子女数量、父母健康与生活满意度——基于性别失衡视角

中国人有"多子多福"的传统观念,但是近年来随着出生性别比的攀升,婚姻市场的压力越来越大,未婚男性的可能会对父母的健康和生活满意度产生负面影响.本文利用ordered probit模型分析了子女数量对中老年人健康和生活满意度的影响,结果表明,已婚儿子对父母的生活满意度有积极的影响,但是未婚儿子的数量对父母的幸福感有不利的影响,未婚女儿的数量对父母的生活满意度没有显著的影响.此外,我们还发现,在农村地区,当父母得知自己患有高血压时,未婚儿子的数量会降低父母治疗的概率,这说明未婚儿子的数量对父母健康会产生一定程度的负面影响.     

农村儿子、女儿对父母的经济支持差异研究

利用2010年中国人民大学组织的家庭及生育状况研究调查数据,采用固定效应的Logistic模型和多元回归模型,研究农村儿子、女儿对父母的经济支持差异。结果发现,尽管农村中女儿比儿子更有可能对老人进行正向经济支持,但在对父母进行正向经济支持的人中,儿子对老人的经济支持力度仍然比女儿大。在控制了一系列微观个体特征、中观家庭特征和宏观区域特征后,对老人的经济支持力度的性别差异越发明显。在我国农村,儿子对父母的经济支持力度仍然显著强于女儿。     

生育的幸福效应——兼论其对低生育率的支撑

生育的幸福效应是理解低生育率社会中个体生育决策的一个重要维度。利用中国家庭追踪调查2010—2018年数据,考察孩子出生前后父母幸福感轨迹。研究发现,个人在主观幸福感方面对生育事件有积极的预期收益,主观幸福感在生育事件发生的当年达到顶峰,然后随着时间的推移逐渐下降。生育事件前后的主观幸福感轨迹表明,生育事件对个人的心理和生活感知有积极的促进作用,同时也证实了适应效应的存在。就业性质对生育的幸福效应具有调节作用,并且存在显著的性别差异,表明当父亲和母亲的工作允许他们有更多时间照顾孩子时,他们都会增加亲子互动和沟通并从中获得更高水平的幸福感。生育的这种幸福效应具有超经济性,并借助个人的生育决策筑成低生育率的底部。     

中国孩子质量与数量的替代关系现状分析——基于分位数回归方法

文章利用"中国健康与营养调查"2009年度的相关数据,采用分位数回归方法对我国孩子质量与数量间的替代关系进行分析研究,证实在生育政策与社会经济发展双重效力下的我国家庭孩子数量的减少,同时使孩子的质量得以提高。此外,孩子的性别、父母的学历、家庭所处地理位置、家庭长期福利水平以及家中孩子的性别组成也对孩子的质量有显著影响。     

配偶随迁降低了流动人口生育意愿吗?

生育意愿是夫妻双方对生育行为的共同意向且夫妻双方相互影响。人口流动容易导致夫妻分居两地,那么流动人口的配偶随迁情况对其生育意愿会产生什么影响?本文使用二维交叉表和排序选择模型估计方法,利用2014年全国流动人口动态监测调查数据分析配偶随迁对流动人口生育意愿的影响。结果表明在"单独二孩"政策下,约21.5%的单独夫妇流动人口明确表示会再生育一个孩子,说明他们的生育意愿并不强烈,而且更倾向于选择在未来较远时间进行生育。配偶随迁显著地弱化了流动人口生育意愿,与配偶未随迁的流动人口相比,配偶随迁的流动人口想再要一个孩子的对数发生比降低0.135个单位,说明尽管夫妻一同流动会提高生育可行性,但由于流动人口夫妇一起进入新的环境中,生育观念发生显著变化,生育成本也大幅提高,最终降低了流动人口的生育意愿。对于明确有再生育意愿的流动人口,配偶随迁也会推迟再生育时间。另外,流动人口男孩偏好对其生育意愿及生育时间具有显著影响,当流动人口家庭仅拥有男孩时,他们更偏向于选择不再生育孩子,即使愿意再生育一个孩子,也更倾向于在未来较远的时间生育,存在明显的生育时间的推迟效应。总体而言,伴随着人口流动家庭化趋势,流动人口生育意愿存在弱化效应,生育时间存在推迟效应。     

