数字鸿沟:我国少数民族妇女与汉族妇女互联网使用的差异分析

本文通过第三期中国妇女社会地位调查的全国数据,分析了我国少数民族妇女与汉族妇女在互联网接入和使用层面的差异,研究发现,我国少数民族妇女和汉族妇女之间存在着"接入"层面的"数字鸿沟",体现为少数民族妇女在互联网的使用率和使用时长上都显著低于汉族妇女;但在"使用"层面,少数民族妇女和汉族妇女之间并未出现显著差异,她们有着共同的互联网使用偏好,能够积极主动地利用互联网促进自身发展.     

妇女的未来是民族的明天──中国少数民族妇女研究中心

妇女的未来是民族的明天──中国少数民族妇女研究中心老卉１９９３年初春，中央民族大学成立了中国少数民族妇女研究中；心，从而在少数民族妇女研究领域率先迈开了步子。在这个由冰。心先生担任名誉主任的研究中心里，没有一名专职人员，他们大都身兼数职。校党委副书记...     

西北少数民族妇女研究的特殊性及经验反思

本文在对西北少数民族妇女研究的难点、特殊性及经验进行阐述的基础上,对少数民族妇女的研究对象及方法进行了探讨和分析;并以参与式发展理论为基础提出了改善民族妇女生活状况的具体建议。     

简讯

8月29日,中国少数民族妇女/性别研究与培训基地成立大会在中央民族干部学院举行。全国人大常委会副委员长、全国妇联主席顾秀莲出席大会并为“妇女/性别研究与培训基地”揭牌,同时为西部地区少数民族妇女领导干部培训班、全国县级民委主任培训班、中国少数民族妇女研究中心作了“男女平等基本国策”的主题报告。国家民委党组书记、主任李德洙出席了大会。2006年8月17日,全国民族团结进步教育基地命名大会在中央民族干部学院举行,来自各省、自治区、直辖市、新疆生产建设兵团的领导和负责人共160人出席了命名大会。会议决定将各省、市、自治…     

中国少数民族妇女系列报道

中国少数民族妇女系列报道妇女问题将成为’９５世界议题我刊开设“中国少数民族妇女系列报道”我们的心愿：关注少数民族妇女，孕育一个美好明天将于明年９月在北京举行的“第四届世界妇女大会”以平等、发展、和平为主题。这一次大会将举世瞩目地成为世界妇女运动史上的...     

为少数民族妇女图书出版寻找新的视角

妇女研究机构的成立带动了少数民族妇女图书的出版 自20世纪80年代以来,中国出版界开始关注女性图书的出版。这个行为与女性学在国际和国内的发展背景紧密联系。以妇女为研究对象的女性学,从20世纪六七十年代开始在西方形成一门独立的学科并逐渐发展起来。西方女性主义研究经过几十年的努力，在相关学术领域都取得了一定的成果。     

试论新疆少数民族地区妇女维权存在的问题及对策

为保护妇女合法权益,促进男女平等,《中国妇女权益保障法》于1992年10月1日正式施行,此法的颁布,妇女的合法权益得到了法律保障。本文在阐述并分析"现阶段少数民族地区妇女维权存在的主要问题"的基础上,探讨"现阶段解决少数民族地区妇女维权问题的对策",通过对新疆少数民族地区妇女维权工作的不断探索,坚持以发展落实维权,以维权促进发展的工作理念,创新维权机制,突出特色宣传,有效提高妇联维权的效能,切实维护少数民族地区妇女的权益。     

论少数民族妇女权利法律保护的发展思路

民族身份公正和性别公正是少数民族妇女权利法律保护所追求的价值目标。虽然目前我国已经初步形成了一整套保护少数民族妇女权利的法律体系,但是这个体系无论是在立法上还是现实的司法救济上均存在一些问题,尤其对边缘少数民族妇女,如散杂居少数民族妇女的权利救济体系还不完善,法律意识的缺失,使得少数民族妇女的权利不能得到充分的保障。为此,需要从立法、司法救济和增强权利意识方面来完善少数民族妇女权利的法律保护体系。将保护少数民族妇女权利的法律纳入到中国特色社会主义法律体系之中,使少数民族妇女权利的法律保护汇入到国家的总体人权保护机制之中,使其成为主流人权中的不可或缺的一部分,才能使其得到有效保护。     

试论新疆少数民族地区妇女维权存在的问题及对策

为保护妇女合法权益，促进男女平等，《中国妇女权益保障法》于1992年10月1日正式施行，此法的颁布，妇女的合法权益得到了法律保障。本文在阐述并分析“现阶段少数民族地区妇女维权存在的主要问题”的基础上，探讨“现阶段解决少数民族地区妇女维权问题的对策”，通过对新疆少数民族地区妇女维权工作的不断探索，坚持以发展落实维权，以维权促进发展的工作理念，创新维权机制，突出特色宣传，有效提高妇联维权的效能，切实维护少数民族地区妇女的权益。     

