巴厘岛的人类学影像——米德与贝特森的影像民族志实验

2013年是美国著名的人类学家玛格丽特·米德逝世35周年的祭辰。这位在人类学理论与民族志写作方面均取得卓越成就的女学者,也是人类学影像民族志的实践先驱与学术奠基者1936—1939年,米德与人类学家格里高利·贝特森在巴厘岛进行田野考察,以拍摄电影和照片的方式,从事当地文化资料的搜集工作,这也是第二次世界大战之前,欧美人类学界最为重要的一次影像民族志实验。在20世纪60—70年代,米德更成为人类学的新分支学科——视觉人类学的倡导者与助产士,她撰写的论文《文字学科中的视觉人类学》是该学科在创建之初最有影响力和号召力的一篇学术文献。     

中国人类学影像民族志的文本类型及其学术价值

近20年来,中国人类学影像民族志呈现出多种文本类型,从事影视人类研究的学者们依照不同的理论框架,发展出学术宗旨、创作方法与表现形式各异其趣的影像民族志,使得这一基于视听媒介的人类学民族志文本,具备了较文字型民族志更为丰富、多义的表述能力。将人类学影像民族志划分为学理型影像民族志、描述型影像民族志、表现型影像民族志与应用型影像民族志四个基本类别,通过对诸多作品实例的分析,淬炼其理论要义,展现多元价值取向的影像民族志对于人类学主体学科的学术贡献。     

人类学的影视表现：从保存到展现

本文根据国内外影视人类学历史和理论并联系影视人类学新的认识和实践 ,从人类学理论阐述和影片的定位入手 ,对人类学的影视表现作品从保存到展现变迁进程进行了梳理并探讨其原因 ,认为民族志电影“科学”、“客观”、“真实”并非是绝对 ,是在一定时期内为了在“科学”、“客观”、“真实”为取向的传统民族志话语下“合理的存在”的结果 ,这在不同时空背景下的中国有着共同的表现。随着民族志对传统书写民族志所谓的“科学典范”的质疑 ,携带被研究者声音和对话的“开放”的民族志作品出现有助于当代民族电影摆脱“科学”的禁锢。不同于文字作品 ,民族志电影作为人类学的影视表现形式 ,是通过镜头所建构的图像寻求对文化的另一种表现形式。从而 ,本文提出展现是人类学用“形象化语言”研究人类社会文化的客观要求并具体阐述了民族志影片的新定位和多元化的表现形式。     

民族志舞蹈影像的早期实践与文化建构

作为一种以肢体动作与表情神态为主要表达方式的人类文化形态，舞蹈与影视人类学的渊源较为长远。电影自最初发明时期，就以舞蹈为主要的拍摄对象之一，在展示不同地区、民族的文化特征方面起到了重要的作用；人类学者第一次深入田野开展民族志电影记录，舞蹈也是最具代表性的文化表征，象征着地方、民族传统消亡与抵抗的并存。随着电影技术的不断发展，以土著民族舞蹈为核心元素的影片，不仅在大众文化领域成为一种娱乐电影类型，也在某种意义上延续着人类学影像民族志的血脉，并且逐渐从单纯的素材记录走向学术阐释与文化建构的新方向。20世纪后半叶以来，民族志电影与舞蹈的关系逐渐以简单的形态记录，逐渐走向更超多元表达的舞蹈影像志。此外，基于非物质文化遗产传承体系，舞蹈影像志也具有了影音档案的功能和价值。     

建构与解构：三部影视民族志作品的伦理实践

影视人类学经过几十年的发展，成为人类学的重要分支，在后现代的语境下，学界开始反思其科学性和伦理性。通过《龙王出游》辅助申报片、壮族葬礼纪录片、《莫一大王》纪录片的拍摄过程描述，说明在影视民族志作品拍摄过程所面对的伦理困境，如拍摄者与被拍摄者、拍摄内容、叙事艺术和道德等，进而从真实、边界、关系、艺术等几个角度说明影视民族志作品的伦理实践，希望有助于影视人类学作品拍摄伦理的反思和理解。     

西方人类学再研究的争论和启示

人类学的再研究是中西学界共同的现象,中国人类学的再研究以"反思性继承"为主,西方人类学的再研究则具有更多的批判性,这引起了西方人类学界四次重要的学术争论。这些争论促使学界对田野调查、民族志、研究伦理和理论阐释等不断进行反思,也使得人类学界从中得到诸多启示:深度观察与定性-定量研究的关系问题、学术训练对于研究过程和结果的影响的问题、如何处理地方观念与西方价值体系的关系问题、地方知识的历史性问题等。     

关于民族志的讨论已经足够?