主观幸福感、婚姻满意度与当代青年的生育安排北大核心CSSCI

近30年来我国的总和生育率一直处于更替水平以下,随着"三孩"生育政策的出台,生育问题研究再次成为学者关注的焦点。青年阶段是生命历程中生育行为发生的关键时期,如何鼓励青年生育对于提高生育水平具有重要意义。本文运用2017年中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据,基于生育意愿和生育行为提出生育安排的概念并根据定义测算生育安排指数,借助普通最小二乘回归模型和二元逻辑斯蒂回归模型探究主观幸福感、婚姻满意度对青年生育安排的影响。研究发现:主观幸福感和婚姻满意度会显著正向影响青年的生育安排,对未来的信心程度和男性做家务频率的增加具有明显促进青年生育安排的作用。将数据根据性别、是否接受高等教育和年龄组进行分组回归,发现主观幸福感会显著提高女性、接受过高等教育和低年龄组青年的生育安排指数,婚姻满意度对促进男性、接受过高等教育和低年龄组青年的生育安排作用显著。进一步分析发现主观幸福感会显著增加青年二孩生育安排的可能性,婚姻满意度能够显著增加三孩生育安排的可能性。因此,为了提高生育水平,国家应当制定鼓励青年生育的相关福利政策,提升青年的主观幸福感;在家庭生活中,丈夫应积极分担家务劳动,减轻妻子在生育和养育子女过程中的压力,增强婚姻满意度。     

生育行为如何影响幸福感

欧美国家的已有研究大多认为生育行为对幸福感的影响是负面的。本文基于106个城市调查数据首次系统研究了中国人的生育行为与幸福感的关系,得到与已有文献不同的结论:子女数量对幸福感的影响是非线性的;子女的性别结构和性别次序对父母幸福感均有影响;政策外生育行为并没有提高幸福感;生育行为和幸福感的关系与个体的性别、婚姻状态、户口类型、收入水平和年龄等特征密切相关。进一步研究发现,生育行为对幸福感的影响在统计意义和现实意义上都是显著的。本文的政策含义是,实施以"二孩"为主的生育政策有利于提高幸福感的整体水平,而完全自主的生育行为可能降低幸福感;促进性别平等、缩小收入差距、推进城镇化进程,能够间接促进生育行为对幸福感的正面影响;对"失独"等特殊人群应给予制度性救济。     

独生子女家庭本质上是风险家庭

1独生子女家庭数量的估计 在独生子女数量研究中的一个主要困难是缺乏可靠的数据.因为严格说,一个人是否独生子女需要在其父母结束生育后才能确定.但现在是以领取独生子女证确认其独生子女身份的.这是不确切的:第一、已经领证的夫妇还有一部分可能再生育;第二、有些家庭虽然只有一个孩子但没有领证.     

主观福利对生育意愿的影响——基于CGSS数据的实证研究

中国已经长期处于低生育率状态,国民生育意愿低迷,新生人口规模缩减。基于2012～2021年中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据,以十九大报告提出的“获得感、幸福感、安全感”(简称“民生三感”)为参照构建指标体系来测度主观福利水平,从意愿生育倾向和理想生育子女数两方面衡量生育意愿,探究主观福利对生育意愿的影响及其作用机制。研究结果显示,主观福利对生育意愿具有显著正向影响;从“民生三感”看,幸福感侧重影响理想生育子女数,安全感主要作用于意愿生育倾向,而获得感对两方面均具有显著影响,且影响最大;随着中国经济的持续发展以及生育政策的逐步放开,主观福利对意愿生育倾向的正向影响逐渐减弱,对理想生育子女数的正向影响却在逐渐增强。     

