中亚朝鲜人社会的形成和发展

中亚朝鲜人是由远东地区迁移去的,并在中亚形成了自己的社会。苏联解体前和解体后,中亚朝鲜人通过建立、改革民族文化组织,力图实现民族复兴,逐渐形成了他们现阶段的社会状况。中亚朝鲜人的突出特点是与当地民族关系融洽,主动接受本土文化,但各国朝鲜人状况有明显差异。     

俄罗斯的中亚劳务人员对双边关系的影响

俄罗斯独立后,一直面临严重的人口危机,同时也有移民大批进入。俄罗斯的移民政策法规也在不断调整。中亚地区是俄罗斯主要的移民地区,已经形成了独特的劳务经济。劳务人员将对中亚国家国民经济、内政外交、经济结构以及自身的社会结构产生重要影响。     

苏联推行奖励“多产”政策

俄罗斯民族占全苏总人口比例将不足50％。临近人口增长顶点的苏联从1980年开始,进行了大规模的“多产”运动。其本意是增加俄罗斯乃至斯拉夫等主要民族的人口,以此来达到对中亚西亚诸民族人口增长的控制,但是,具有讽刺意味的是,伊斯兰中央亚西亚诸民族的人口却急剧增加。为此,苏联在中央亚西亚实行限制生育政策。     

金融危机背景下俄罗斯失业人口的迁移研究

论文主要针对近几年内俄罗斯失业者与求职者的迁移问题,还有各地区相关专家的观点进行了综合分析。研究表明,对俄罗斯失业人口而言,实现迁移的重要因素是工资的实质性提高和迁移目的地的住房问题。在危机背景下,俄罗斯各地区的劳动力市场并未做出实质性调整,导致国内失业与求职人口的迁移积极性不高。因此,在促进国家内部流动和缓解劳动力市场的压力方面,国家的经济干预功能还需进一步强化。     

俄罗斯人口结构研究

俄罗斯的人口数量自1994年持续减少，人口结构也相应的发生着改变，人口问题已成为影响国家发展和民族生存的重大问题。本文基于人口的自然结构、地域结构和社会结构的现状，详细分析了俄罗斯人口年龄性别、城乡分布、就业、民族和移民结构等的影响因素及对社会经济发展的影响．为构建可持续发展的人口结构提供现实和理论依据。     

新疆少数民族人口的发展

新疆是个多民族地区,有维吾尔、汉、哈萨克、回、蒙、柯尔克孜、锡伯、塔吉克、乌孜别克、塔塔尔、达斡尔、俄罗斯、满等十三个民族,是以维吾尔为主的民族聚居区。1981年年底,全区人口有1303万,其中少数民族人数为768. 06万人,占全疆人口的58. 94%。一、少数民族人口数量的发展解放前,由于历代反动统治阶级的剥削和压迫,新疆少数民族不仅经济、文化落后,卫生、医疗事业也很薄弱。少数民族人口的发展呈现为高出生率与高死亡率并存、人口自然增     

农村外出劳动力回流迁移的影响因素和回流效应

文章分析农村外出劳动力回流迁移的影响因素.农村外出劳动力在城市就业、经济收入和社会保障的排斥影响他们的回流,同时回流迁移也受到家庭生活、家庭劳动力状况、家庭农业活动和农地状况等因素的影响.外出劳动力的回流迁移是“被动回流”和“主动回流”相结合的过程、是个体决策和家庭决策的综合过程.文章提出劳动力回流迁移具有“回流效应”,回流带来人力资本的补偿、促进流出地非农经济的发展和带来创业的增长.劳动力回流作为城镇化过程中内生的逆迁移流,构成乡城迁移和劳动力市场平衡的补充机制,与乡城迁移一起促进城镇化和城乡平衡发展.文章提出在城镇化过程中需要支持“迁移效应”和“回流效应”机制共同发挥作用.     

人口迁移的成本、效益模型及其应用

人口迁移是受社会、经济、政治、环境、资源以及个人素质综合影响的一种复杂的社会现象。从经济学的观点来看,在正常的社会经济条件下,迁移的流向、流量及选择性的各种影响因素都可归结为迁移行为发生时成本和效益的比较。     

俄罗斯的人口危机对经济发展的影响

近年来,俄罗斯的人口总量减少、低出生率和高死亡率、人口老化等问题已经演变成俄罗斯的人口危机,对其民族生存和社会经济发展都产生了比较严重的影响。人口危机导致俄罗斯劳动力资源短缺,后备劳动力资源不足,人口抚养负担加大,减少资本积累,抑制经济发展。人口问题已经引起俄罗斯政府的关注和担忧,并制定了相应政策,如鼓励多生,提高妇女的生育率;提高国民素质,降低死亡率;制止人才流失,吸引外国劳动力等,希望以此来解决人口危机。目前,俄罗斯的社会发展状况对实现人口政策既有有利因素,也存在不利因素。     