如今在人类学以及相关研究中，民族志已经泛滥得失其本义。将“民族志主义”的出现归结于我们与报道人之间的遭遇或更广义上的田野工作，这折损了人类学的本体论承诺，并丧失了人类学作为一门学科的教育功能，同时也偏离了人类学主要的工作方式——参与观察。这样简单的归结使得人类学者与教授他们知识的田野对象之间的鸿沟愈发不可逾越，而后者不仅是我们学术上的引路人，也是学术之外生活上的导师。执着于民族志，其实削弱了人类学在公共领域的声音。解决这一问题的办法是重申人类学的价值，将其作为一门致力于弥合想象和日常生活之间的裂痕，且不断前进的学科，而非一个以民族志为主的学科。     

中国人类学电影创作实践历程与革新

自20世纪30年代到今天,中国影视人类学电影的创作实践渐趋成熟,本文按照国际人类学与民族学联合会第十六届大会影展资料提供的<中国影视人类学纪事>所划分的三个阶段,论述了中国影视人类学电影创作实践历程,分析了不同阶段人类学电影创作实践的特点与变化,为中国人类学电影的实践历程理清了一个脉络.并且以国际人类学与民族学联合会第...     

影视人类学与当代回族研究

人类学影片以无可替代的优势和独特的表达方式,成为人类学家观察和研究人类社会的有效载体和工具。影视手法在国内外人类学界成功运用并取得良好绩效的状况下,却没有受到回族学界足够的重视。回顾回族学的发展历程,表现出过于重文献、重史之研究,而田野作业、实证研究和民族志等方面则显得相对薄弱。当下回族研究应尽快自我补课,眼下最紧迫的工作是,与影视人类学结合起来,在抢救非物文化遗产、制作民族志电影以及回族文化解释等方面有所作为。     

论当代人类学影像民族志的发展趋势

近30多年以来,人类学影像民族志经历了从理论到方法的一系列重要变革。学术范式的转变与视觉文化的再度勃兴,确立了影像民族志的学术合法性,在文字民族志与影像民族志之间建立起对话与互文的关系。加之多媒体与互联网技术的迅猛发展,影像民族志的写作也从早期单一的人类学纪录片朝向虚构影片、网络互动短片等新的表达形式进行探索与实验。国际人类学影像民族志也因此而呈现出多元而生机勃勃的发展趋势。     

Meeting / Derrida

In August 1999, Jacques Derrida gave a number of lectures and seminars in Melbourne and Sydney. The seminar of 13 August, held at Sydney's Seymour Centre Theatre, was open to the public. It consisted of a question-and-answer session with Genevieve Lloyd, David Wills, Paul Patton and Penelope Deutscher. Its title, 'Themes from Recent Work', reflected interests in the work from Specters of Marx (1994) onwards which some, including Paul Patton, have referred to as deconstruction in its affirmative phase. What follows is a by-no-means verbatim record of the event. Rather it is but one member of the audience's account of what transpired in the seminar – an account which is therefore necessarily selective and pressed through the grid of my own quasi-philosophical interests. Following this account of the seminar, I offer some marginal notes on the open discussion following the seminar, then, finally, some reflections on a particular matter discussed at the dinner which followed that – madness.     

Defining ‘real India’: representations of authenticity in independent travel

As an alternative to the stereotypical mass tourism, independent travellers – travellers who travel for extended periods on low budgets while ostensibly avoiding formalized tourist activities and locales – are invested in constructing ‘authentic’ travel experiences. Practices such as ‘off-the-beaten-track’ travel and cultural engagement provide the means by which independent travellers are able to make claims to such authenticity. Authenticity is constructed by travellers through idealizations of intimacy and non-commodification. These idealizations are tangled in narrative representations of ‘real’ India and ‘real’ Indians, their ‘real’-ness typified by an absence of other travellers, tourists and, more generally, Western contamination. In these ways, ‘authentic’ travel is dependent upon actively constructed binaries of Western travelling subjects and exotic Indian objects. Yet travellers' fantasies of the Other are fragile and subject to collapse at moments in which so-called Others articulate their subjectivity in a way that is inconsistent with travellers' expectations. Through a focus on travellers' narratives of their experience, both the requirement for an Orientalist dichotomy as well as the ruptures that continually challenge this dichotomy, will emerge.     

Refugees,migrants, neither,both: categorical fetishism and the politics of bounding in Europe’s ‘migration crisis’

The use of the categories ‘refugee’ and ‘migrant’ to differentiate between those on the move and the legitimacy, or otherwise, of their claims to international protection has featured strongly during Europe’s ‘migration crisis’ and has been used to justify policies of exclusion and containment. Drawing on interviews with 215 people who crossed the Mediterranean to Greece in 2015, our paper challenges this ‘categorical fetishism’, arguing that the dominant categories fail to capture adequately the complex relationship between political, social and economic drivers of migration or their shifting significance for individuals over time and space. As such it builds upon a substantial body of academic literature demonstrating a disjuncture between conceptual and policy categories and the lived experiences of those on the move. However, the paper is also critical of efforts to foreground or privilege ‘refugees’ over ‘migrants’ arguing that this reinforces rather than challenges the dichotomy’s faulty foundations. Rather those concerned about the use of categories to marginalise and exclude should explicitly engage with the politics of bounding, that is to say, the process by which categories are constructed, the purpose they serve and their consequences, in order to denaturalise their use as a mechanism to distinguish, divide and discriminate.     