生育意愿存在同群效应吗？——来自中国社区的经验证据

在人口出生率持续低迷的背景下,研究居民生育意愿的影响因素具有重要的现实意义。现有研究对生育意愿的各种影响因素展开了大量讨论并取得了丰硕的成果,但关于生育意愿的研究大多假设个体为一个“独立”的决策者,并未充分考虑周围群体的行为决策对个体产生的影响。而在“心理效应”以及“学习效应”的作用下,个体的生育意愿也可能会受到他人行为决策的影响,呈现出一定的同群效应。本文基于研究假说,使用中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）2018年的微观数据对生育意愿的同群效应进行实证分析。实证结果显示社区平均生育水平会对个体的生育意愿产生显著的正向影响,即个体的生育意愿确实存在着明显的同群效应。在稳健性检验中,采用工具变量法、替换被解释变量、缩减样本范围以及更换模型的方式对实证结果进行重新估计后,核心解释变量的系数方向及显著性与基础模型基本一致,表明实证结论具有较强的稳健性。异质性分析结果表明生育意愿的同群效应在城乡归属、年龄阶段以及婚姻状态不同的群体之间存在显著差异。首先,从城乡差异来看,由于乡村地区的社区居住形式以及传统观念等方面的不同,使同群效应对乡村个体的生育意愿所带来的边际影响要明显高于城镇个体;其次,从年龄...     

"Mummies and babies" and friends and lovers in Lesotho

This paper examines an institutionalized friendship among adolescent girls and young women in southern Africa. Lesotho's economy is based on migrant male labor which leaves the women dependent on male earnings or subsistence from the land, and also creates unstable marital relations. Young girls in the modern schools develop close relationships, called "mummy-baby," with slightly older girls. Sexual intimacy is an important aspect of these relationships. Mummy-baby relationships not only provide emotional support prior to marriage, but also a network of support for married and unmarried women in new towns or schools, either replacing or accompanying heterosexual bonds.     

Understanding and Using Mediators and Moderators

Mediation and moderation are two theories for refining and understanding a causal relationship. Empirical investigation of mediators and moderators requires an integrated research design rather than the data analyses driven approach often seen in the literature. This paper described the conceptual foundation, research design, data analysis, as well as inferences involved in a mediation and/or moderation investigation in both experimental and non-experimental (i.e., correlational) contexts. The essential distinctions between the investigation of mediators and moderators were summarized and juxtaposed in an example of a causal relationship between test difficulty and test anxiety. In addition, the more elaborate models, moderated mediation and mediated moderation, the use of structural equation models, and the problems with model misspecification were discussed conceptually.

Complementary and alternative medicine: Interaction and communication between midwives and women

BackgroundMany pregnant women use complementary and alternative medicine. Although midwives are often supportive, how they communicate with women about the safe use of these therapies has received limited research attention.AimThe aim of this study was to explore how midwives interact with women regarding use of complementary and alternative medicine during pregnancy.MethodsWe utilised grounded theory methodology to collect and analyse data. Twenty-five midwives who worked in metropolitan hospitals situated in Melbourne, Australia, participated in the study. Data were collected from semi structured interviews and non-participant observations, over an 18-month period.FindingsHow midwives communicate about complementary and alternative medicine is closely associated with the meaning they construct around the woman's role in decisionmaking. Most aim to work in a manner consistent with the midwifery partnership model and share the responsibility for decisions regarding complementary and alternative medicine. However, although various therapies were commonly discussed, usually the pregnant woman initiated the dialogue. A number of contextual conditions such as the biomedical discourse, lack of knowledge, language barriers and workplace constraints, limited communication in some situations.ConclusionMidwives often interact with women interested in using CAM. Most value the woman's autonomy and aim to work in partnership. However, various contextual conditions restrain overt CAM communication in clinical practice.     

