous cultural and ethical considerations inform aspects of validation research pertaining to the EDI? How
can (Western mainstream) universities build research capacity that is informed by Indigenous knowledges and ways of being,
doing, and knowing? What are the potential consequences of using normative research tools—such as the EDI—as a method to build
knowledge on children’s development with Indigenous Peoples and Aboriginal communities? This commentary suggests that from
an Indigenous perspective, research on child development is valid and meaningful knowledge if it is clearly linked to the
children’s and families’ wellbeing according to local cultural norms and values. 相似文献
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