循环经济：实现可持续发展的重要途径

循环经济是按自然生态物质循环方式运行的体现可持续发展特征的现代经济模式。发展循环经济是实施可持续发展战略的需要,是实现我国新型工业化的重要途径,是应对经济全球化的重要举措。国内外循环经济实践为发展循环经济提供了借鉴,经济结构调整为循环经济发展提供了契机,人类自身发展的内在需要为循环经济发展提供了动力。要树立发展循环经济新理念,加快循环经济立法,开发并建立绿色技术体系,因地制宜实施循环经济发展模式,为发展循环经济创造良好环境。大力发展循环经济,实现国民经济全面、协调、可持续发展。     

发展循环经济与扩大内需互动:我国经济持续发展的必然选择

扩大内需成为我国应对全球经济危机,保障经济稳定持续发展的关键.扩大内需、发展循环经济,是我国经济可持续发长的必然选择.只有强化发展循环经济与扩大内需的互动.才能保障我国经济的健康发展.为此,我国必须以科学发展观为指导,通过政策支持的方式在扩大内需以保障经济增长的基础上,实行以循环经济为核心的经济结构调整,才是我国经济健康运行和可持续发展的理想之道.     

发展循环经济实现社会经济可持续发展

循环经济是一种新型的经济发展模式,是我国可持续发展战略的必然选择。探讨了循环经济的概念内涵,循环经济在我国发展的必然性,并提出了我国发展循环经济的基本途径及对策。     

循环经济的"不经济性"

循环经济亦称物质闭环流动型经济,本质上是一种生态经济.循环经济在现行经济体制下,面临"不经济性"的难题,其根源并非在于循环经济偏离"成本最低"和"利润最大化"的原则,而在于现行经济体制将环境资源的滥用排除在成本计算之外.需要采取构筑相应的法律体系和政府主导型的社会运行机制等对策来解决循环经济不经济的问题.     

城市循环经济发展评价指标体系构建与实证研究

随着我国城市化进程的不断推进,城市环境、资源与经济社会发展的矛盾日益突出.因此,发展循环经济是实现城市可持续发展的战略选择和必经之路,对循环经济发展状况的评价是发展城市循环经济的必要环节.可以依据城市循环经济的内涵和循环经济系统的构成,构建其评价指标体系,并根据循环经济评价指标体系的"灰色"特征和指标权重的重要性,应用灰色关联方法评价循环经济并提出政策建议.     

发展循环经济实现可持续发展

循环经济成为综合国力竞争和争夺国际发展制高点的一场新竞赛.发展循环经济是从根本上减轻环境污染的有效途径,也是提高经济效益的重要途径.根据我国的实际情况,应提高人们对发展循环经济的认识,加强政府引导与市场推进相结合,加紧制定促进循环经济发展的政策、法律法规,在经济结构战略性调整中大力推进循环经济,以绿色消费推动循环经济发展,建立绿色国民经济核算制度.     

黑龙江省发展循环经济的对策研究

黑龙江省作为一个曾有资源优势的大省,在经历了长期开发之后,资源枯竭与经济发展的矛盾变得异常突出,生态环境接纳污染物已达到饱和状态,经济社会发展已无环境容量,因此,发展循环经济成为当前一项十分紧迫的任务。我们必须跳出传统发展思路,站在可持续发展的战略高度,寻求经济发展的新模式、新理念。应加强地方政府引导和市场推进作用,调整产业结构,优化经济布局,形成循环经济发展的技术支撑体系,营造发展循环经济的良好氛围。将经济导入到良性轨道,大力发展循环经济,并研究其发展对策,最终真正建立起资源节约型社会。     

中美循环经济法治化环境政策因素比较与借鉴

中国循环经济促进法的实施,是循环经济法治化的关键.但其政策法的特点,亦为其有效实施带来困境.因此,需要相关环境政策扶持体系的建立与完善.循环经济集资源节约、环境保护及经济可持续发展于一体,遵循"减量化、再利用、资源化"的原则,故而,决定其政策扶持体系具有决策风险、综合考量、技术基础、利益权衡等特点.特别是在金融危机背景下,借鉴美国<蓝色天空--奥巴马政府新思路>的间接模式与"美国加州零废弃物计划"的直接模式,进一步完善资源价值计量政策、排污收费政策、价格政策、技术政策、消费政策等循环经济法治化的政策体系.     