Beliefs and values and the sterilization decision

A decision-making framework based on the models of personal decision making developed by psychologists and economists and a methodology based on axiomatic conjoint measurement are used to explore individuals' beliefs and values regarding contraceptive sterilization. Particular emphasis is given to demonstrating a. that there exist individual differences in beliefs and values, b. that there exist differences in beliefs and values between persons who choose sterilization—either tubal ligation or vasectomy—and persons who choose non-sterilization contraceptive methods when no more children are wanted, and c. that the effect of beliefs and values on the sterilization decision is an interactive one. The methodology used is compared to that typically used in studying fertility- and health-related behaviors.This research was supported by grants HD-10802 and HD-14403 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The technical assistance of Doreen Victor and the editorial suggestions of Sarah Gaskill, Alice Healy, and two anonymous reviewers are greatly appreciated. This paper is Publication No. 253 of the Center for Research on Judgment and Policy, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0344. Requests for reprints should be sent to the Publications Librarian at the Center.     

Injecting and Rejecting,Framing and Failing

This paper seeks to examine how female subjectivities are privileged by Canadian human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination discourse and, in turn, how homosexual male subjectivities are displaced. Employing a Critical Discourse Analysis approach, I analyze selected HPV vaccination (HPVV) promotional materials, and depict the discursive strategies which privilege and exclude gendered subjectivities. My critical analysis is influenced by feminist linguistic works that seek to uncover the discursive constructions around sexuality, gender and identity, and the discursive strategies used to communicate ideas about sexual health risks and responsible citizenship. In addition, I adopt feminist theories of knowledge and power to rethink the discursive representations of some bodies and subjectivities as normal, and Others as unintelligible within HPVV discourse in today's neoliberal time.     

Family Instability and College Enrollment and Completion

This research uses data from waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health, N = 9,631) to consider whether and how family instability in early or later childhood affects college enrollment and completion of a Bachelor’s degree by age 24. Explanatory factors include maternal selection into unstable unions, household resources available in adolescence, and adolescents’ academic achievement, behavior, and attitudes in high school. The association of later family instability with college enrollment and completion is largely explained by household resources in adolescence. The association of early family instability with college enrollment is partially explained by each set of factors, and its association with college completion, given enrollment, is explained by pre-existing maternal characteristics. The results demonstrate that early family instability has enduring consequences for eventual status attainment and that the mechanisms that connect family instability to educational outcomes vary by the timing of family structure change.     

The relationships between population and economy, and between population and education]

The relationship between population and economy is regarded seriously by China and other countries. This problem can be analyzed and studied under 2 aspects: 1) the influence of economic development on changes in population, and 2) the influence of population increases on economic development. Under the 1st aspect, improved living conditions, hygiene, and health care generally result in lowered mortality rates. Improved economic conditions in China also increased the birthrate and at the same time increased birth control among the people; the increased birthrate was due to more marriages after liberation. In economically advanced countries, due to high expenses in raising children, people tend to limit family sizes to 2 children/family. Under the 2nd aspect, population increases place strains on the food supply and nutritional requirements, especially when increases are too rapid. They also demand more educational resources and influence quality of education. As there are currently 210 million students in China, the quality of education suffers, particularly at the college level, since most of Chinese manpower, physical and financial resources are spent on primary and secondary education. In terms of housing, transportation, health care, and natural resources, they are all intimately related to and influenced by increases in population. Consequently, the living standard would be difficult to raise if population increases are too rapid. Since 1971, population increases have been incorporated into 5-yearly and later yearly national economic plans in China. The large Chinese population is a major obstacle in raising the Chinese economic level, hence a well-planned population control program is essential.     

第五届亚太生殖健康大会

为推动开罗国际人口与发展大会《行动纲领》及“千年发展目标”在亚太区域如期实现，2009年10月18-20日，由中国国家人口计生委、中国计划生育协会、中国人口学会、国际计划生育联合会、联合国人口基金、人口与发展南南合作伙伴组织等共同举办的第五届亚太生殖健康大会在北京召开。