中国少数民族妇女参政权的法律与实践

本文阐述了中国少数民族妇女参政权在人权保障范畴内的特殊意义、我国现有的保护少数民族妇女参政权的法律规范,并在此基础上归纳总结了我国在保护少数民族妇女参政权方面的成功实践,同时也分析阐述了尚待解决的某些问题。     

2013年中国民族法学研究述评

2013年的民族法学研究继续呈现繁荣的面貌。在研究内容上有以下特点:一是内容较为全面，其中，关于民族文化权利保护、民族区域自治和民族司法问题的研究增多，坚持和完善民族区域自治、少数民族习惯法司法化成为本年度重要话题；二是出现了一些反思性成果；三是应用性成果较多；四是关注了一些热点事件。在研究方法上有以下特点:一是注重研究视角多元化；二是注重实证研究，关注某一民族地区的具体情况较多。在全面梳理的基础上，根据研究内容所涉及的民族权利保护、民族区域自治、民族法制建设、民族习惯法、民族法制史、民族司法等方面分别对其主要成果进行述评，辨别良莠，展示精华，为民族法学研究提供可借鉴的年度综合性史料。     

云南少数民族老年妇女经济保障的结构性脆弱——社会性别视角

I. The current situation of ethnic minority women’ s economic security One of the most prominent problems faced by the international community is how to ensure the e-conomic security of the elderly, and how to help those elderly people who have lost the ability to work to be properly cared for. According to Yang Shijie’s investigation, 75% of the poor population in Yunnan are ethnic minorities, and of this fig-ure, minority women are more impoverished than men. 1 . The poverty rate in Yunnan is a little bit higher than the national average poverty level. Although Yunnan’s economic indicators have made considerable progress, they have yet to reach the national average because of the province’s ho-mogenous industrial structure, low level of indus-trialization, and high proportion of resource indus-tries. The average wage of workers in Yunnan is only 85. 85% of the national average wage, and the poverty rate is higher than the national aver-age. 2 . There is a significant number of elderly women without pensions, and their poverty rate is high in Yunnan. Due to the dual urban-rural structure of the social and economic system, as well as the design issues related to the social pension security system connected with employment, the number of elderly women without pensions is quite significant in Chi-
na. In ethnic minority areas, only 24. 12% of peo-ple over the age of 60 have a pension, among them, the number of women is considerably lower than for men, accounting for only 10%. Elderly women from ethnic minorities are further excluded from the social pension security system. Only a small population of elderly ethnic women enjoy the benefits of the system, and their average monthly pension is significantly lower than that of the men. Compared with elderly men, elderly women rely more on other members of the family. 3 . The high rate of widowhood brings difficul-ties to the elderly. According to a sampling survey of 10% of the national population in 2010 , the widower ratio is 29. 55%, and widow ratio is 70. 45% among eth-nic minorities aged over 60 . Ethnic minority women devote more energy to unpaid housework in their youth and middle age, and their chances of finding employment are low. This means they normally de-pend on their spouse when they become old, how-ever, the loss of their spouse makes them even poorer, and increases their risk of falling into pov-erty. 4 . The ethnic minority women ’s property rights are difficult to be protected. Because of the influence of outmoded feudal i-deas in the ethnic minority villages, women gener-ally have no right to inherit property. For example, among the Pumi, property is inherited by the men, and women generally have no right to inherit. The
case is the same with the Naxi ethnicity. In the in-heritance systems of the ethnic minority people in Yunnan, wives rarely have the right of inherit-ance;the custom of“passing property to the men, but not the women” is still quite prevalent. If the husband dies, the wife will not only find it difficult to inherit her husband’s property, but may also lose her own property, including land rights. This leads to a low rate of property ownership among widows. II. Analysis of the causes of vulnerability of the gender structure 1 . Cultural lag American sociologist W. F. Ogburn was the first to use this concept, which refers to the time lag between material culture and non - material culture in the course of social change. Generally speaking, change in material culture occurs faster than in non -material culture, and they are not synchronized, so there is a gap between them. Ethnic minority women in Yunnan have been af-fected by the patrilineal system up to the present day, which influences the thought and behavior of all ethnic groups, and gradually builds a psycho-logical barrier in the ethnic women’ s minds, con-straining their talent and creativity. Yunnan is lo-cated in China’s southwest frontier region, and the ethnic minorities live in remote and isolated moun-tainous areas, where the concept of the low status of women is ingrained, and thus not easily changed. 2 . The cumulative effect of education and em-ployment Compared with boys, there are different edu-cational expectations on or investments in the girls in the social culture, which brings disadvantages to women looking for employment of in their youth and middle age. Because they can generally only involve themselves in housework, it is not possible for them to accumulate employment experiences, and this leads to a negative economic status when they become old. 1) Low level of education. Due to the tradi-tional influence of “valuing sons over daughters”,