对发展我国循环型工业的思考

现阶段,中国经济的发展面临着人口、资源、环境污染等方面的压力,若想实现中国经济的可持续增长,必须转变传统工业的生产方式,发展循环型工业。循环型工业是在循环经济理论、工业生态学和可持续发展的思想指导下出现的一种新型工业,是我国实现经济可持续发展的必然选择。循环型工业具有实现生态型资源的良性循环,最大限度地减少废物排放,保护生态环境等特点。对循环型工业发展过程中存在的问题,应采取相应的解决措施。     

中国循环经济发展的若干理论与实践探索

循环经济是针对经济增长对资源和环境压力而提出的一种新的经济发展模式,也是指一种新的技术经济模式。发展循环经济涉及经济增长、就业与环境之间的深层次矛盾问题。涉及对污染治理的经济学问题、经济发展阶段与循环经济、循环经济与效率、循环经济与生态经济、循环经济与社会公平、循环经济伦理与环境伦理等问题的研究。中国发展循环经济面临的主要问题是企业规模小,缺乏规模支撑和尚未形成适合区域性循环经济网络发展需要的经济机制和政策体系等问题。应该加快进行适合循环经济发展的制度创新,选择优先发展循环经济的领域,治理污染,保护环境。     

Commonality and Diversity in Feminist Social Work

Correspondence to Vicky White, Department of Applied Social Studies, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL. Summary The relationship between feminist social workers and women serviceusers is a central concern in the feminist social work literature.The literature's discussion of feminist social worker/womanservice user relationships, along the dimensions of commonalityand diversity, is compared with the experiences and understandingsof feminist social workers who participated in a small-scalequalitative study. Two main themes are considered: first, commonalityin feminist social worker/woman service user relationships;secondly, diversity amongst women service users. Issues forfuture work are drawn out of the discussion of these themes:the problematic nature of feminist social worker/woman serviceuser commonality; the impact of social divisions other thangender on women service users' lives; the importance of unpackinggeneralizations about both women service users and feministsocial workers; the need to explore the intersections of thestatutory context and feminist social work identities. It isargued that in addressing these issues future work would beenriched if greater prominence were given to feminist practitioners'perspectives, experiences and understandings.     

美国女性主义法学的法律观及其局限性

女性主义法学作为后批判法学的一个分支,在美国的理论界和司法领域都产生了一定的影响。女性主义法学在批判传统法律理论和现行法律制度的时候,运用了意识觉醒、女性主义实际推理和询问妇女问题的方法。这种法律观(包括其法律实体观和法学方法论)存在着一定程度的缺陷,因此无法与传统的理论相抗衡——这也决定了女性主义法学无法实现其解构传统法律文化的初衷。     

The Intersection of Race and Gender: An Examination of Black Feminist Consciousness,Race Consciousness,and Policy Attitudes*

Objective. In this article, we investigate black feminist consciousness, its relationship to race consciousness, and its impact on policy attitudes. Unlike scholars and activists who argue that black feminist consciousness detracts from race consciousness, we argue that the two go hand in hand. Methods. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we examine public opinion survey data from the 1993 National Black Politics Study. Results. We find that both black women and men have fairly high levels of support for black feminist ideals. Also, we provide evidence that black feminist consciousness is positively related to the components of race consciousness and demonstrate the influence of black feminist consciousness on support for abortion rights. Conclusions. Our research is important because it uses a measure of black feminist consciousness true to its theoretical origins.     

Bridging the gap: feminist theory and practice reality in work with the perpetrators of child sexual abuse

Child sexual abuse has been a focus of concern for feminist writers for over a decade, and social work and probation practitioners are spending an increasing amount of time undertaking intervention with men who sexually abuse children. This paper uses a review of feminist literature which identifies three contested areas in the feminist discussion: theory, power and the fixity of gender, and discusses whether these debates are reflected in any way in the interventions being undertaken with men who sexually abuse children. The conclusion reached is of a distance between theory which draws on a radical patriarchal analysis of child sexual abuse and the practice of those who attempt to work with the perpetrators of such abuse. Although some workers frame their intervention in terms of a patriarchal understanding of society and of the nature of power within this – to this extent following a radical feminist approach – there is a sense in which practitioners' use of feminist theory is only partial. Thus feminist theory is often presented as unitary and there is a sense in which practitioners who say they are espousing feminism are not in touch with the subtleties of feminist analysis revealed in the literature review. In addition, the logic of the radical feminist perspective is not followed through in practice as there is evidence of a sensitivity to difference which may be aligning practitioners with a post-modern/post-structural interpretation of men's sexual violence towards children.     