伊斯兰学者刘智的"元气"与日本儒者伊藤仁斋的"一元气"思想——朱子学"理"、"气"学说的批判与重构

在"文明间对话"被各国学界极为重视的当代,特别值得关注与研究的是,17-18世纪的回儒学与日本德川儒学之间的具有价值和意义的对话.刘智和伊藤仁斋是同时代不同文化背景的两位思想大师,同时受到朱子学影响,并吸收融合而产生出自己独特的思想体系.本文将探讨这两位思想家对朱子学"理"、"气"思想的重构特色.进一步想说明,不同文化...     

The changing configurations of self-(m)other dialogue in North Cyprus

This paper deals with issues of identity, nationalism, postcolonialism, and self-other relations with a focus on a period of transformative events in North Cyprus. It notes how nationalism has been the dominant means of identification for Cypriots in their modern history, and argues that unless weakened and supplanted by a radically pluralist democracy, nationalism imagines one's identity as an indivisible unity and has no place for different others within the nation. However, a pressing relationship with others and otherness is no stranger to Cypriots either, which makes it clear that the border that defines the ‘we’ of such nationalism is, at the same time, the line that divides the self intrinsically, indicating the otherness of the self or its alterity. Subjectivity involves subjection to the other.     

三江源自然保护区生态旅游开发的SWOT分析

本文就三江源自然保护区开发生态旅游产品的可行性及发展潜力,运用SWOT分析模式进行客观分析,并得出三江源开发生态旅游产品是实现该地区可持续发展的最佳途径。     

Changing patterns of mobility,citizenship and conflict in Indonesia

ABSTRACT

Mobility and migration are inherent ingredients of Indonesian cultures. In an archipelago with thousands of islands of various size, character and nature, mobility is an important means to make a living and to survive by migration. The right to free movement in Indonesia is constitutionally granted. It can create mobility and give expression to equal citizenship rights at the same time as it can trigger the enforcement of borders among cultural groups and the ethnification of local and regional politics. Mobility thus always comes along with immobility. Physical mobility of one group of people might cause immobility of another group or it might create cultural and political immobility in the same group. In places such as Eastern Indonesia, people have developed reciprocal means to integrate newcomers. Whereas the immigrants are usually disadvantaged citizens with regards to land and customary rights, those living in the area for generations have nonetheless become integral parts of quite peaceful local settings, one way or the other. The advancement of decentralization, democratization and direct elections of political representatives can lead to political empowerment, the promotion of ethnicity as election capital and changing patterns of belonging. This paper illustrates these ambivalences by looking at mobility in Indonesia more generally and how changing national policies and laws lead to reinterpretations of mobility patterns and trigger changes in relations between local population groups and existing mechanisms of cultural and political inclusion and exclusion. Butonese migrants in Maluku will here serve as a case study.     

Governing multicultural Brussels: paradoxes of a multi-level,multi-cultural,multi-national urban anomaly

ABSTRACT

Updating our earlier work on Brussels as the paradigm of a multi-level, multi-cultural, multi-national city, and in the context of Brussels’s recent troubled emergence as the epicentre of violent conflict between radical political Islam and the West, this paper sets out the paradoxical intersection of national (i.e. Flemish and Francophone), non-national and ethnic minority politics in a city placed as a multi-cultural and multi-national ‘urban anomaly’ at the heart of linguistic struggle of the two dominant Belgian communities. Brussels is one of the three Regions of the Belgian federal model alongside Flanders and Wallonia. It is also an extraordinarily diverse and cosmopolitan city, in which a mixed language Belgian population lives alongside very high numbers of resident non-nationals, including European elites, other European immigrant workers, and immigrants from Africa and Asia. After laying out the complex distribution of power and competences within the Belgian federal structure, we explore whether these structures have worked over the years to include or exclude disadvantaged ethnic groups. To better understand these processes, we introduce our view of the multi-level governance perspective.     

The emerald isle: Ireland and the clash of Irish and Ulster-British nationalisms

This article will focus on the development of Irish and Ulster-British nationalisms through examining five factors that had the greatest impact on the creation and growth of these nationalisms: the geographic and topographic setting; demographic changes; sociocultural factors; economic and class factors; and the impact of the colonial power. The article will show that nationalism is driven by variables that originate from broader processes extending beyond the national group.     

‘Both an Arab and a woman’: gendered,racialised experiences of female Palestinian citizens of Israel

Following feminist and postcolonial discourses, this paper uses the concept of ‘everyday experience’ as a tool to trace the social world of educated Palestinian women in Israel. The term refers to the complex array of these women's experiences in racialised and gendered social sites, as well as within the class, religious, and ethnic contexts in the subordinated group and its relations with the dominant Jewish group. Based on 108 in‐depth interviews with Palestinian women citizens of Israel, the paper claims that educated Palestinian women are located in a ‘third place’ between cultural, gender, class, national and racial structures that generates a continual ambivalence. Within this marginal, ‘unhomely’ space women negotiate their own identities and challenge dominant social definitions. Women create various modes of interim spaces and multi‐dimensional, shifting identities for themselves. The ambivalent attitudes generated by the women's experiences expose the possibility of shedding categorising markers. The omnipresent existence of the gendered, racialised regime of knowledge makes every place a potential site of subversion and resistance.