建国以来甘肃省人口重心迁移轨迹研究

采用人口重心模型,以5次人口普查数据为基础,研究了建国以来甘肃省人口重心的迁移轨迹。结果显示,甘肃省人口重心向省会兰州市迁移的趋势明显,人口重心移动轨迹呈现出一定的曲折和波动。甘肃省人口重心迁移受自然、社会经济和政策等多种因素的影响。     

International migration in Asia and the Pacific: trends,problems, and recommendations

Like other parts of the world, the Asia and Pacific region has experienced mass movements of the population within and across countries. This report presents the issues and problems discussed, and the recommendations given at the Expert Group Meeting on International Migration in Asia and the Pacific, held in 1984 in Manila. The 9 issues discussed include: 1) available data on international migration are often inconsistent, incomplete, and inadequate for a thorough analysis of the migration situation; 2) the conventional economic theory of migration, and the modern view are different, but related; 3) are internal and international migration 2 distinct phenomena, or are they simply opposite ends of a continuum ranging from short-distance moves within a country to long-distance moves across national boundaries?; 4) permanent migration from Asia and the Pacific to the US, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand has risen sharply over the the past few years; 5) international migration could have considerable effects on the size, composition, growth, and structure of the populations of both sending and receiving countries; 6) temporary labor migration to the Middle East increased rapidly in the recent past; 7) temporary labor migration has benefits and costs to the home country and to the returning workers and their families; 8) refugee movements within and from Asia have had significant repercussions, not only in the lives of the migrants themselves, but also in the national policies and social structures of the asylum countries; and 9) international migration, if properly controlled and organized, could work for the benefit of every country involved.     

Understanding the “Russian Mortality Paradox” in Central Asia: Evidence from Kyrgyzstan

In the former Soviet republics of central Asia, ethnic Russians have exhibited higher adult mortality than native ethnic groups (e.g., Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uzbek) in spite of the higher socioeconomic status of ethnic Russians. The mortality disadvantage of ethnic Russians at adult ages appears to have even increased since the breakup of the Soviet Union. The most common explanation for this “Russian mortality paradox,” is that deaths are better reported among ethnic Russians. In this study, we use detailed mortality data from Kyrgyzstan between 1959 and 1999 to evaluate various explanations for the Russian mortality paradox: data artifacts, migration effects, and cultural effects. We find that the most plausible explanation is the cultural hypothesis because the personal behaviors that appear to generate a large part of the observed mortality differences (alcohol consumption, in particular) seem to be closely tied to cultural practices. We examine the implications of this finding for understanding the health crisis in post-Soviet states.     

Development and International Migration: The Effect of Income on Regular and Irregular Migration Intentions to Europe

In recent years, the development-migration debate has re-gained popularity in policy circles, especially after the so-called “migration crisis” in Europe and the following approval of the European Agenda on Migration. Much of the empirical literature supports the idea that the relationship between international migration and incomes at origin follows hump-shaped patterns. A growing number of studies find that increasing economic development and financial resources in developing countries would allow a greater number of individuals to afford the costs of emigrating. However, this evidence heavily relies on measures of regular migration only. Using nationally representative data from 12 Middle East and North Africa countries, this study adopts a multinomial logit model to frame migration intentions, distinguishing between regular and irregular routes. The main finding is that the level of household income is associated negatively with the demand for irregular migration to Europe. Predictive margins clearly show that higher household incomes increase the probability of planning only regular migration, while decreasing that of considering also irregular migration. The policy implications are not negligible: improving economic conditions in countries of origin may be effective at deflecting migrants from irregular to regular routes.     

进城还是回村？——跨省婚迁者的空间选择

在经济社会转型、人口频繁流动的条件下,婚迁由乡到城的单向迁移转变成为城乡互动的双向流动。婚迁者留在城市还是回到乡村,要取决于多种条件。本研究通过测度跨省婚迁的性别比发现,自1990年来的20年间我国省际婚迁性别比下降近一半。全国省际婚迁性别比呈现城市-城镇-乡村两端大中间小的“微笑曲线”。在婚迁的空间选择上,男性以城市为主,女性则以乡村为主。进一步分析影响婚姻迁移的因素发现,经济变量中人均GDP对总婚迁和城市婚迁呈正向影响,城镇和乡村呈负向影响;居民收入和消费状况对婚姻迁移产生正向影响,但消费的城乡差别则对其产生负向影响;人口的城乡流动与迁移以及社会变量中各因素对跨省婚迁产生正向影响,而文化变量中的各因素则形成负向影响。     