the number of ethnic minority women who have not attended school is significantly higher than that of men; the number of ethnic minority women who have never received an education is more than twice as high as the number of men. The phenome-non of early marriage and childbearing in ethnic minority areas is still prominent. Due to the influ-ence of early marriage culture, the girls do not generally wish to receive a higher education. Addi-tionally, because of the development of tourism, girls tend to drop out of school very early and in-volve themselves in business or becoming tour guides. All these factors lead to ethnic minority women’s lower level of education. Because they do not receive a higher, or even elementary educa-tion, women’s lives are concentrated around the family and housework. 2 ) Devotion to housework. The elderly ethnic minority women not only have to take part in agri-cultural production, but they also have to take care of the “left-behind” children whose parents have left to work in urban areas. For instance, De’ang women play an important role in family, social and economic activities; they have to bear the load of heavy housework every day, including carrying wa-ter, collecting firewood, cooking, feeding pigs, cattle and children, weaving, washing clothes and farming. The Bulang women, together with the men, have created the ancient Bulang culture, and women play the role of “main tentpole” in the housework and farming. According to our investi-gations of the Yi in Chuxiong of Yunnan province, Yi women spend on average over six hours each day on housework, and most men almost never par-ticipate in housework. 3 ) Unemployment or low paid occupation. Ethnic minority women’s degree of participation in social labor is low, however, their housework du-ties are taken for granted, and not recognized by the wider society, so their labor value is underesti-mated, even ignored. Due to their low level of ed-ucation and contribution to unpaid housework, a lot of ethnic minority women are unemployed. E-
ven though a small number of them are in employ-ment, their jobs are concentrated in the low in-come industries, and few of them are supported by social insurance. 3 . Traditional gender roles in the division of labor Because of the traditional gender roles in the division of labor, the social expectations for the women’s role is still family-centered. This means women have to bear a lot of housework duties and child rearing responsibilities. Due to women’s spe-cial physiological characteristics, women have a double burden: the responsibility of human pro-duction and social production. However, under the influence of gender inequality, women who have made great contributions to the development of so-ciety and humanity have been subjected to unfair treatment. Their contribution is regarded as a bur-den unique to women or indeed the women’s natu-ral weakness, and can even become a discrimina-tory factor in employment and promotion—this is a great injustice to women. In summary, it seems that the structure of the fragility of elderly ethnic minority women is a sim-ply an issue of sex difference, but it essentially re-flects the social system and conceptual culture of“valuing sons over daughters” which is ingrained in the minority areas, and is an issue of gender in-equality. III. Countermeasures and suggestions The elderly ethnic minority women are a spe-cial group in China’s aging population. This group shows a structural vulnerability due to such as in-fluences of ethnicity and regional location, eco-nomic conditions, educational level, marital sta-tus. From the perspective of social gender, this paper studies the economic security status of ethnic aged women, analyzes the problems of economic security for this group, and puts forward some poli-cy recommendations for improving the economic se-curity situation of the elderly women in ethnic mi-nority areas. 1 . The state should increase investment in tye economic development of ethnic minority areas in order to provide more jobs and solve the problem of employment of women. Economic development in the minority areas could provide adequate economic security to improve the living conditions of the eld-erly women in those areas. 2 . The concept of gender equality needs to be strengthened. Women should enjoy equal rights in education, and equal employment opportunities as men, as well as equal rights in the husband-wife relationship. In addition, we cannot simply take each gender as exactlythe same, but should under-stand the psychological and physiological difference between men and woman, and pursue gender e-quality in terms of society, personality, opportuni-ties, and rights. 3 . National policy should afford some recogni-tion to women and their capacity for childbirth. Due to physiological factors, women have to take the responsibility of childbirth and feeding the child, however, they also have to work . Women’s contributions to the family will inevitably lead to their inferior position in terms of social professional competition. Therefore, when policies are drawn up, the physiological characteristics of men and women should be considered, moreover, gender awareness and gender equality should be a part of various policies. 4 . Policies should protect women’s employ-ment rights, and ethnic minority areas should en-courage women to go out to work. The state should make policies to protect women’s employment rights, solve the problem of sexual discrimination which might exist in the workplace, and create e-qual employment opportunities so as to reduce the probability of elderly women from ethnic minority areas becoming impoverished . 5 . Improve the urban and rural pension sys-tem, and improve women’s pension insurance cov-erage rate.     