Familiar subjects? Domestic violence and child welfare

Historically, domestic violence and child welfare have been seen as largely separate concerns. Over the last decade domestic violence has finally gained a place on social work agendas, partly as a result of linking domestic violence with child protection issues. Whilst welcoming the extent to which domestic violence is being taken seriously, we raise concerns about the dominant feminist perspectives guiding this project. We argue that current feminist theory is based on fixed and essentialist gender and generational categories which are unhelpful in understanding the complexities of family situations and family processes. Instead we argue for the relevance of relational understandings of gender, power and violence developed from feminist post-structuralist and psychoanalytic theorists. In doing so, we challenge accepted feminist understandings of domestic violence, and question the basis upon which dominant feminist approaches claim an unviolable alliance between the interests of women and children.     

The Science Behind Feminist Research Methods

Feminist science often is caricatured in oppositional terms—as a venture antagonistic to the scientific mission. Such portrayals not only misrepresent feminist science but also displace the fact that there are multiple feminist approaches toward science, each advancing particular notions of appropriate methods, objectivity, subjectivity, and the jurisdiction of scientific inquiry. Acquaintance with the variety of feminist approaches toward science will enable feminist scholars to better configure their research and strategies. Comprehending science itself as culture is crucial to these ends. A contextual perspective on science as culture will enhance our abilities to effect cultural change through our research projects. Such comprehension also will prepare us for improving the environment in which we work as well as the nature of that work.     

女性主义社会工作的渊源和发展——对传统的批判及其专业性的重塑

女性主义起源于19世纪的法国,女性主义者透过实践诉求两性平权的社会,试图让女性从"父权制"中解脱出来。1970至1980年代开始,社会工作者将女性主义观点应用到实务工作中,从而产生了女性主义社会工作。女性主义社会工作通过对传统社会工作的批判,对其专业性进行了重塑,让实务者不仅使女性在能力建设、心理调适和社会支持等方面得到了提高,也使女性在宏观的社会关系变革中得到了发展。     

Between Activation and Supporting Women – Alternative Operation of Welfare‐to‐work Programmes

With the emergence of activation policies, researchers are intrigued by the extent to which welfare‐to‐work (WTW) programmes reflect the ideological orientation of policymakers, while leaving the ideological orientation of their operators unexamined. This aspect may be of particular importance when women's non‐governmental organizations operate non‐coercive WTW programmes. Directing attention to the contribution of the operator, we ask how women who operate these programmes distinguish between the feminist goal of increasing women's independent access to material resources, and the activation rhetoric of ‘work first’. Moreover, as not enough is known about how participants benefit from the incongruence between the feminist discourse and the activation one, scholarship contemplating women's resistance to WTW programmes remains focused on specific welfare histories, and this form of feminist work remains neglected. The importance of the specific operators and the policy implications of the benefits of feminist operation of WTW programmes receive attention in the study reported on herein. We used a non‐coercive activation programme operated by a feminist organization in Israel (among other operators) as an opportunity to deepen our understanding of how programme trainers voice their position between feminism and activation discourse, and how their form of speech enables participants to insist on decent employment as a policy issue. Implications for policy are discussed.     

Social Work and Narrative Ethics

Most accounts of social work values contain two central conceptualstrands: social work ethics and anti-discriminatory practice.Within social work, relatively little attention has been paidto the potential of feminist approaches to ethics, groundedin identity to bring these two strands together. Narrative ethicsis an approach which, like the feminist ethic of care, takesidentity as its starting point and therefore has the potentialto bridge these two distinctive approaches to social work values.However, in asserting the centrality of narrative in the constructionof our identities, it moves beyond the feminist approach. Narrativeapproaches to ethics have been widely adopted in medicine. Thispaper explores their applicability to social work practice,particularly in the light of an increasing interest in narrativeas a basis for practice intervention.     

Feminism,the state,and the centrality of reproduction: abortion struggles in 1970s Italy

This article analyses an episode of intense socio-political conflict over the question of abortion in 1970s Italy. Considering the shifting positions of feminist groups and other pro-legalization actors on the one hand, and institutions, political parties and the Church on the other, it offers a new analysis of social mobilization, leading to parliamentary debate and legal change. It presents an original approach to an understanding of feminist challenges to patriarchal cultures and institutions, and of the latter’s immediate responses. Focusing on Italy but referring to developments in other industrialized countries, the article inscribes the history of the battle for reproductive rights in 1970s Italy within a framework centred on the Foucauldian notion of biopolitical power. It is argued that the legal settling of the issue came to be seen by state actors as central to the wider socio-political stabilization of the country. For feminists, the question of abortion was less straightforward than is often assumed. Italian feminist debate, while visibly impacting on wider society, was marked by dilemmas around the private and the public, the relationship to the state, and concerns around centring the feminist agenda on reproduction.