Fertility Decline and Increased Manifestation of Sex Bias in India

This paper argues that expectations - the process of evaluating the chances for future attainment of valued goals in the home community (stay decision) vs. alternative locations (move decision) - along with family norms about migration are major predictors of intention to move, which in turn is a proximate determinant of migration behaviour. Utilizing longitudinal data from the 1992 and 1994 waves of the Thailand National Migration Survey, logistic regression models show that a strikingly different set of expectations, household demographic indicators, and migrant capital factors were significant determinants of migration intentions for men and women; reflecting Thai gender roles. Migration intentions, in turn, predicted more permanent, but not temporary, survival strategy migration behaviour, while low household income predicted temporary but not more permanent migration behaviour. The measure of perceived family migration norms was a powerful determinant of migration behaviour, but the size of migrant networks was not a statistically significant determinant of either migration intentions or behaviour.     

Life‐Course Transitions and the Age Profile of Internal Migration

Despite underlying regularities in the age profile of migration, there is mounting evidence of cross‐national variations in the ages at which migration occurs. Explanations for these differences have variously been sought by reference to cultural, social, and economic factors, and through analysis of reasons for moving. There is also a growing body of work linking migration events to particular transitions in the life course. We set out a conceptual framework that links contextual factors to the age structure of migration through life‐course transitions that act as proximate determinants of the age at migration. We propose metrics to capture the prevalence, timing, and spread of four key life‐course transitions: education completion, labor force entry, union formation, and first childbearing. We then seek to quantitatively establish the link between these indicators and the age and intensity of internal migration at its peak for a global sample of 27 countries. Correlation and factor analysis reveal substantial diversity in the timing and spread of transitions to adult roles, and show that cross‐national differences in the age profile of migration closely parallel variations in the age structure of the life course for over two‐thirds of countries. Migration age profiles are aligned with transitions to adulthood for both sexes but most strongly among women.     

Climate change and internal migration intentions in the forest-savannah transition zone of Ghana

Migration is at the centre of demographic research on the population–environment nexus. Increasing concerns about the impacts of environmental events on human population are fuelling interest on the relationship between migration and environmental change. Using data from the Climate Change Collective Learning and Observatory Network Ghana project, we employ binary logistic regression to examine migration intentions of households in response to major community stressors including climate-related ones. The results indicate that the type of community stressor that affects households most does not differentiate migration intentions in Ghana’s forest-savannah transition zone: Even though the majority of the respondents mentioned climate-related events as the stressor that affects them the most, such events do not appear to directly explain migration intentions. However, socio-demographic factors such as age, household size and current migration status are significant predictors of migration intentions, with younger household heads, heads of migrant households and heads of smaller households being relatively more likely to have migration intentions than other household heads. We conclude that migration drivers are multifaceted and deserve further research because even in areas with perceived environmental stress, climate-related events may not be the primary motivation for migration intentions.     

就业迁移的人力资本差别效应——以长三角为例

随着我国城市化的快速发展,人口迁移流动在城市社会生活中的影响日益突出。人口迁移流动必然引起“人”自身所拥有的人力资本的动态配置。文章主要利用2000年全国第五次人口普查迁移数据等有关数据资料,分析长三角16城市就业迁移的人力资本差别效应。研究发现,就业迁移对长三角各城市人力资本具有显著的差别效应,并且长三角内的就业迁移与长三角外的就业迁移对长三角各城市人力资本提升或稀释效应也有明显差别。研究还发现,就业迁移导致长三角人力资本城际差异缩小,尤以上海与其他15城市的差距缩小更为明显。     

Descriptive Analysis of the Individual Migratory Pathways According to Environmental Typologies

This study tests the influence of environmental changes on migration in Burkina Faso. It describes individual migratory pathways in the 1960–1999 period in Burkina Faso, using environmental typologies of origins and destinations based on rainfall variations and land degradation. The study links data from a national longitudinal (retrospective) survey with fine resolution rainfall data and land degradation data. Results suggest that environmental factors influence, but in different ways, both the probability to out-migrate and the selection of a destination once the migration decision has been made. Migration seems to be more influenced by a slow-acting process such as land degradation than by episodic events such as droughts.     

A cost-benefit model of rural to urban migration in Taiwan

Abstract Migration is a form of human behaviour which has lent itself to careful measurement for a relatively long period of time. In 1885 Ravenstein set forth certain empirical laws concerning the relationship of migration to age and distance which have held up to the present. Since then an abundance of migration data has enabled social scientists to develop more precise models relating the volume or rate of migration to characteristics of the migrants or of the areas of origin and destination. Prominent among these models are the gravity model, the intervening opportunities model, a gravity type model including wage rates and unemployment rates developed by Lowry, and the Cornell mobility model.