多维视角下民族地区规模性返贫风险的表征、缘由及对策

我国实现全面脱贫后,推动巩固全面脱贫成果与实施乡村振兴战略的接续发展是过渡时期的主要任务,而防止发生规模性返贫风险则是其中的关键一环。一直以来,民族地区都是我国组成部分的关键点和薄弱点,也是规模性返贫风险的易发地区。基于多维视角,发现民族地区规模性返贫风险呈现出区域性、群体性、联动性等特征,从生态性、政策性、发展性等因素深度剖析其发生缘由,进而从相应角度提出创新民族地区生态扶贫方式、完善民族地区返贫风险治理政策体系框架、建构民族地区新内生发展模式等针对性对策,以防止民族地区发生规模性返贫风险。     

2011年中国民族法学研究述评

2011年中国民族法学研究成果颇丰。这些研究在内容上的有以下特点：一是内容较为全面,其中民族司法的研究增多且有理论突破;二是出现了一些梳理性、反思性研究成果;三是应用性研究成果增多。这些研究在方法上的有以下特点：一是研究视角的多元化,法律政策学、软法话语成为研究的新视角;二是注重实证研究;三是注重比较研究。在全面梳理的基础上,笔者根据研究内容所涉及的民族法学基本理论、民族权利保护、民族区域自治、民族法制建设、民族习惯法、民族法制史、民族司法等方面分别对其主要成果进行了介绍与评价,在辨别良莠、展示精华的同时,力图为中国民族法学研究的不断繁荣提供可借鉴性的年度综合史料。     

同伴交往对西南少数民族儿童民族文化认知的影响

采用自编的调查问卷,从民间故事传说、民族工艺建筑、民族禁忌、民族崇拜物、民族鬼怪神灵、民族服饰、民族节日、民族饮食这八个方面考察了同伴交往对少数民族儿童民族文化认知的影响。通过对云南丽江纳西族、迪庆藏族、澜沧拉祜族,贵州铜仁苗族、三都水族,四川凉山彝族共1 202名少数民族儿童的调查研究,发现同伴交往对少数民族儿童的民族文化认知产生不同程度的影响,这些影响在不同民族之间以及不同民族文化之间都有着显著的差异。文章分析了同伴交往对西南少数民族儿童的民族文化认知产生影响的特征及其差异性,并在此基础上进一步论述了这些特征和差异性的影响因素及其民族文化教育的启示。     

论明清时期的土舍

土舍在土司家族中具有不可忽视的地位 ,它同早期的土司一样是由土目转化而来 ,之后又转化为不同级别的土司及土司自署官员。揭秘土舍问题系揭开土司政治家族化内幕的关键。本文以明清时期两次“改土归流”之间的历史事件为背景 ,对土司管区土舍的源流、官僚化、类型、职权诸问题作了较为系统的考察     

Racism,militarisation and policing: police reactions to violence against Palestinian women in Israel

This article moves beyond the discussion of police racism to a broader account of the militaristic racism of policing in Israel. The highly permeable boundaries between the military, society and the political conflict all affect how violence against women is policed. Focusing on case studies of police officers' perceptions of abused Palestinian Israeli women — members of an ethnic and indigenous minority — this paper considers key features of the policing of violence against women in a militaristic context and during a continuous political conflict. Police officers' philosophies and actions in law enforcement concerning violence against women are critically scrutinised. The findings indicate that while some aspects of cultural difference between the indigenous ethnic group and the majority are relevant to policing, focusing predominantly on the ‘cultural characteristics’ or ‘ethnic traditions or rituals’ of the policed population and denying the effect of the political conflict between Israel and the Palestinians as a factor in the militarisation of policing can reinforce rather than ameliorate ethnic prejudice, racism and discrimination.     

2010年中国民族法学研究综述

2010年中国民族法学研究成果颇丰。这些研究成果有以下特点：研究在内容上,一是内容较为全面,二是出现了一些梳理性研究成果,三是是应用性研究成果增多;在研究方法上,一是研究视角的多元化,二是注重民族法学的实证研究,三是注重民族法学的比较研究。在全面梳理的基础上,笔者根据研究内容所涉及的民族法学基本理论、民族权利保护、民族区域自治、民族法制建设、民族习惯法、民族法制史、民族司法等方面分别对其主要成果进行了介绍,在辨别良莠、展示精华的同时,我们力图为中国民族法学研究的不断繁荣提供可借鉴性的年度综合史料。